今，ジャワの寺廟で何が起こっているか
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1 Journal of Asian and African Studies, No.79, 2010 ( ) What is Going on around Chinese Temples in Contemporary Java? State, Religions, Chinese Communities in Post-Soeharto Indonesia Tsuda, Koji Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Since the fall of Soeharto s New Order in 1998, Indonesia has experienced political and social changes. It has been a decade of great change for ethnic Chinese living in this country, too. Contrary to the Soeharto s regime in which anything related to China or ethnic-chinese were oppressed both implicitly and explicitly, the post-soeharto governments have made effort to do away with anti-chinese policy. This change in policy has aroused the social atmosphere where everyone can enjoy Chinese Culture which the former regime strictly prohibited people from expressing in public space; now, Chinese New Year is celebrated officially. Along with shopping malls and executive hotels, it is Chinese temples (klenteng) which have become the center of celebration during this festive New Year s period. Though these Chinese traditional worship facilities had largely been marginalized during Soeharto s era and their activities had been restrained greatly, it seems that they are getting livelier and livelier following the general liberalizing policy regarding Chinese Culture mentioned above. Keywords: : Chinese temples, Java, Post-Soeharto era, ethnic-chinese community, state and religion ( ) ( ) ( ) 1980 Salmon & Siu Myra Sidharta Claudine Salmon ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 38 79 Then, what on earth is going on and what sort of change is taking place around Chinese temples in Indonesia after 10 years of post-soeharto era? What kind of problems are they facing? To investigate these issues, the author and 3 other researchers executed a field trip during Chinese New Year s period of 2009, visiting about 30 Chinese temples located in East Java Province and the northern coastal area of Central Java Province. Based on the result of this field trip, this paper will argue several up-to-date topics concerning Chinese temples in post-soeharto Java, which will further reveal the nation-wide situation in Indonesia. Also, this paper will explore the complicated relationships among the Indonesian state, religions especially Chinese religions such as Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism and Chinese local communities surrounding the temples (reformasi ) ( 1) ) ) ) 4) 1) 20 (Pribumi) 2008: ) ) 5 (Tragedi Mei) Purdey ) 1998 Purdey 2006:
3 39 5) 6) (Imlek) Gong Xi Fa Cai( ) (klenteng) 7) ( ) 8) 10 5) Suryomenggolo 2003 Winarta (Instruksi Presiden No. 14/1967 tentang Agama, Kepercayaan dan Adat-istiadat Cina) (Keputusan Presiden No. 6/2000 tentang Pencabutan Inpres No. 14/1967) (Imlek) ( 2003 ) (Undang-undang No. 12/ 2006 tentang Kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia) ) ( ) ) Buanadjaya 1980: (Kwan Im Tang) Salmon & Lombard 2003: 111 Gunawan (ed.) 1998: 115 8) (Instruksi Menteri Dalam Negeri No /1988 tentang Penataan Klenteng) (tata budaya asing) (kepribadian Indonesia)
