And it also makes sense as we divide by 3, each step as we decrement our exponent. It keeps working. When you take 3 to the negative 1 power, we saw o

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1 Zero, negative, and fractional exponents( 指数が 0 負の数 分数の場合) 原文 タイム 日本語音声 So a few videos ago I told you that anything 0:00 いくつか前のビデオでは 0 乗は 1 になるとお話ししました to the 0 power is equal to 1. So x to the zeroth power is equal to 1. 0:05 つまり xの 0 乗は 1(x^0=1) です And I gave you one argument why this is the 0:09 なぜこれが成り立つのか 例を挙げて考えてみましょう case. I used the example of, if we have 3 to the first power, that is equal to 3. 3 to the second power is equal to 9. 0:16 3 の 1 乗は 3(3^1=3) です 3 の 2 乗は 9(3^2=9) です 3 の 3 乗は 27(3^3=27) ですね 3 to the third power is equal to 27. So every time we decrease by a power, we're dividing by divided by 3 is 9. 9 divided 0:25 累乗を 1 つ減らすたびに 3 で割ることになります 27 割る 3(27/3) は 9 9 割る 3(9/3) は 3 です by 3 is 3. Then 3 divided by 3 is 1. And that should be what 3 to the zeroth power is. So that's one way to think about it. 0:32 3 割る 3(3/3) は 1 なので 3 の 0 乗は 1 (3^0=1) になるはずです これが 1 つの考え方です The other way to think about it is that we need this for the exponent properties to 0:41 逆に 0 乗が 1 でないと指数の性質が成り立たないとも言えます work. For example, I told you that a to the b times a to the c is equal to a to the b plus c. 0:46 すでに学習したように aのb 乗かけるaのc 乗はaの b 足すc 乗 (a^b*a^c=a^(b+c)) になります Now, what happens if c is 0? What happens if we have a to the b times a 0:57 それでは cが 0 の場合 aのb 乗かけるaの 0 乗 (a^b*a^0) はどうなるでしょうか? to the 0? Well, by this property, this needs to be equal to a to the b plus 0, which is equal to a to the b. 1:04 この性質を使えば aのb 足す 0 乗 (a^(b+0)) とすればよいことになり aのb 乗 (a^b) に等しくなります So a to the b times a to the 0 must be equal 1:13 aのb 乗かけるaの 0 乗はaのb 乗 to a to the b. (a^b*a^0=a^b) なのです If you divide both sides of this times a-- let me rewrite this-- a to the b times a to the 0, if we use this property up here, must be equal to a to the b, right? b plus 0 is b. 1:19 ここで両辺をaのb 乗 (a^b) で割ります まず この式を書き直すと aのb 乗かけるaの 0 乗はaのb 乗 (a^b*a^0=a^b) b 足す 0(b+0) はbですからね If you divide both sides by a to the b, ~~ what do you get? 1:30 左辺をaのb 乗 (a^b) で割り 右辺も同様にaの b 乗 (a^b) で割ると どうなるでしょうか? On the left-hand side, you're left with just a to the 0, right? These cancel out. a to the 0 is equal to 1. 1:37 左辺は aの 0 乗 (a^0) だけになります aのb 乗 (a^b) で約分できるからです すると aの 0 乗は 1 (a^0=1) となります And you can use a similar argument in pretty much all of the exponent properties, that we need anything to the zeroth power to be equal to 1. 1:46 同じ操作をあらゆる指数に対して行うことができるので どんな数の 0 乗も 1 に等しくなるのです 1 / 8

