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1 12 1. (1991) 4 2. Hans Kamp and Uwe Ryle: From Discourse to Logic, Kluwer (1993) 3. Nicholas Asher: Reference to Abstract Objects in Discourse, Kluwer (1993) Hans Kamp DRS( ) : K i S i K i+1 S i K i K i K i+1 2. : DRS( ) (62) DRS( ) (62) A boy kicked Fred. 20 (K1) DRS (universe) 21 < U K,Con K > (K1) x,y U K x y x y {, F red(y), kick(x, y)} Con K 20 (discourse referents) 21 (conditions) 74
2 (K1) x,y 4: (62) DRS (K1) (K1) (proper embedding) x y Con K (62) (63) A boy kicked Fred. Fred cried. (K1) DRS (K2) x,y,z Fred(z) cry(z) 5: (63) DRS z =? ( ) (64) he (64) A boy kicked Fred. He cried. 6 DRS y (K3) 7 DRS DRS (complex condition) (65) 75
3 (K3) x,y,z z =? cry(z) 6: (64) DRS (K 3) x,y,z z = y cry(z) 7: DRS (65) Every girl kicked Fred. (66) (K5) (66) John does not like Fred. (K5) x John y Fred x y y 12.2 DRS (62) (62) A boy kicked Fred. 10 (K1) (predicative) DRS : DRS x 1,...x n K DRS y 1,...,y n U K λx 1,...,x n < (U K {y 1,...,y n }),Con K (x 1 /y 1,...,x n /y n ) > 76
4 (K4) x girl(x) y 8: (65) DRS (K5) x, y John(x) like(x, y) 9: (66) DRS DRS boy walk DRS (67) a. boy : λx b. walk : λx walk(x) kick like DRS (68) a. kick : λxλy b. like : λxλy lik(x,y) 77
5 a boy kick Fred 10: (62) λ DRS DRS DRS DRS DRS DRS DRS a DRS P, Q DRS u DRS DRS (69) a : λpλq u P(u) Q(u) Fred DRS (70) Fred : λp v Fred(v) P(v) (62) DRS (69) (67) a boy DRS (71) a boy : λq u boy(u) Q(u) (68) (70) kicked Fred DRS (72) kicked Fred : λx v Fred(v) kick(x,v) 78
6 (62) (K1) (K1) x,y (64) (64) A boy kicked Fred. He cried. he DRS (73) he : λp z P(z) z =? He cried. DRS (74) z cry(z) z =? (K1) DRS (DRS-update) : DRS K 1 K 2 DRS K 1 K 2 DRS < (U K1 U K2 ),(Con K1 Con K2 ) > K 1 K 2 ( )DRS (75) x,y, z cry(z) z =? DRS very if...then... if...then... DRS 79
7 (76) if...then... : λpλq P Q every DRS (77) every : λp λq x P(x) Q(x) (65) (65) Every girl kicked Fred. every girl DRS (78) every girl : λq x girl(x) Q(x) (72) kicked Fred DRS (K4) DRS (K4) x girl(x) y kick(x, y) ( )DRS DRS DRS ( ) DRS : (subordination) DRS K DRS K 80
8 1. K K ( ) 2. K K ( ) K K : (accessibility)) DRS K DRS K 0 K 0 y K 0 x 1. x U K y U K0 2. y U K x U K K K y K 0 x (79) If a student owns a BMW, he drives it every day. DRS (80) x, y student(x) BMW(y) own(x,y) z 1, z 2 z 1 =? z 2 =? drive-every-day(z 1,z 2 ) z 1 =? z 2 =? {x,y} DRS (81) x, y student(x) BMW(y) own(x,y) z 1, z 2 z 1 = x z 2 = y drive-every-day(z 1,z 2 ) BMW i it i (82) a. Every man who owns every BMW i likes it i. b. Every man who owns every BMW i praises it. It i runs very well. c. No girl i slept. She i was then very cross. d. Fred does not own a car i. It i runs very well. 81
9 12.3 M (83) : M =< U,F > U F U F < X,C >(X C ) (84) K M : K M U K U M f (85) f K M U K U M (86) f g f K M g : Dom(f) U K1 U M g f K 1 g K1 f (87) [f,k] M = 1 f K M (88) M = f,k φ M K f φ f K M M f φ (89) [f,k] M = 1 K φ( φ Con K ) M = f,k φ 82
10 [g,k] M f = 1 (90) [g,k] M f = 1 1. g K f 2. φ Con K M = g,k φ M K f φ (91)(a) φ α(x) (x α ) f(x) F(α) M = f,k φ (b) φ α(x 1,...,x n ) (x 1,...x n α n ) < f(x 1 ),...,f(x n ) > F(α) M = f,k φ (d) φ x = y (x,y ) f(x) = f(y) M = f,k φ (e) φ K 1 (K 1 ) f K 1 g(g K1 f) K 1 M M = f,k φ (f) φ K 1 K 2 (K 1,K 2 ) [g,k 1 ] M f = 1 f K 1 M g(g K1 f) [h,k 2 ] M g = 1 g K 2 M h(h K2 g) M = f,k φ (92) (a) M 1 =< U M1,F M1 > U M1 = {a,b,c,d,e,f} F M1 (Mary) = a, F M1 (Fred) = f F M1 (man) = {d,e,f} F M1 (book) = {b} F M1 (likes) = {< a,a >,< a,b >,< a,d >,< a,e >,< d,b >,< e,f >,< f,a >} (b) M 2 =< U M2,F M2 > U M2 = {a,b,c,d,e,f} F M2 (Mary) = a, F M2 (Fred) = f 83
11 F M2 (man) = {d,e,f} F M2 (book) = {b,c} F M2 (likes) = {< a,a >,< a,b >,< a,d >,< b,b >,< d,b >,< a,e >,< e,f >, < f,a >,< f,b >,< f,d >,< f,e >,< f,f >} 12.4 Kripke Pierre : Pierre Londres London Londres London Londres Pierre London/Londres? Pierre believes that London is pretty and also London is not pretty.? 84
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