4 ) 2002; 2008; 2007 Brown 1987; Coppel 1989, 2002a, 2002b; Suryadinata 1993, 1998; 2009 Salmon Salmon & Lombard 2003; Liem 2004 (1931) Moerthiko (ed.) 1980 Salmon & Siu 9) 2001: 72 ( ) cf. 2001; 2001 cf. 1999
5 ) Herlijanto 2003; Suryadinata (ed.) 2008; Suryomenggolo : (Imlek) (Capgomeh) 20 1 (Sien Bing ) (Bio Kong ) 11) 2 10) Salmon & Siu 1997 Wolfgang Franke )
6 No. 1 (Tjoe Tik Kiong) (Pasuruan) 2 (Liong Tjwan Bio) (Probolinggo) 3 (Poo Tong Bio) (Besuki) 4 (Pai Lien San) (Jember( ) 5 (Kwan Im Tong) (Jember( ) 6 Pasarean Gunung Kawi (Gunung Kawi) 7 (Eng An Kiong) (Malang) 8 (Poo An Kiong) (Blitar) 9 (Tjoe Tik Kiong) (Tulungagung) 10 (Tjoe Hwie Kiong) (Kediri) 11 (Hong San Kiong) (Gudo) 12 (Hok Liong Kiong) (Jombang( ) 13 (Bo Hway Bio) (Mojoagung) 14 (Hok Sian Kiong) (Mojokerto) 15 (Teng Swie Bio) (Krian) 16 (Kwan Sing Bio) (Tuban) 17 (Tjoe Ling Kiong) (Tuban) 18 (Tjoe Hwie Kiong) (Rembang) 19 (Hok Tik Bio) (Rembang) 20 (Tjoe An Kiong) (Lasem) 21 (Gie Yong Kong Bio) (Lasem) 22 (Poo An Bio) (Lasem) 23 (Tjoe Tak Bio) (Juwana( ) 24 (Tay Kak Sie) (Semarang) 25 (Tay Ping Ting) (Welahan) 26 (Hian Thian Siang Tee Bio) (Welahan) 27 (Hok Tek Tong) (Jepara( ) 28 (Pao An Thian) (Pekalongan) 29 (Tak Hay Kiong) (Tegal) 30 (Vihara Avalokitesvara Banten) (Banten) 2 1 (tuan rumah) 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Salmon & Siu 1997: XIX, 1-5,
7 43 (Tee Kong) 12) 3 (Tuhan Yang Maha Esa) 13) ) 2,860 m 19 (Mbah Djuggo) (Iman Soedjono) 12) ( ) 2002: ( ) 2009: ) 2003: (rejeki) (jodoh( ) (klenik) (musyrik) (Semua kepercayaan harus berketuhanan) ( ) 1978 ( Tan Gwat Hing ) 2006: 79-81, 46 14) Salmon :
8 : ) 16) 40 km ( ) 1 17) 18) ( 1) 1 ( ) (Cheng Ho ) ( ) Salmon 1993: )Salmon 1993: (Im Yang Tjoe Riwayat Ejang Djuggo, Panembahan Gunung Kawi. Surabaja: Palma) (Mbah Djuggo) 16) ( 珓 pwee-sien ) 1 17) 1950 Moerthiko (ed.) 1980: Pengurus TITD Bo Hway Bio 1990 ( (ketua) (Oei Pek Tjoe) ) Mbah Djuggo Iman Soedjono 18) (Pa Gie Heng Teh) 1970 (Banyuwangi) 9 8 ( ) 9 30 Salmon & Siu 1997:
9 45 3 (Tak Hay Tjin Djin) 19) (Tan Hoe Tjin Djin Kongco Banyuwangi) 3 (Tan Oey Djie Sian Seng ) 18 (Kwee Lak Kwa) (VOC) 20) VOC Salmon 1993: ; Gan (ed.) 2009: (Mengwi) Salmon 1993: ; Salmon & Sidharta 2000; Salmon & Siu 1997: VOC 2 (Tan Kee Wie) (Oei Ing Kiat) 21) Salmon 1993: 298; Salmon & Siu 1997: XIX-XX, 475 ( ) ( ) ) ( ) Gan Tek Tjiang Gan (ed.) 2009: cf. Salmon 1993: 292; Salmon & Siu 1997: 514 ( ) ( ) ( Indramayu) ( Cirebon) ( ) 18 Salmon 1993: ; Salmon & Siu 1997: XX 20)1740 ( ) VOC (Perang Cina) Remmelink ) 600 Gan & Kwa (ed.) 2006:
10 46 79 : 2007a: ) ) ( ) 24) (Pancasila ) Brown 1987: 111; Suryadinata 1998: 6 25) 22) 2 ( Pahlawan Nasional ) 2007a 23) 1 24) 1994: ) (agama) (Undang-Undang No. 1/PNPS/1965) 1967 (Majelis Tinggi Agama Konghucu Indonesia, MATAKIN)