2 And it also makes sense as we divide by 3, each step as we decrement our exponent. It keeps working. When you take 3 to the negative 1 power, we saw on the last video that that's equal to 1 over 3 to the first power, or 1/3. So once again, from 3 to the 0 to 1/3, you're dividing by 3 again. So it really makes sense on some level that 3 to the zeroth power is equal to 1. But that leaves a little bit of a gap. What about 0 to the zeroth power? This is a very strange notion. 0 multiplied by itself 0 times. And it depends what context you're using. Sometimes people will say that this is undefined, but many more times, at least in my experience, this'll be defined to be 1. So, defined to be 1. And the reason why-- even though this is completely not intuitive, and you could type in 0 to the zeroth power in Google, and it'll give you 1. Even though this is completely not intuitive, the reason why this is defined to be this way is that makes a lot of formulas work. One in particular, the binomial formula works for your binomial coefficients, which I'm not going to go over right here, when 0 to the zeroth power is equal to 1. So that's an interesting thing for you to think about, what that might even mean. So let's talk about some of the other properties. And then we can put them all together with a couple of example problems. I told you in the last video what it means to raise to a negative power. a to the negative 1 power, or maybe I should say a to the negative b power is equal to 1 over a to the b power. So just to do that with a couple of concrete examples, 3 to the negative 3 power is equal to 1 over 3 to the third power, which is equal to 1 over 3 times 3, times 3, which is equal to 1 over 27. 1:53 3 で割ると その都度 指数が 1 減って それを続けていくという方法も納得できると思います 2:01 すると 3 のマイナス 1 乗 (3^(-1)) になったら 前回のビデオで見たように 1 割る 3 の 1 乗 (1/3^1) つまり 3 分の 1(1/3) です 2:10 先ほど説明したとおり 3 の 0 乗 (3^0) から 3 分の 1 (1/3) になる時に 3 で割っています だから 3 の 0 乗は 1(3^0=1) なのです 2:19 しかし 少々不明な点が残っています 0 の 0 乗 (0^0) はどうなるのでしょうか? とても奇妙な概念です 0:27 0 を 0 回かけるという意味ですが どのような事情に基づくかによって異なってきます 2:33 定義できない場合も時々ありますが 少なくとも私の経験では 多くの場合において 0 の 0 乗 (0^0) は 1 と定義されているようです 2:43 分かりにくいのですが インターネットで検索してみると 0 の 0 乗 (0^0) は 1 と出ます 2:49 直観的に捉えにくいにもかかわらず このように定義される理由は こうしておくと多くの公式が成り立つからです 2:56 ここではやりませんが 中でも 二項定理で二項係数を求める際に 0 の 0 乗 (0^0) を 1 とするとうまく計算できます 3:05 これがどんな意味を持ちうるかと考えるのは 興味深いことです 3:11 他の性質も説明すれば すべての性質を組み合わせて 問題を考えられるでしょう 前回のビデオで負の指数について お話ししました 3:20 aのマイナス 1 乗 (a^(-1)) またはaのマイナスb 乗 (a^(-b)) にしておきましょう これは 1 割るaのb 乗 (1/a^b) に等しくなります 3:28 具体例を挙げてやってみます 3 のマイナス 3 乗は 1 割る 3 の 3 乗となり これは 1 割る 3 かける 3 かける 3 に等しいので 答えは 27 分の 1 (3^(-3)=1/3^3=1/(3*3*3)=1/27) になります 2 / 8

