「華人国家英雄」の誕生?
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1 Journal of Asian and African Studies, No.73, 2007 The Making of a National Hero of Chinese Origin? The Dynamism of Chineseness in Post-Suharto Indonesia Tsuda, Koji The University of Tokyo Since the fall of Suharto s authoritarian New Order regime in May, the oppressive policy of Indonesian government against the ethnic Chinese has changed substantially, though gradually. In this emancipative atmosphere, some of the ethnic Chinese have been trying to dig up histories of those Chinese who contributed to the Nation-building of Indonesia. In so doing, they have aimed to recover their once suppressed Chineseness and to claim their proper share in this country. Among these movements of establishing the history of Chinese Indonesian, this paper will focus on the case of the glorification process of certain local heroes, Tan Oei Djie Sian Seng. These two historical figures, whose surnames were Tan and Oei respectively, have long been known to the people of Rembang, the northern coastal area of Central Java, as the leaders of the mid- th-century massive rebellion in which Chinese and Javanese fought against the VOC (Dutch East India Company), and have long been worshiped in a few Chinese temples in the area. Recently, these two local Chinese heroes suddenly came into the spotlight after the re-discovery of certain historical material relating to them, and some Chinese organizations in Jakarta even went so far as to make an attempt, which failed, to nominate them as candi- Keywords: Indonesia, the ethnic Chinese and Chineseness, National Hero, creation of history, ethnic consciousness of the center and the local :
2 28 73 dates for Pahlawan Nasional (National Hero). In this paper, I will follow in detail the historialization process of Tan Oei Djie Sian Seng, showing why these paired heroes of Chinese origin were regarded as the representatives of all the Chinese Indonesians. I will also explore how this attempt by Chinese-Indonesian leaders to promote Chineseness failed in the end to convince the local Chinese community; I will indicate that the ethnic Chinese in Indonesia are still in process of establishing their own identities. Europeanen Vreemde Oosterlingen Inlanders Pribumi Orang Cina Orang Tionghoa Mackie & Coppel Peranakan Totok Skinner Coppel
3 29 Era Reformasi Imlek Gong Xi Fa Zai Suryadinata Heryanto : Budiman : bangsa Indonesia Harian Indonesia Resolusi MPRS No. XXXII/MPRS/ tentang Pers Keputusan Menteri Perdagangan dan Koperasi No. /KP/XII/ tentang Larangan Mengimpor, Memperdagangkan dan Mengedarkan segala jenis barang cetakan dalam huruf/ aksara dan bahasa Cina Surat Edaran Dirjen Pembinaan Pers dan Grafika No. /SE/Ditjen/PPG/K/ tentang Larangan Penerbitan dan Pencetakan tulisan/ iklan beraksara dan berbahasa Cina Resolusi MPRS No. XXVII/MPRS/ tentang Agama, Pendidikan, dan Kebudajaan Instruksi Presiden No. / tentang Pelaksanaan Keputusan Presiden No. / Keputusan Presiden No. / tentang Pencabutan Inpres No. / Jawa Pos Metro TV
