Review of Asian and Pacific Studies No Armed Conflict in Southern Philippines: Forming and Redefining the Concept of a Semi-Religious Nationali

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1 Review of Asian and Pacific Studies No Armed Conflict in Southern Philippines: Forming and Redefining the Concept of a Semi-Religious Nationality * Midori Kawashima Abstract This study discusses the reasons for the formation of the concept of Bangsa Moro as a separate semi-religious nationality and the manner in which it was transformed since its inception. It focuses on the political thoughts of young Islamic intellectuals who were educated in Middle Eastern Islamic universities and established a strong influence among the Muslim communities in the Philippines. These intellectuals initially considered the Philippines as their homeland and aspired to implement social reforms on the basis of Islamic ideas to secure the future of the Muslim society in the Philippines. However, the increasing marginalization and militant aggression in the late 1960s compelled some of them to support the armed revolutionary movement. The concept of Bangsa Moro was created to express a nationality that contains both territorial and religious elements. Since the mid-1980s, non-separatist liberal Muslim intellectuals and activists reinterpreted the concept of Bangsa Moro, and they are now using the term Bangsamoro to express the identity of a Muslim citizen who actively participates in the reformation and development of the society. The term serves as an ideology to legitimize the demands of the Muslim citizens for the provision of social justice for marginalized people in Southern Philippines. In addition, the term Bangsamoro is officially used by the Philippine government to express the identity of Muslims and other original inhabitants of Southern Philippines. The term is also adopted as the name of a new autonomous political entity to be formulated. However, the mere formulation of a new autonomous government will not be sufficient to solve the conflict which is rooted in the indignation of the Muslim masses about insecurity, inequality, and injustices. Implementing meaningful reforms to ensure their survival and security is the key to resolving the conflict. * Professor, Faculty of Global Studies, Sophia University

2 42 はじめに ** : Filipino Bangsa Moro: 2 Moro National Liberation Front: MNLF Moro Islamic Liberation Front: MILF 1996 MNLF MNLF Nur Misuari ARMM: Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao 3 MILF ARMM Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro The Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro Basic Law on Bangsamoro MNLF MILF ** : bansa state Abu Sayyaf MNLF Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters : BIFF

3 43 I. 背景 1. フィリピンのムスリム % 5.1% % 77% ,862, ,862, ,152, ,762, ,508, , , ,528, , , ,332, National Statistics Office, Republic of the Philippines, 2000 Census of Population and Housing, Report No.3, Socio-Economic and Demographic Characteristic, Manila. Table ,036, % 1,008, % 918, % 393, % 155, % 154, % 190, % 3,854, % Human Development Network (2005), Philippine Human Development Report 2005, pp.12,14; National Statistics Office (2003), 2000 Census of Population and Housing: Report No.2, Vol.1.Demographic and Housing Characteristics. Manila, p

4 北アグサン州リガオ州南スコンポステラレー東ダバオ州ダバオ市バオ州スルタン 44 パラワン島スールー海 9 フィリピンムスリムを構成する主要エスニック集団 1マラナオ 7ヤカン 2マギンダナオ 8タウスグ 3イラヌン 9サマ 4カリブガン 10ジャママプン 5カラガ 11モルボグ 6サンギル 12パラワン 8 4 北サンボアンガ州サンボアンガ市 7 4 バシラン州ミンダナオ島南サンボアンガ州マギンダナオ州西ミサミス州カミギン州イリガン市南ラナオ州東ミサミス州コタバト州クダラト州南コタバト州ブキドノン州北ラナオ州3 コタバト市ムスリム集住地域 1 2 マラウィ市 2 2 北スリガオ州南アグサン州ダバオ州 2 5 バ州パラワン州南ダ5 ( マレーシア ) ボルネオ島タウィタウィ州 9 9 スールー諸島スールー州セレベス海サランガニ州 6 Gowing, Peter (1979) Muslim Filipinos - Heritage and Horizon,Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 2. スペイン植民地支配による分断 maurus 5 Majul