3 If I were to ask you what 1/3 to the negative 2 power is-- well, this is going to be equal to 1 over 1/3 to the second power. You get rid of the negative and you inverse it. So this is going to be equal to 1 over-- what's 1/3 times 1/3? 1/9. Which is equal to-- this is 1 divided by 1/9 is the same thing is 1 times 9, so this is equal to 9. And this makes complete sense, because 1/3, remember, 1/3 is the same thing as 3 to the negative 1 power, right? 3 to the negative 1 is equal to 1 over 3 to the 1 power, which is the same thing is 1/3. So if we replace 1/3 with 3 to the negative 1, this is 3 to the negative 1 to the negative 2 power. These two things are equivalent statements. And if we use one of the properties we learned in the first video, we can take the product of these two exponents. So this is equal to 3 to the negative 1, times negative 2, which is just positive 2, which is equal to 9. So it's really neat how all of these exponent properties really fit together in a nice, neat puzzle, that they don't contradict each other. And it doesn't matter which property you use, you'll get the right answer in the end, as long as you don't do something crazy. Now, the last thing I want to define is the notion of a fractional exponent. So if I have something to a fractional power-- so let's say I have a to the 1 over b power. I'm going to define this. This is going to be equal to the bth root of a. So let me be very clear here. Let me make it with some numbers here. If I said 4 to the 1/2 power right there, this means this is equivalent to the square root of 4. Which is equal to, if we're taking the principal root, this is equal to 2. 3:46 次の問題は 3 分の 1 のマイナス 2 乗 ((1/3)^(-2)) です これはどうなるかというと 1 割 る 3 分の 1 の 2 乗 (1/(1/3)^2) です 4:02 負の指数をなくすために 逆数にしました さらにこれは 分子が 1 で 分母は 3 分の 1 かける 3 分の 1 ((1/3)*(1/3)) だから 9 分の 1(1/9) です 4:11 するとこれは 1 割る 9 分の 1(1/(1/9)) になって 1 かける 9(1*9) と同じで答えは 9 です 4:18 これは筋が通っています なぜなら 3 分の 1 はどう表し たかというと 3 のマイナス 1 乗 (1/3=3^(-1)) でした ね 4:27 そして 3 のマイナス 1 乗は 1 割る 3 の 1 乗 (3^(-1)=1/3^1) なので 3 分の 1(1/3) と同 じになります 4:34 そこで 3 分の 1(1/3) を 3 のマイナス 1 乗 (3^(-1)) に置き換えれば 3 のマイナス 1 乗のマイ ナス 2 乗 ((3^(-1))^(-2)) と表せて どちらも同じ 意味です 4:44 最初のビデオで学んだ法則を使って この 2 つの指数の 積を計算します 4:49 するとこれは 3 のマイナス 1 かけるマイナス 2 乗 (3^((-1)*(-2))) つまり 3 の 2 乗 (3^2) で す よって 答えは 9 です 4:57 指数の性質がすべて うまく当てはめられていて見事で す どちらのやり方でも矛盾せず ぴたりと一致しました 5:05 どの性質を使っても 変なことをしなければ 最終的には 正しい答えにたどり着きます 5:11 さて 最後に定義しておきたいのは 分数の指数の概念 です 5:17 そこで 指数が分数になっている数があるとします つま り aのb 分の 1 乗 (a^(1/b)) のような数です 5:27 これを定義するのですが まず b 乗根 a([b] a) と 書き表します 5:33 これを 具体的な数字を入れて確認してみましょう 5:38 例えば 4 の 2 分の 1 乗 (4^(1/2)) を考えてみま す これはどういう意味かというと 2 乗根 4([2] 4) と書いても等しいということです 5:50 これはいくつになるかといえば 主要根を取るという意味 の式なので 2 に等しくなります 3 / 8

4 So if I were to take, let's be clear, 8 to the 1/3 power, this is taking the cube root of 8. And this is, on some level, one of the most 5:57 次に考えたい問題は 8 の 3 分の 1 乗は 3 乗根 8 (8^(1/3)=[3] 8) です 指数の計算で これはとても混乱しやすいところです sometimes confusing things in exponents. Here I'm saying, what number times itself 3 times is equal to 8? 6:09 ここで考えてください 3 回かけて 8 になる数はいくつでしょうか? So if I said that x, let me do this, if I would say that x is equal to 8 to the 1/3 power, 6:15 ある数 xがあったとして xは 8 の 3 分の 1 乗 (x=8^(1/3)) と置きます this is the exact same thing as saying x to the third power is equal to 8. 6:23 この式を変形して xの 3 乗は 8(x^3=8) と書いても全く同じ意味です And how do I know that these are equivalent statements? 6:30 2 つの式が なぜ同じなのか分かるでしょうか? 上の式の両辺を 3 乗すればいいですね Well, I could take both sides of this equation to the third power. If I take the left-hand side of the third power 6:37 左辺を 3 乗して 右辺も 3 乗するとどうなりますか? and the right-hand side of the third power, what do I get? On the left-hand side, I get x to the third. On the right-hand side, I get 8 to the 1/3 times 3, which is just 3 over 3, which is just 6:41 左辺はxの 3 乗 (x^3) です 右辺は 8 の 3 分の 1 かける 3 乗 (8^(1/3*3)) なので 8 の 3 分の 3 乗 (8^(3/3)) だから 1 乗です 1. So if x is equal to 8 to the 1/3, what is x? 6:52 そうすると xは 8 の 3 分の 1 乗 (x=8^(1/3)) と置いた場合 xはいくつですか? Well, 2 times 2, times 2 is equal to 8. 6:59 2 かける 2 かける 2 は 8(2*2*2=8) です And there's no really easy way, especially once you go to the fourth root, or the fifth root, and you have decimals of calculating 7:03 簡単な算出方法はありません 特に 4 乗根や 5 乗根を計算するとなれば 小数が出てくるので 大抵は電卓が必要になるでしょう these. You probably need a calculator most of the time to do these. But things like 8 to the 1/3, or 7:12 しかし 8 の 3 分の 1 乗 (8^(1/3)) や 16 の 4 分の 16 to the 1/4, or 27 to the 1/3, they're not 1 乗 ( 16^(1/4) ) 27 の 3 分の 1 乗 too hard to calculate. (27^(1/3)) は 難しくありません Now, let s -- So this right here, let me be clear, is 2. Now, let's make it a little bit more 7:19 ですから これが 2 になるのは明らかです それでは もう少し複雑な問題をやってみましょう confusing. Let s make it -- What is 27 to the negative 1/3 power? Well, don't get too worried. We're just going to take it step by step. 7:28 27 のマイナス 3 分の 1 乗 (27^(-1/3)) はどうなるか分かりますか? 心配することはありません 1 つずつ順を追って進めていきましょう When you take the negative 7:39 まず 負の指数を取り除くことにします 指数からマイナ power, take the negative power here, this is スをなくすと 1 割る 27 の 3 分の 1 乗 completely equivalent to 1 over, 1 over 27 (1/27^(1/3)) とすれば等しくなります to the 1/3 power. These two are equivalent. You get rid of the negative and take 1 over the whole thing. 7:52 2 つは同じです 負の符号を外して分母に持ってきました 4 / 8