4 30 73 PSMTI Paguyuban Sosial Marga Tionghoa Indonesia INTI Perhimpunan Indonesia Tionghoa Walisongo Herlijanto a b PSMTI INTI b a Subianto Jahja Suwarsih Dahana primitif Tjandinegara Slamet Muljana Slamet Republika Asvi Warman Adam Babad Tionghoa Muslim Jahja INTISARI SDI Sarekat Dagang Islam :
5 31 : Pahlawan Nasional Rembang Tan Oei Djie Sian Seng Star Weekly cf : Lasem km Kec Rembang Cina WNI km Kec Lasem % % BPS Kab Rembang Kec Rembang: WNI Cina WNA Kec Lasem: WNI Cina WNA
6 32 73 Pahlawan Nasional
7 33 Nasakom Schreiner : daerah suku Schreiner : Appendix Tan Malaka Keppres No. / Alimin Prawirodirdjo Keppres No. / Hj Siti Hartinah Soeharto Keppres No. /TK/ Ajisaka Schreiner : Schreiner Kasetsiri Nasakom Nasionalisme Agama Kommunisme Keppres No. / Pahlawan Kemerdekaan Nasional Perpres No. / Schreiner : Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo Keppres No. /TK/ Ajisaka
8 34 73 bangsa suku bangsa : Taman Mini 4 4 Kipp : pendatang bangsa Indonesia : : : suku agama ras antara golongan SARA : : : : Taman Mini Indonesia Indah : Heryanto :
9 35 asli SINERGI otonomi daerah Heryanto : Indonesia Media Online Sie Hok Tjwan Surat dari Belanda: Sejarah Keturunan Tionghoa yang Terlupakan URL: rubrik/manca/manca november-sejarah.htm Indonesia Media SINERGI Salmon The Role of Indonesian Chinese in Shaping Modern Indonesian Life Blussé Indonesia special issue Pramoedya batik kris wayang Suara Merdeka
10 36 73 tokoh bangsa Indonesia turunan Cina tokoh sejarah bangsa Indonesia akar orang Indonesia turunan Cina di Indonesia SINERGI PSMTI INTI etnis Tionghoa etnis lain SINERGI Edisi Ke- / Tahun III / Februari- Maret : Dali S Naga Tokoh Sejarah Melacak Pahlawan Nasional Etnis Tionghoa PSMTI Tedy Jusuf pp Dewan Pertimbangan Pusat John Lie Syair Himop Kapitan Panjang SINERGI INDONESIA Edisi IX Tahun I / November : LIPI Asvi Warman Adam John Lie: Pahlawan Nasional Etnis Tionghoa INTI LIPI Peran Etnis Tionghoa dalam Perjalanan Sejarah Indonesia John Lie Tan : SINERGI INDONESIA SINERGI
11 37 John Lie PSMTI Museum Budaya Tionghoa PSMTI LPPMTI Lembaga Penelitian & Pengabdian Masyarakat Tionghoa di Indonesia / Institute for Reaearch and Community Dedication of Chinese in Indonesia Eddy Sadeli / Lie Siang Seng SINERGI PSMTI PPBTI Partai Perjuangan Bhinneka Tunggal Ika Indonesia Jahja : PSMTI BULETIN PSMTI PSMTI BULETIN PSMTI No Oktober : Candra Naya Sinar Baru Sin Ming Hui Candra Naya PSMTI Heuken : TEMPO PSMTI Tedy Jusuf Taman Budaya Tionghoa ha TEMPO September : Buana Minggu Anjungan Tionghoa di TMII Memadukan Yin dan Yang Keselarasan Alam DPR DPD Sadeli et al PBI Partai Bhineka Tunggal Ika Indonesia PPBTI
12 38 73 Partai Demokrat Cheng Ho / Zheng He tanah air VOC Tan Kee Wie Oei Ing Kiat Tan Oei Djie Sian Sing Gie Yong Kong Tan Oei PPBTI KPU Fl Klenteng Sam Poo Kong Suara Merdeka Sumanto Al Qurtuby Cheng Ho Islam dan Indonesia Menzies Oei Eng Kiat Gie Yong Kong Bio Tjoe Hwie Kiong km Pati Juwana Tjoe Tik Bio