11 (Cina) 26) 9 30 (Masalah Cina) ) 1979 (berbau Cina) 28) : ) Coppel 1989; 2002a; 2002b Suryadinata 1998: ) (Cina) 1920 (Tiongkok) (Tionghoa) China Chinese Coppel & Suryadinata ) )MATAKIN 10 (Golkar) MATAKIN 9 27 Suryadinata 1998: 9; 2005: : ) (Madiun)
12 (Perhimpunan Tempat Ibadat Tri Dharma se-jawa Timur, PTITD se-jatim) (Penguasa Perang Daerah Jawa Timur) 12 (Dirjen Bimas Hindu dan Buddha, Departmen Agama) (PTITD se-indonesia, PTITD ) 30) (Tri Dharma) 1930 (Kwee Tek Hoay; ) (Sam Kauw Hwee) 31) ( Gabungan Tridharma Indonesia GTI) ) PTITD (TITD) ( ) 70 TITD 33) 39 PTITD 34) PTITD 30) (Hong Tik Hian) PTITD se-indonesia (Ong Khing Kiong) PTITD se-indonesia PTITD se-indonesia 1988: 1 31) 3 ( ) Willmott 1960: 253 Djajadi 2003: 1-10 ( ) 1991: ( ) 32) GTI PTITD (Majelis Rohaniwan Tridharma Seluruh Indonesia, Martrisia) 9 WALUBI( Perwalian Umat Buddha Indonesia) 1997 Martrisia (Majelis Agama Buddha Tridharma Indonesia) Djajadi 2003: ) (wakil sekretaris) (Ie Khing Hien/Nur Iskandar) 34) PTITD PTITD 2 ( )
13 ( ) 3 ( ) 35) PTITD 3 ( ) (Yang Mulia Tri Nabi Tri Suci) PTITD ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 13 ( 2 3) 36) ( ) 1966 Eng An Kiong: ( ) 60 PTITD 37) (Yuan Man Fu Tang) 35)PTITD (Anggaran ( Dasar PTITD se-indonesia) 7 4 PTITD ( ) 36) PTITD ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) 37) Siauw Yoe Liong(Yudhi Dharma Santoso)
14 50 79 PTITD PTITD PTITD TITD PTITD TITD (Vihara) ( ) 38) ( ) 3 ( Salatiga) ( Muntilan) (Kudus) ( ) ( Demak) ( Solo) ( ) (Vihara Avalokitesvara) 39) (Klenteng is Klenteng) 38) 1987 Yayasan Klenteng Po An Thian Yayasan Tri Dharma 2000 Yayasan Tri Dharma Klenteng Po An Thain Gan (ed.) 2009: )PTITD (TITD) (Keputusan Menteri Agama No. H/31/SK/1979 tentang Penyempurnaan Keputusan Menteri Agama No. H/29/SK/1979) PTITD TITD (cf. Surat P.T.I.TD No. 001/P.T.I.TD/I/1994 tertanggal 23 Januari 1994 prihal Kelengkapan T.I.TD sebagai Tempat Ibadah Umat Tridharma)
15 (Yayasan Tri Dharma Tegal ) PTITD Yayasan Tri Dharma Tegal 40) TITD (yayasan) 41) 80 (organisasi kemasyarakatan ormas) 42) (asas tunggal) 40) (ketua upacara) (Tan Min San) 41) Djasmin ) (Undang-Undang RI No. 8/1985 tentang Organisasi Kemasyarakatan) (Peraturan Pemerintah No. 18/1986) (Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri No. 5/1986) NGO (Instruksi Menteri Dalam Negeri No. 8/1990 tentang Pembinaan LSM)
16 52 79 (BAKIN) (Dirjen Sospol) (perkumpulan/ perhimpunan) 43) 44) 1998 (kepastian hukum) KKN (korupsi) (kolusi) (nepotisme) (UU RI No. 16/2001 tentang Yayasan) (UU RI No. 28/2004 tentang Perubahan atas UU RI No. 16/2001) (pembina) ( ) (pengurus 5 ) (pengawas 5 ) (anggota) 43) perkumpulan/perhimpunan (Staatsblad 1870 No. 64) ( KUH Perdata) 44) Yayasan Metta Bhumi ( ) (Vereeniging) 1917 Gan (ed.) 2009: 91
17 53 4 ( ) (rapat anggota) (aslinya dulu; tempat ibadah) 45) 2 (perkumpulan biasa) 46) ( ) 5 3 ( 4) ( ) ( ) (Yayasan Dwi Kumala) : ) (ketua) (Listyo Sentoso) 46) perkumpulan/ perhimpunan 43 perkumpulan/perhimpunan Djasmin 2008
18 54 79 TITD 2 (Buddhayana) 47) 4 48) (Tiong Gwan/ Rebutan) (Tiong Ciu) (She Jit) (wayang potehi) 49) 47) GK( ) 48) ( ) Gan Kok Hwie & Kwa Tong Hay (ed.) ) (dalang)
