15G 03 1 (Group μ, 1970) (1) a. b. (2) a. 1) b. (1a) (1b) (2a) (2b) 2) X Y PART-OF (3) (4) (Glucksberg, 2001, 2003; Glucksberg &
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1 15G 03 1 (Group μ, 1970) (1) a. b. (2) a. 1) b. (1a) (1b) (2a) (2b) 2) X Y PART-OF (3) (4) (Glucksberg, 2001, 2003; Glucksberg & Keysar, 1990) (, 2006; Utsumi & Sakamoto, 2007a, 2007b) 2 (3) (4) Σ Π Σ 3 Π 4 Σ Σ Π 2 Π 2.1 Sg synecdoche IS-A trope Google 1) (2007) 1
2 1: D I A (Sg+Sp)Σ (Sp+Sg)Σ (Sg+Sp)Π (Sp+Sg)Π voile Sp (1a) (1b) SgΣ (2a) (2b) SpΣ (3) SgΠ (4) SpΠ 2.2 D (I) A D A I X Y Y X 3) D I I A I D A I A D D A Sg Sp 1 4 D A (Sg+Sp)Σ (Sp+Sg)Π (Sg+Sp)Σ (Sp+Sg)Π I voile I D A 3) X Y X 2.3 (e.g.,, 1989;, 2007;, 2003) (a) Σ Π (b) metonymy contiguity Lakoff THE PART FOR THE WHOLE (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) (Evans & Green, 2006;, 2003) (2003) (1997, 2007) 2
3 (1978) PART-OF HAS-A IS-A (2002) Π (2007) PT PT (e.g.,, 2007, p.37) 4) (2003) PT (Sg+Sp)Σ (Sp+Sg)Π 1 Π (, 1989) veuve bateau voile 5) Π (Sp+Sg)Σ (, 2003) 4 (Sp+Sg)Σ PT PT substitution view (, 1989) (e.g., Barsalou, 1983; Rosch & Mervis, 1975) (, 2001) IS-A 5) 4) Lakoff & Johnson (1980) Lakoff (1987) PT 3
4 (5) (5) 6) A I I D D (5) (, 1989) (6) (7) (, 2007) (6) (7) X Y 6) (Group μ, 1970, p.292) (, 2006) (1989) (8) (9) (8) (9) 7) (5) A I (Utsumi & Sakamoto, 2007b) (6) (, 2007, p.168) analogy, analogical mapping (, 2001) 8) (7) 7) (1978) (ibid., p.200) 8) 4
5 (Glucksberg & Keysar, 1990) 4.1 (9) vehicle tenor 9) nominal metaphor n predicative metaphor verb metaphor adjective metaphor allegory (10) (11) 9) (2006) e.g., e.g., (10) (11) (5) (5) (5 ) (δ) α γ (β) α δ 10) (12) (12 ) (δ) α γ (β) α β 3.2 Glucksberg (Glucksberg, 2001, 2003; Glucksberg & Keysar, 1990) α β 1. β C 2. α C C 10) (1989) γ γ γ 4.3 α 5
6 (e.g., Torreano, Cacciari, & Glucksberg, 2005) (Barsalou, 1983) 3.3 β α α β C α (10) 11) β (9) β Glucksberg (2001, 2003) fly Gentner (1983, 1989) ; alignmnet 2 comparison (10) 12) Bowdle & Gentner (2005) conventionality career of metaphor (13) John hopped on his bike and flew home. (14) The rumor flew through the office. Glucksberg & Haught (2006) Jones & Estes (2006) aptness (Utsumi, 2006, 2007) interpretive diversity α Glucksberg δ topic he rumor 11) (Carston, 2002; Wilson & Sperber, 2004) 12) 6
7 3.4 Glucksberg (2007) (, 2006; Utsumi & Sakamoto, 2007a, 2007b) β C intermediate category β δ C Glucksberg C (12) (, 2006, p.14) 13) C α (Sg+Sp)Σ 1(a) 1. β C SpΣ 2. α β C α α C α SgΣ (Sg+Sp)Σ e.g., (9) (a) β C SpΣ X Y Y Y 13)
8 β C α δ SpΣ SgΣ (a) Glucksberg (10) β C δ to fly SpΣ to travel very fast John (b) (13) β C α δ to fly SpΣ to travel very fast SgΣ to go quickly John (c) 1: (Sg+Sp)Σ 14) 4.2 (Sg+Sp)Σ 3.1 (13) (13) John hopped on his bike and flew home. (13 ) John (δ) s action of α ( going quickly) is γ s action of flying (β). δ α γ β fly α 3.2 1(b) fly 14) Lakoff & Johnson (1980) (e.g., Rudzka-Ostyn, 1995) Fauconnier & Turner (2002) conceptual blending theory α fly α (13 ) 1(c) (Sg+Sp)Σ δ 1(c) Utsumi & Sakamoto (2007b) Schank (1975) 11 8
9 β {γ} SgΣ SpΣ α δ 2: (Sp+Sg)Σ (12) PTRANS ATRANS INGEST γ (Sg+Sp)Σ (15) I float like a butterfly, sting like a bee. β E = {γ} α 2 δ β γ E = {γ} α δ 4.3 (Sp+Sg)Σ 1(c) (Sg+Sp)Σ (5) SgΣ SpΣ 2 (Sp+Sg)Σ (Sp+Sg)Σ fly 15) e.g., Osgood (1980), (1988) (Utsumi, Hori, & 15) Ohsuga, 1998;, 2000) 9
10 1 (I) (Sp+Sg)Σ β C α (Sp+Sg)Σ β {γ} α categorization-instantiation theory 2 (Sp+Sg)Σ ) (, 2007) 16) fly go quickly γ (similar)associated (16) a. 2 b. resemblance-based correlationbased (Sg+Sp)Σ (15) (Sakamoto & Utsumi, 2008; Utsumi & Sakamoto, 2008) 4.2 (17) (18) (16a) (16b) metonymic (, 1997) (2006) Utsumi & Sakamoto (2007a, 2007b) 2 β C {γ} 2 Taylor (2003) loud color, sweet music, black mood (2003) α (Sg+Sp)Σ 10