5 And then what is 27 to the 1/3 power? 7:56 では 27 の 3 分の 1 乗 (27^(1/3)) はいくつですか? Well, what number times itself 3 times is equal to 27? Well, that's equal to 3. So this is going to be equal to 1 over 3. Not too bad. 8:01 3 回かけて 27 になるのは何かというと 3 です だから この問題の答えは 3 分の 1(1/3) になります それほど難しくありませんでした Now I'm going to take it even to another level, make it even more confusing, even 8:12 次はレベルを上げて もっと難しい問題にしましょう やる気をなくしそうな問題です more daunting. What is, what is -- Now, let me do something interesting. What is, what is 8 to the 2/3, to the 2/3 power? 8:18 どんな問題がいいでしょうか? 関心をかきたてる問題を出したいところです それでは 8 の 3 分の 2 乗 (8^(2/3)) はどうすればいいと思いますか? 3 分の 2 乗ですよ Now that seems, that seems a little bit scary. 8:32 これは 怖じ気づいてしまいそうな問題ですね And all you have to remember is this is the same thing, this is the same thing using our exponent rules really, as 8 squared, 8 8:36 ここで思い出してほしいのは こうした式は指数法則をそのまま使っているということです 8 の 2 乗の 3 分の 1 乗 ((8^2)^(1/3)) になっています squared to the 1/3 power. How do I know that? Well, if I multiply these 8:47 2 つの指数をかけると 3 分の 2(2/3) だからです two exponents, this is 2/3. So 8 to the 2/3 is the same thing is 8 squared, and then the third root of that. 8:51 8 の 3 分の 2 乗 (8^(2/3)) は 8 を 2 乗して 3 乗根を取るのと同じです But you could view it the other way. This should also be equal to 8 to the 1/3 8:57 しかし 別の見方もできて 8 の 3 分の 1 乗の 2 乗 ((8^(1/3))^2) としても等しくなるはずです power squared. Because either way, when I multiply these exponents, I get 8 to the 2/3. Let's verify for ourselves that we really do 9:04 どうしてかというと どちらも指数をかけ算して 8 の 3 分の 2 乗 (8^(2/3)) になるからです 本当に同じなのか確かめてみましょう get the same value. So 8 squared is 64. And we're going to take that to the 1/3 power. 9:13 8 の 2 乗 (8^2) は の 3 分の 1 乗 (64^(1/3)) です Down here, we have 8 to the 1/3. We already figured out what that is. That's 2, because 2 to the third power is 8. 9:18 8 の 3 分の 1 乗 (8^(1/3)) がいくつになるかは知っていますね 2 です 2 の 3 乗 (2^3) が 8 だからです すると この式は 2 の 2 乗 (2^2) になります So this is 2 squared. Now, what is 64 to the 1/3? What times itself 3 times is equal to 64? 9:29 では 64 の 3 分の 1 乗 (64^(1/3)) すなわち 3 回かけて 64 になる数は何でしょうか? Well, 4 times 4, times 4 is equal to 64, or 4 to the third is equal to 64, 4 to the third is equal to 64 9:35 4 かける 4 かける 4 は 64(4*4*4=64) です これはすなわち 4 の 3 乗は 64(4^3=64) と書き表しても同じです which means that 4 is equal to 64 to the 1/3. 9:44 つまり 4 は 64 の 3 分の 1 乗 (4=64^(1/3)) とい うことになります So this is equal to 4. 9:49 よって 答えは 4 です 5 / 8

