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1 They buy a car with four doors. dollars. S S DET N DET the A, B,... a, b, DET N PP the boy V PREP DET N DET N hits Det: Determiner( PP: Postpositional Phrase ( the dog with a rod 1

2 (terminal symbol, category) a, b, (nonterminal ( ) A, B,... (string) α,β (regular grammar) A a, A ab (context-free grammar) A β (context-sensitive grammar) α β : α β 0 S the boy hits the dog with a rod. the boy hits the dog with a rod. DET N the boy hits the dog with a rod. 4. N boy hits the dog with a rod. 5. hits the dog with a rod. 6. V hits the dog with a rod. 7. the dog with a rod. 8. DET N the dog with a rod. 9. N dog with a rod. 2

3 1. S the boy hits the dog with a rod. 2. the boy hits the dog with a rod. 3. DET N the boy hits the dog with a rod. 4. N boy hits the dog with a rod. 5. hits the dog with a rod. 10. PP hits the dog with a rod PP with a rod. 13. PREP with a rod. 14. DET N a rod. 1 DET 2 (f) DET the boy the (b) N boy 3 4 DET the N N (h) boy DET the N boy 3

4 5 S 6 S (a) hits V (k) hits 7 S 8 S V (c) V the dog 9 S 10 S V PP sentence V 8 4

5 PP the boy saw the dog in the house 1 PP the boy saw the dog in the house 5

6 6

7 =[ =[ = [ [ [ [ ( P( α A) = C ( A α ) C( A α ) i i He wrote a letter P ( w w ) = i j C( w, w i j, C( w, w i j, ) ) C( w, w i j, ) Score ( D) = Π w w D P( wi w j ) i j 7

8 () () <> := < > <> <> <>:= ( *)* * <> := * * <> := * * * 8

9 ( () (,)= (,)= ( (,)= (,)= ( ( ( () ( ( () ( 9

10 () / (/ ( 1 / / (/ ( / / / / [ have ( I, x) book ( x) ] x x [ have ( I, x) book ( x) ] x[ have ( I, x) notebook ( x)] x[ girl ( x) y[ loves ( x, y) cake ( y)]] x[ human ( x) do it( x)] x[ bird ( x) penguin ( x) fly( x)] NL parser FPC Database 10

11 break O (a) The window broke break A O John the window (b) John broke the window O A break A O I John the window a hammer (c) John broke the window with a hammer I

12 (Conceptual Dependency Theory) Schank, R. C. : Conceptual Information Processing, North-Holland, Amsterdam and American Elsevier, New York, 1975 Conceptualization John sold his car to Bill. past Abstract Transfer John P ATRANS O OWNERSHIP : car Bill R R John Bill P ATRANS O OWNERSNIP : money John Bill α α β β Reason R β β α α P: past 12

13 He hurt John. he p DO John r p PHYS.ST.(<X) PHYS.ST.(X) 10 X 10 dead healthy r: result He killed John. he p DO John r p PHYS.ST.(-10) PHYS.ST.(>-10) 13

14 John John decided to leave the house. p o MBUILD John Z W Direction PTRANS o D John Physical R X house CP(John) LTM(John) XPTRANS) LTMCP Mary cried. Mary p EXPEL o tears D X eyes(mary) X 14

15 John shot Mary. John Mary p PROPEL o bullet r PHYS.ST.(<X) p PHYS.ST.(X) D Mary gun I John PROPEL o trigger D trigger PART(gun) out in gun trigger out in bullet XX John went to New York from Texas. MARGIE JOHN CAME TO BE IN NEW YORK. JOHN CEASED TO BE IN TEXAS. JOHN WANTED TO DO SOMETHING IN NEW YORK. JOHN THOUGHT HE WOULD ENJOY BEING IN NEW YORK. 15

16 PTRANS PTRANagent PTRANS O D Z C1 : X PTRANS Y W (1) YZ JOHN CAME TO BE IN NEW YORK. (2) YW JOHN CEASED TO BE IN TEXAS. (3) XC1XY XZ JOHN WANTED TO DO SOMETHING IN NEW YORK. (4) (3)X JOHN THOUGHT HE WOULD ENJOY BEING IN NEW YORK. PTRANS PTRANagent PTRANS O D Z C1 : X PTRANS Y W YZ YW XC1XY XZ X 16

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