5 45 3. フィリピン国家におけるムスリムの周辺化 % %

6 , % 619, , % 322, , % 798, , % 961, , % 332, , % 757, , % 585, , % 957, , % 1,930, , % 821, , % 752, , % 821, , % 689, , % 445, ,757, % 20,662,900 National Statistics Office (2003), 2000 Census of Population and Housing: Report No.3, Socio-Economic and Demographic Characteristic. Manila. Table 8. 1) 4 2) 100 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 1950 II. 宗教的民族概念の形成 1. 新たなムスリム知識人の登場

7 47 2 Macapanton Abbas Jr. 2 MILF Salamat Hashim Ilaga: 2. ナショナリティーとしてのバンサモロ 1960 Domocao Alonto Rashid Lucman MNLF MNLF Mahardika:

8 48 homeland national concept [ ] 6 MNLF MNLF Dawat l Islam 7 people Agama Islam [ ] [ ] people state Moro Nation 9 2 Muslim Lawyers League 6 Noble (1976, p.142) 7 Union of Islamic Forces and Organizations: UIFO 8 Dawat l Islam, vol.1, no.10, Nov.5, Dawat l Islam, vol.2, no.2, Sep.15, 1972.

9 49 MNLF people homeland religion MNLF III.1960 年代のカイロ留学生の民族思想 Fajr jad d

10 50 4 m f m f waṫan: 10 = p p.194

11 51 waṫan yya, 12 al-muslim al-filib n al-sha b al-filib n al-muslim p

12 A m 2 A m 3 A m 4 A m 5 A m 6 A m 7 A m 8 A m 9 A m 10 A m 11 A m 12 A m 13 A m 14 A m 15 A m 16 A m 17 A m 18 A m 19 A m 20 A m 21 A m 22 A m 23 A m 24 A m 25 A m 26 A m 27 A m 28 A m 29 A m 30 A m 31 A f 32 A f 33 A f 34 A f 35 A f 36 A f 37 A f 38 P f 39 C m 40 C m 41 C m 42 C m 43 C m 44 C m 45 C m 1-9 A P C m f

13 53 IV. バンサモロからバンサモロへ 1986 MNLF MILF 2 1 Bangsamoro MILF 1980 Maradika: MNLF NGO 1 NGO MNLF MILF MILF ARMM political entity that part of our nation Bangsamoro Speech of President Aquino on the Framework Agreement with the MILF, Oct. 7, 2012 (OPAPP, 2013, p.1).

14 54 narratives people Filipino national patrimony 15 MILF ascription or selfascription Indigenous peoples 16 [ ] peoples Filipino citizen citizenship [ ] おわりに 15 Speech of President Aquino on the Framework Agreement with the MILF, Oct. 7, (OPAPP 2013, p.1). 16 Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro, I-5, p Frequently asked questions about the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro (OPAPP, 2013, p.6). 18 Frequently asked questions about the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro (OPAPP, 2013, pp.5, 7).

15 55, 2012, p.11 MILF 参考文献 2008 : J-BIRD

16 No Dawat l Islam, HDN: Human Development Network 2005 Philippine Human Development Report 2005, Quezon City: Human Development Network Philippine Human Development Report 2008/2009. Quezon City: Human Development Network. Majul, Cesar. Muslims in the Philippines. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, National Statistical Coordination Board, the Republic of the Philippines Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines. Makati: National Statistical Coordination Board. Noble, Lela G The Moro National Liberation Front. Pacific Affairs, vol.49, No.3. OPAPP: Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process, Office of the Government of the Philippines OPAPP-GPH Peace Negotiating Panel for Talks with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), Metro Manila: OPAPP.

第5章第5章南部フィリピンの紛争—2000年ミンダナオ危機と平和運動—

第5章第5章南部フィリピンの紛争—2000年ミンダナオ危機と平和運動— 2000 2000 2000 1970 2002 2 1 2 2000 1990 2001 3 2000 1996 (Moro National Liberation Front: MNLF) MNLF (Nur Misuari) (Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao: ARMM ) (Moro Islamic Liberation Front: MILF) (Abu