19 ( ) 10 50) km ) ( ) 52) 53) 50) 51) (locu) 52) (Liong Thian Yoe) 53) ( ) (cf. 48)
20 56 79 (Cilacap) km (ketua umum) 54) (Denpasar) 2001 (Kongco Pura Taman Gandasari) 2 ( 2 5 ) 55) 56) ( ) (Musyawarah Pimpinan Daerah Muspida) ( ) ( ) 54) (Liem Hoo Kiat) ( ) (Krawang) ( ) 55) (penerima tamu) (Liong Kiam Kiat) 56) ( )
21 ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( 6) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 58) 50 59) 57) ) (Lung Fung Thang) 3 40 ( 5 ) ) (wakil seksi ritual) (Yap Tjong Han)
22 ) 4 2 PTITD 3 PTITD (PTITD Komda Jatim) ) PTITD ( ) ( ) ( Banyuwangi) ( Rogojampi) 62) 63) 1 ( Ampenan) 18 ( ) 1880 ( ) ( ) 2 Salmon 1993: ) 60) ( ) Go Soen Hien(Supriyadi) 61) ) (Indrana Tjahjono) 63)Salmon 1993: (Buleleng Singaraja) (Kuta) (Tabanan) (Mengwi) (Bangli) (Gianyar) (Klungkung) (Karangasem) 8 64) Salmon & Sidharta 2000 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
23 (Paguyuban Tan Hu Cin Jin) 4 4 ( Negara) ) ( 7 2) 2008 ( ) (2 7 8 ) 66) 67) 65) ) ) 2001
24 ( ) 5 (umat) PTITD PTITD 68) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 68) PTITD cf. Surat P.T.I.TD. No. 29/VI/ PTITD/88 tertanggal 23 Juni 1988 perihal Instruksi Mendagri No dan Lampiran: Penjelasan Singkat tentang Tempat Ibadat Tridharma tertanggal 1 April 1984
25 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) MATAKIN 1979 MATAKIN(Majelis Tinggi Agama Konghucu Indonesia ) ) ( ) 20 MATAKIN 70) 2 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 71) ( ) 50 72) 69)2007 (Peraturan Pemerintah No. 55/2007 tentang Pendidikan Agama dan Pendidikan Keagamaan) ) Endang Titis Bodro Triwarsi 1950 (Purworjo) MATAKIN 71) ( ) ( ) (Bojonegoro) 70 ( ) ( Go Soen Hien(Supriyadi) ) 72) Siauw Yoe Liong(Yudhi Dharma Santoso)
26 ( ) MATAKIN MAKIN TITD 3 73) TITD (MAKIN Tegal) ( ) ) ( 9) ) PTITD MAKIN TITD MAKIN ( ) 74) (MAKIN Tegal) (Lie Ing Liong) MAKIN Tegal 1970 Moerthiko (ed.) 1980: Yayasan Tri Dharma Tegal (Seksi Agama Konghucu Indonesia)
27 63 9 ( ) ) ) km (MAKIN Pekalongan) 1966 Moerthiko (ed.) 1980: TITD (klenteng) 1 (Konghucu Tridharma) (Konghucu murni) MAKIN 77) 75) ( ) PUTI( Paguyuban Umat Tao Indonesia ) 1 76) ) Gan Tek Tjiang
28 64 79 MATAKIN MAKIN MATAKIN PTITD 78) 20 79) 21 80) 3 M. Hefner ) ( ) 78) Coppel 2002b: ) 25 80) 2009: 34 MATAKIN 81) ( ) ( ) MAKIN (1 31 ) ( ) MAKIN TITD MAKIN
29 65 (kuno) (tidak keren) cf. 2006: ) : ) (Lawang) 50 ha ) (Mandarin) ) 2009; Hoon 2008: ) Salmon & Siu Mayor( ) Kapitan( ) 83) 84) (Taman Makam Asri Abadi) 85) ( ) Chokkajitsumpun 2001; Kuah 2000; Ang-see 1995 (Resinicization) 2009:
30 ( ) 11 ( ) ( 11) 86) km ) TITD (tata kuromo) 2 4 ( ) 88) (supaya ramai) ( Tua Kok Tui) 86) ( Go Soen Hien (Supriyadi) ) 87) 2002 (HSK) B 88)
31 67 89) 4 90) 91) 6 92) 89) Gan Tek Tjiang 2007b: Yayasan Pusaka 2 90) ( ) ( ) 3 ( ) ( ) 91) 1838 (keaslian) (karisma) ( ) 2007a: 56-57, 61 92)
32 ) CD DVD 94) ( ) 95) 96) 93) : 82 ( (Liem Ngo Iet) ) 94) ) 96) 500 ( 50 ) 9 ( ) Ong 2008: 106; 2001; 2001; 2001
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