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1 91 特集 自動運転 / 論説 自動運転の実像 Google Apple Uber IT CO 2 The Realities of Autonomous Driving Toshio YOKOYAMA Recent years have seen the commercialization of a succession of systems for supporting safe driving, utilizing onboard sensing technologies such as cameras, milliwave radar, laser radar and more. IT companies such as Google, Apple and taxi dispatch service Uber have begun developing autonomous driving technologies. The prospect of autonomous driving has given rise to expectations in a variety of areas, including traffic accident reduction, traffic congestion elimination and CO 2 emissions reduction through traffic volume optimization, as well as freedom of movement for seniors. However, the commercialization of autonomous driving technologies is dependent not only on technological development, but also on careful consideration regarding societal acceptance, role-sharing between system and driver during autonomous driving, classifications of responsibilities, and consistency between relevant international treaties, current traffic laws and laws pertaining to vehicle structure. In this report, the author discusses current efforts aimed at the commercialization of autonomous driving, and developments moving toward the future. 1. はじめに R&D Senior Chief Engineer, Automobile R&D Center, Honda R&D Co., Ltd AHS(Advanced Cruise-Assist Highway Systems) 1997 California San Diego 1994 CHAUFEUR ) 2000 ACC(Adaptive Cruise Control) CMBS (Collision Mitigation Brake System) ( 15 )

2 92 LKAS(Lane Keep Assist System) 20 ( ) DARPA(Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) California 240km 2007 California 100km MIT(Massachusetts Institute of Technology) CMU(Carnegie Mellon University) Stanford University Robotics Robot DARPA Google 2012 Google Self Driving Car Fig.1 DARPA (2007 ) CMU 2000 Robotics 2. 世の中の自動運転技術への期待 ITARDA(Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis) ,237 ( 30 ) 629,021 ) ) Fig.2 ( ) ) 32 ) ,561 1,664, ) Mobility Poor Fig. 1 DARPA アーバンチャレンジに優勝した CMU の車両 )69.1 万人 1946 年 ~2011 年交通事故発生件数 負傷者数 死者数の推移 死者数 ( 千人 ) 警察庁資料より抜粋 死者数 第 1 次交通戦争 負傷者数事故件数 第 2 次交通戦争 万人 年政府目標 5500 人 4611 人 年政府目標 2500 人 ( 予定 ) 年 負事傷故120 者件2010 年政府目標 100 万人数数100 ((万万80 人件) Fig. 2 日本における交通事故の実態 ( 警察庁資料よりホンダが作成 ) 2014 年 4113 人 -260 人 5.9% 減 14 年連続減少 ( 16 )

3 93 3. 現在の国際道路交通協約 ( ) (a) 13 (b) ) 自動運転の定義 NHTSA(US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) BASt(Germany Federal Highway Research Institute) NHTSA SAE(US Society of Automotive Engineers) ) SAE (Table 1) SAE ( 17 )

4 94 Table 1 自動運転の自動化レベルの定義 (SAE International) SAE 運転周辺運転のシステムの Level 定義名称主体監視 Back Up 作動域 Human driver monitors the driving environment 自動化警報や介入システムによるサポートはあるものの運転者運転者運転者 0 なし運転者が すべての状況下で車を運転運転環境情報を用い操舵 または加減速のうち一運転運転者 1 つの運転支援を実行支援システムその他の運転に必要な作業は 運転者が行う 2 部分的自動化 運転環境情報を用い操舵 加減速等の複数の運転支援を実行その他の運転に必要な作業は 運転者が行う Automated driving system monitors the driving environment システムからの介入要求時には 人間による適切条件付き 3 な対応を期待し 自動運転システムが 全ての動自動化的運転作業を実行 4 5 高度な自動化 完全自動化 自動運転システムが 全ての動的運転作業を実行システムからの介入要求時にも 人間による適切な対応が期待できない場合もありうる 人間の運転者が運転可能なあらゆる走路環境下で自動運転システムが 全ての動的運転作業を実行 BASt Level Driver Only NHTSA Level 運転者運転者部分的 Assisted 1 システム運転者運転者部分的 システムシステム運転者部分的 システムシステムシステム 部分的 Partially Automated Highly Automated Fully Automated システムシステムシステム全域 /4 SAE 2020 (WP29) ( ) WP29 GRRF( ) 2015 WP29 (UN/ECE) WP29 (OICA) (IMMA) (ISO) (CLEPA) (SAE) WP1 GRRF ( ) 2015 UN Regulation No.79 ACSF(Automatically Commanded Steering Function) : 10km ( ) ( 18 )