6 And, lucky for us, 2 squared is also equal to 4. So it doesn't matter which way you do it. You could take the square and then the third root, or you could take the third root and 9:51 幸い 2 の 2 乗は 4(2^2=4) です したがって どちらの計算方法でもよいということです 2 乗してから 3 乗根を取っても 3 乗根を取ってから 2 乗しても 全く同じ答えが得られます then square it. You're going to get the exact same answer. Now, everything I've been doing has been with actual numbers. Let me do a couple of 10:05 さて ここまでは実際の数で計算をしましたが 変数の場合についても問題をいくつかやっておきましょう problems that just bring everything we've done together using variables. So let's say we wanted to do a few expressions and we want to make sure there 10:15 いくつかの式を計算し 答えが負の指数を含まないようにしたいと思います are no negative exponents in the answer. So let's add x to the negative 3 over x to the negative 7. There's a bunch of ways we could view this. 10:21 それでは xのマイナス 3 乗割るxのマイナス 7 乗 (x^(-3)/x^(-7)) という問題について考えます この式はいろいろな見方ができます We could view this as equal to x to the 10:30 この式は xのマイナス 3 乗かける 1 割るxのマイナス negative 3, times 1 over x to the negative 7. 7 乗 (x^(-3)*1/x^(-7)) と見ても同じです And what is 1 over x to the negative 7? 10:38 1 割るxのマイナス 7 乗 (1/x^(-7)) はどうなるでしょうか? This is the same thing as, this right here is the same thing as x to the seventh power, 10:42 これは どう書き換えれば同じになるかというと xの 7 乗 (x^7) としても全く等しいのです right? If you have 1 over something, you can get rid of the 1 over, and put a negative in front 10:50 何々分の 1 という分数から 分の 1 を取るには 指数の前にマイナスをつけて マイナス 7 乗を 7 乗にします of the exponent. But if you're putting a negative in front of a negative 7, you're going to get x to a seventh. So this thing can simplify to x to the negative 3, times x to the seventh power. 10:58 すると この式は簡単にすることができて xのマイナス 3 乗かけるxの 7 乗 (x^(-3)*x^7) になります And then we can add the exponents, and that is x to the fourth power. Now, another way, a completely legitimate 11:04 そして 指数は足せばよいので xの 4 乗です ところで この問題を計算するための理にかなった方法がもう 1 つあります それは指数の引き算です way we could have done this, is we could have just subtracted the exponents. We could have said, well, gee, this is the 11:16 どうすればよいかというと この式は底 ( てい ) が同じな same base. This is going to be x to the ので xのマイナス 3 乗引くマイナス 7 乗 negative 3, minus negative seventh power. (x^(-3-(-7)) とすることができます Well, negative 3 minus negative 7, that's a negative 3 plus 7 which is equal to x to the fourth power. 11:24 つまり マイナス 3 引くマイナス 7(-3-(-7)) は マイナス 3 足す 7(-3+7) です するとこの問題はxの 4 乗 (x^4) に等しくなることが分かります And then one final way-- I mean, actually, 11:34 実は この問題を計算する方法がもう 1 つあります there's more than one final way we could have done this. We could have said x to the negative 3 over x 11:38 今回の問題はxのマイナス 3 乗割るxのマイナス 7 乗 6 / 8