13 39 ngoko Perang Cina Kamzah : Raden Panji Margana R P Kamzah Ki Mursada R P Karsono Carita (Sejarah) Lasem Sabda Badra-Santi Remmelink Setiono : Bab X Setiono : Sumanto :
14 40 73 VOC Amangkurat Tejakusuma Betawi VOC Kundaow Tan Pan Ciang Tan Ke Wi R Ngabehi Widyaningrat Tumenggung VOC pp SINERGI INDONESIA Edisi V Tahun I / Juli : Perang Cina dan di Lasem: Terjemahan dari sebagian Kitab Badrasanti Babad Bumi Lasem Kumpeni Walanda VOC Sunan Adipati Patih Remmelink : Pasisir Sutherland : VOC Pakubuwana Ui Ing Kiat Tumenggung Widyaningrat Agama Rasul Peristiwa Angke Remmelink : Chapter &
15 41 Jepara Mandhalika Bathuk Mimi Madura Kartasura Mayor Dresi Suroadimenggolo Bupatiregen Candhi Remmelink : Wan Imop Gustaaf Willem Baron van Imhoff Remmelink : Ngabehi Anggajaya Adipati Carita Lasem Chathetan bab Brandhal-brabdhal Lasem
16 42 73 Sambong Bugel Tumenggung Citrosomo Bupati Tan-Ui Ji Sian Sing Karangpelem Hadi Darsono HG HG Bakom P KB HG HG HG HG Bakom PKB Badan Komunikasi Penghayatan Kesatuan Bangsa / Coordinating Body for National Unity Bakom PKB Setiono : Bab LIV HG
17 43 VOC Ui Ing Kiat Widyaningrat Tan Ke Wi Oei Ing Kiat Muda Tik Tan Pan Tjiang Cik Macan R.P.Margana Tan Pan Ciang Tejakusuma V Tan Kee Wie Tan Pan Tjiang Tjoe Hwie Kiong Hok Tik Bio Orang Indonesia Djie Wayang Potehi suhu
18 44 73 A km Grobogan Giok Sian Tay Djien Remmelink : Sejarah Klenteng Babagan Lasem Yayasan Tiga Klenteng Lasem Babad Tanah Jawa Jilid : Balai Pustaka Seri No V Temenggung Martapura Remmelink :
19 津田浩司 華人国家英雄 の誕生 ❷ ❶ ❸ 写真❶ ルンバン慈惠宮の陳黄弐先生像 年 月 筆者撮影 右が黄姓 左が陳姓の像とされる 双方の造形の 対比に注目 写真❷ ルンバン慈惠宮にある陳黄弐先生の活躍を描いたレリーフ 年 月 筆者撮影 中国服をまとった 名の 間に ジャワ風衣装を着てクリス 短刀 を持った人物が大きく描かれている 写真❸ ラセム義勇公廟前景 年 月 筆者撮影 陳黄弐先生を主神として祀る唯一の寺院 現在の建物は 年に建てられた が主に語られているのだが そこには反乱軍 側指導者として 名の華人 チック マチャ Tan Kee Wie という名の兄がおり この 兄によって前記 名の華人が義勇公 陳黄弐 ン Cik Macan / Encik Macan と ム ダ 先生としてラセムの町で祀られるようになっ ティック Muda Tik / Pemuda Tik が登 たというのである 場する そしてラセムの伝承によると この つまりこのパンフレット ラセム ババガ マチャンとティックは それぞれタン パ ン村の中国寺院の歴史 によれば 当該寺院 ン チ ア ン Tan Pan Tjiang と ウ ィ イ に祀られている陳姓の人物は タン ケー ン キァット Oei Ing Kiat と同一人物な ウィーの弟で華人のタン パン チアンとい のだとパンフレットは説明する さらにタ うことになるのだが 繰り返しになるが ラ ン パン チアンにはタン ケー ウィー セム史話 の中では タン パン チアン
20 46 73 Tan Pan Ciang Tan Ke Wi SINERGI Salmon : Chen-Huang Ergong ci Chen Si Xian: Huang Dao Zhou: Salmon & Siu : Pemerintah Susuhunan Kartosuro Salmon : Tik Hai Tjin Djin / Zehai Zhenren Kwee Lak KwaTegal
21 47 SINERGI INDONESIA VOC LPPMTI PSMTI PPBTI LPPMTI Fl HG HG Dinas Pariwisata Kab Rembang HG HG SINERGI Edisi Ke- / Tahun III / Desember Januari : Bukti Sinergisme Melawan Kolonial Belanda LIPI Claudine Salmon Fl HG YT
22 48 73 Hn Hn Hn Hn ST Hn Hn Adipati
23 49 Hn saudara angkat Hn 4 4 pweesien 4 4 Hn kejawen Malang m : Salmon : Hn Hn Hn dalam batin ST pwee-sien Tjoe An Kiong Poo An Bio Gie Yong Kong Bio Yayasan Tri Murti Yayasan Tiga Klenteng Lasem Yayasan Dwi Kumala Yayasan Metta Bhumi ST