5 95 5. 高度運転支援システムの現状 ( ) ACC CMBS LKAS Honda SENSING 2014 Honda SENSING CMBS ACC LKAS 77GHz Sensor Fusion ) Honda SENSING Odyssey Legend 6. 自動運転技術の現状 Fig 自車位置認識技術 (Localization) 10) )Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS) GNSS GPS( ) GLONASS( ) ( ) QZSS( ) GNSS RTK(Real Time Kinematic) -GPS Differential GPS ) GNSS ) Simultaneous Localization and Mapping(SLAM) SLAM ( 19 )

6 96 Fig. 3 自動運転システムを実現するための主要技術項目例 GNSS 3D 3D Dynamic Map 3D 6 2 外界認識技術 360 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 20 )

7 97 Sensor Fusion Sensor Fusion 6 3 行動計画 ( ) ) ( ) ) (Fig.4) ) Table 2 Fig. 4 自動運転の演算プロセス ( 21 )

8 98 Table 2 行動計画の階層性 機能 一般的な出力 自動運転の出力 手順生成 ゴールへの道路地図上のルート到達手順推奨車線 行動選択 シンボリック行動車線維持 / 車線変更 ( 言語表現可能 ) 追従 / 追い越しなど 目標軌道生成 作業空間軌道 ( 時系列数値 ) 走行ライン 速度の時系列軌道 運動制御 エンジントルクアクチュエーターブレーキ圧への指令値ステアリング角 ACC LKAS AEB(Autonomous Emergency Brake) ABS (Anti-lock Brake System) VSA(Vehicle Stability Control) ) Table 2 DARPA 11)~ 14) Honda ASIMO 15) 6 4 車両制御システム X by Wire Driving Task Safe Action ( ) V2X 6 5 Human Machine Interface Driving Task HMI(Human Machine Interface) (Fig.5) 16)~ 18) HMI ) ) ( ) ) ( ) ( 22 )

9 99 Fig.5 高速道路自動運転検討例 ( オートパイロット検討会資料より抜粋 ) ) ) ) ( ) ) ) HMI Driving Task Driving Task HMI 7. まとめ Dynamic Map V2X HMI Security 19) 8. おわりに? ( 23 )

10 100 ( ) ( ) ( ) Step by Step 2020? 参考文献 ) IATSS Review Vol.37 No.3 pp )ITARDA (IRTAD) cations_free.php?page=31 ) 25 lid= ) 23 cao.go.jp_koutu_chou-ken_h23_houkoku.pdf ) ( ) p.54 jp/committee/summary/ipc0002/report.html ) GLOBAL NOTE ) pdf ) SAE International :Summary of levels of Automation for on-road vehicles ) Vol.68 pp ) : Vol.116 No.1141 pp ) ( ) Vol.11 No.8 pp ) DARPA URBAN CHALLENGE 13) Urmson C., et al.: Tartan racing: A Multi-modal approach to the darpa urban challenge ) Montemerlo M., et al.: Junior: The Stanford entry in the urban challenge. Journal of field Robotics, Vol.25, No9, pp , ) 16) ( ) : 17) 18) Vol.68 pp ) Vol.54 No.3 pp ( 24 )

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