7 to the negative 7-- sorry, not negative x-- (x^(-3)/x^(-7)) ですね over x to the negative 7. Well, x to the negative 3 is the same thing as 1 over x to the third-- that's that term right there-- times 1 over x to the negative 7, 11:47 xのマイナス 3 乗 (x^(-3)) は 1 割るxの 3 乗 (1/x^3) と書いても同じです そして これにかけることの 1 割るxのマイナス 7 乗 (1/x^(-7)) です so this would have been equal to 1 over x to the third times x to the negative 7. You could add the exponents, so that's equal to 1 over 3 minus 7 is x to the negative 4. 11:57 すると 1 割るxの 3 乗かけるxのマイナス 7 乗 (1/(x^3*x^(-7))) なので 指数を足し算すると 3 引く 7(3-7) です よって 1 割るxのマイナス 4 乗 (1/x^(-4)) になります And then this-- if we just get rid of the 12:10 逆数の形を変えるには これを逆数にすればいいので inverse, we take the inverse of it, we can put a negative in front of this negative, making it 負の指数の前に負の符号をつけると正になります 答えはxの 4 乗 (x^4) です a positive-- this is going to be equal to x to the 4. So no matter how we did it, as long as we're consistent with the rules, we got x to the 12:20 どの方法を取ったとしても 指数の法則に矛盾しない限り xの 4 乗 (x^4) という答えが得られます fourth. Let's do one more slightly hairy one. And then I think we'll be done for now. 12:27 もう 1 題 少し厄介な問題をやりましょう それで終わりにします Let's say we have 3x squared times y to the 12:32 3xの 2 乗かけるyの 2 分の 3 乗があるとします そし 3/2 power. And we're going to divide it by x て 割ることのxかけるyの 2 分の 1 乗 times y to the 1/2 power. ((3x^2*y^(3/2))/(x*y^(1/2))) という問題 を考えましょう Well, once again, this is the same thing as 3 times the x terms right here, so 3 times x squared over x, y terms right here, times y to the 3/2 over y to the 1/2. 12:51 先ほどの問題のように この式を書き換えていきます まず 3 にxの項をかけます 3 かけるxの 2 乗割るx (3*(x^2/x)) です これにyの項をかけます かける yの 2 分の 3 乗割るyの 2 分の 1 乗 ((y^(3/2)/y^(1/2))) です Well, this is going to be equal to 3 times-- what's x squared over x? Or x squared over x to the first power? 13:10 まず 3 はそのままです 次にxの 2 乗割るx ( x^2/x ) つまりxの 2 乗割るxの 1 乗 (x^2/x^1) は いくつになるでしょうか? That's going to be equal to x to the 2 minus 1, 2 minus 1. 13:19 これはxの 2 引く 1 乗 (x^(2-1)) になります 指数は 2 引く 1(2-1) です And then this is going to be times y to the 13:24 そして yの 2 分の 3 引く 2 分の 1 乗 3/2 minus 1/2. (y^(3/2-1/2)) をかけます So what does the whole thing become? It becomes 3 times x. 2 minus 1 is just 1-- I can just write x there-- 13:31 すると この式全体はどうなるでしょうか? まず 3 かけるx(3*x) です 2 引く 1(2-1) は 1 なので xとだけ書きます times 3/2 minus 1/2 is 2/2. So that's y to the 2/2. 2/2, or 2 2ths-- that's just the same thing is y. 13:40 yの指数は 2 分の 3 引く 2 分の 1(3/2-1/2) で 2 分の 2(2/2) です よって yの 2 分の 2 乗 (y^(2/2)) ですが yだけをかけても同じです so this is equal to 3xy. 13:50 答えは 3xyです 7 / 8

8 Anyway, I encourage you to do many, many more examples of that. But, you'll see that just using the rules that we've been exposed to in the last few videos, you can pretty much simplify any exponent expression. 13:53 問題をたくさん解いてください とはいえ これまでに扱った指数法則を使う時が来たら どんな累乗の式でも皆さんは計算できるでしょう Translator: Seiko Tachi Khan Academy 元映像 zero--negative--and-fractional-exponents KhanAcademyJapanese 8 / 8

are rational or not. This is rational. This part A can be expressed as the ratio of 2 integers. 1:54 aの 答 えは 有 理 数 です なぜかと 言 うと a で 求 められた 5 は 2 つの 整

are rational or not. This is rational. This part A can be expressed as the ratio of 2 integers. 1:54 aの 答 えは 有 理 数 です なぜかと 言 うと a で 求 められた 5 は 2 つの 整 Square roots and real numbers( 平 方 根 と 実 数 ) 原 文 タイム 日 本 語 音 声 I have here a bunch of radical expressions, or square root expressions. And what I'm going to do is go through all of them and simplify them.

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