24 50 73 WS WS Hn Hn rapat anggota geger WS TB ST WS WS
25 51 unsur Jawa Hn Ss Hn LPPMTI HG HG Hn HT :
26 52 73 Hn HG HG HG Blora Pramoedya Ananta Toer HG HG Fl HG Pramoedya HG HG Tim Peneliti Hn Hn
27 53 Fl Hn Fl LPPMTI LPPMTI LPPMTI PPBTI PPBTI KPU Katekis bangsa gila www siutao com Fl Fl Fl ST
28 54 73 PDI-P reformasi asimilasi BAPERKI integrasi sinergi Coppel : Cina Tionghoa Tiongkok KPU PPBTI PPBTI PDI-P BAPERKI Badan Permusyawaratan Kewarganegaraan Indonesia PKI BAPERKI pembauran Coppel : Tjina Boemipoetra Indonesiër Hindia Belanda Indonesia
29 55 cagar budaya aset nasional Hn Seminar AD ke-ii/ Coppel & Suryadinata Surat Edaran Presidium Kabinet Ampera Tentang Masalah Cina No.SE- /Pres.Kab/ / Indonesia Media Dr Irwan Cina atau Tionghoa? URL: lipsus- -cinationghoa.htm Kompas Lasem Dijajagi Jadi Cagar Budaya Kwan Sing Bio Klenteng Sam Poo Kong
30 56 73 WS tata budaya asing kepribadian Indonesia Instruksi Menteri Dalam Negeri No.. - / tentang Penataan Klenteng Instruksi Presiden No. / tentang Agama, Kepercayaan dan Adat-istiadat Cina Keputusan Presiden No. / tentang Pencabutan Inpres No. / euphoria eforia
31 57 WS TB kayak ular WS TB Sam Kok Sie Djien Koei oknum tertentu SD Wijayakusuma Lasem HT pengurus TB
32 58 73 klenteng Katolik organisasi umatnya klenteng sudah hancur berdiri sendiri bosnya sendiri kepastian hukum bos Tu Tu belum masuk agama pwee-sien kepercayaan agama agama KTP nonagama Tu Bethany agama Benny Subianto : INTI Eddy Lembong
33 59 anak buah PSMTI Buletin PSMTI No Juli : Organisasi Tionghoa BOS anak buah Anggaran Dasar Yayasan Dwi Kumala PAWALA Paguyuban Warga Lasem Hn Ss WS TB
34 huruf asli lukisan asli ke-asli-an asli original genuine authentic native indigenous non-asli bentuk asli : Suara Merdeka Ketika Warga Tionghoa Menemukan Jati Dirinya keaslian Echols & Hassan : asli Candra Naya
35 61 WS aset negara Fl HG lukisan asli warna asli Ln WS
36 62 73 pikirannya aneh INTI HG HG HG HG Sumanto : Ui Ing Kiatpreman Tan Ke Wi preman HG A F HG HG HG HG HG Hn Ss PAWALA
37 TB masyarakat Tionghoa di Rembang TB oknum klenteng Kia Kia kaki lima m
38 [ ] agama, kepercayaan dan adat istiadat Cina di Indonesia yang berpusat pada negeri leluhurnya [ ] Fl gila rezeki 4 4 kuno ronde Totok ronde orang gereja 4 4 kuno 4 4 Suryadinata : alien Garuda Mas Naga Mas Dwi Mustika keren disiplin
39 65 asing strange foreign alien odd remote isolate orang orang asing Timur Asing tata budaya asing Hn orang Jakarta di-asing-kan asing orang asing Echols & Hassan : asing WNA Warga Negara Asing WNI Warga Negara Indonesia bangsa Indonesia asli bangsa lain WNI WNI keterunan Cina WNI Mau dijadikan Pahlawan Nasional? Wah, orang Jakarta tuh. Gimana ya, terasa asing gitu loh, pikiran seperti itu bagi orang desa, ha ha LPPMTI Fl
40 66 73 Walisongo
41 67 : : B : warga kelas dua Peraturan Presiden No /
42 68 73 Medan km niveaux d authenticité lulu-gue-gue Budiman : :
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