11 Σ Π Σ (Sg+Sp)Σ (Sp+Sg)Σ (Sg+Sp)Σ (Sp+Sg)Σ Glucksberg (Sg+Sp)Σ (Sg+Sp)Σ (Sg+Sp)Σ (Sp+Sg)Σ (C) No Barsalou, L. (1983). Ad hoc categories. Memory & Cognition, 11(3), Bowdle, B. & Gentner, D. (2005). The career of metaphor. Psychological Review, 112(1), Carston, R. (2002). Thoughts and Utterances: The Pragmatics of Explicit Communication. Blackwell Publishing. Evans, V. & Green, M. (2006). Cognitive Linguistics: An Introduction. Edinburgh University Press. Fauconnier, G. & Turner, M. (2002). The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and The Mind s Hidden Complexities. Basic Books. Gentner, D. (1983). Structure mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy. Cognitive Science, 7, Gentner, D. (1989). The mechanisms of analogical learning. In Vosniadou, S. & Ortony, A. (Eds.), Similarity and Analogical Reasoning, pp Cambridge University Press. Glucksberg, S. (2001). Understanding Figurative Language: From Metaphors to Idioms. Oxford University Press. Glucksberg, S. (2003). The psycholinguistics of metaphor. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(2), Glucksberg, S. & Haught, C. (2006). On the relation between metaphor and simile: When comparison fails. Mind & Language, 21(3), Glucksberg, S. & Keysar, B. (1990). Understanding metaphorical comparisons: Beyond similarity. Psychological Review, 97, Group μ (1970). Rhétorique générale. Paris: Librairie Larousse., (1981).,. (1989)... Jones, L. & Estes, Z. (2006). Roosters, robins, and alarm clocks: Aptness and conventionality in metaphor comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 55, (1988).., 58, Lakoff, G. (1987). Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things. The University of Chicago Press. (1993).,. Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. The University of Chicago Press.,, (1986).,. (2007)..,, pp
12 ,, (2006).. 23, pp , (2007).. 24, pp (2002)... (2007).., 14(3), , (2001)... Osgood, C. (1980). The cognitive dynamics of synesthesia and metaphor. In Honeck, R. & Hoffman, R. (Eds.), Cognition and Figurative Language. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Rosch, E. & Mervis, C. (1975). Family resemblances: studies in the internal structure of categories. Cognitive Psychology, 7, Rudzka-Ostyn, B. (1995). Metaphor, schema, invariance: The case of verbs of answering. In Goossens, L. et al. (Eds.), By Word of Mouth: Metaphor, Metonymy and Linguistic Action in a Cognitive Perspective, pp John Benjamins, Amsterdam., (2007).., 14(3), Sakamoto, M. & Utsumi, A. (2008). Semantic diversity revealed by a comparison between the types of adjective metaphors: Correlation vs. resemblance. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Cognitive Science (ICCS2008). (1978)... (, 1992).,, (2006)... Schank, R. (1975). North Holland. Conceptual Information Processing. (1997)... (2007)..,, pp (2003)... (2003)... Taylor, J. (2003). Linguistic Categorization. Oxford University Press. Torreano, L., Cacciari, C., & Glucksberg, S. (2005). When dogs can fly: Level of abstraction as a cue to metaphorical use of verbs. Metaphor and Symbol, 20(4), (2000).. Computer Today, 96, (2001).. 15, pp. 2E1 02, 1 2. Utsumi, A. (2006). Computational exploration of metaphor comprehension processes. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci2006), pp Utsumi, A. (2007). Interpretive diversity explains metaphor-simile distinction. Metaphor and Symbol, 22(4), Utsumi, A., Hori, K., & Ohsuga, S. (1998). An affectivesimilarity-based method for comprehending attributional metaphors. Journal of Natural Language Processing, 5(3), 3 32., (2006).. 24, pp Utsumi, A. & Sakamoto, M. (2007a). Computational evidence for two-stage categorization as a process of adjective metaphor comprehension. In Proceedings of the Second European Cognitive Science Conference (EuroCogSci2007), pp Utsumi, A. & Sakamoto, M. (2007b). Predicative metaphors are understood as two-stage categorization: Computational evidence by latent semantic analysis. In Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci2007), pp Utsumi, A. & Sakamoto, M. (2008). Resemblance-based and correlation-based adjective metaphors are understood differently: Computational evidence using latent semantic analysis. Manuscript submitted for publication. Wilson, D. & Sperber, D. (2004). Relevance theory. In Horn, L. & Ward, G. (Eds.), Handbook of Pragmatics, pp Oxford, Basil Blackwell. 12
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