16 (2004 ) 25 ( 4 3) ( ) I Have a Dream 16 (1863 ) 1) (Martin Luther King Holiday) 2) I Have a Dream (inspire) (It is a dream deeply ro

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1 I Have a Dream I Have a Dream The I Have a Dream Speech as a Sermon: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the African American Church Tradition KUROSAKI MAKOTO The civil rights movement in the United States during the late 1950s and 1960s was the struggle on the part of African Americans to gain full citizenship rights and to achieve racial equality. On August 28, 1963, approximately 250,000 people gathered at the nation s capital to participate in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The highlight of the march was Martin Luther King, Jr. s address from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, known as the I Have a Dream speech, which not only aroused the conscience of the nation at that time but also continues to inspire the people of the nation. The purpose of this paper is to consider some of the important aspects of King s I Have a Dream speech. In this paper, starting with the fact that King was first and foremost an African American preacher, it will be shown that how the content and the style of the speech were deeply related with his African American church tradition. Four aspects in particular will be discussed: (1) the two roots of his dream ; (2) his stress on Christian justice as well as Christian love ; (3) his preaching style such as call and response, rhythm, and repetition ; and finally, (4) the dimension of spirituality of the speech. : I Have a Dream

2 16 (2004 ) 25 ( 4 3) ( ) I Have a Dream 16 (1863 ) 1) (Martin Luther King Holiday) 2) I Have a Dream (inspire) (It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream) = I HAVE A DREAM 3) 40 I Have a Dream ( 1996) 26

3 I Have a Dream I Have a Dream ( ) (1810 ) (Carson, 1992, pp. 1 3) 4) 5) 2. I Have a Dream = I Have a Dream (God s children) = (survival) 27

4 16 (2004 ) (Cone, 1986a, p. 84) (Frazier, 1974, p. 17) ( ) H (1969; 1972; 1975; 1986a) 28

5 I Have a Dream 6) = (1) (2) (3) (Cone, 1986a, p. 84) 29

6 16 (2004 ) 7) (universalism) 8) (God-given) 9) = (King, 1964, p. 93; 1965b, 114 ) = 3. I Have a Dream I Have a Dream (our creative protest) (physical violence) 30

7 I Have a Dream I Have a Dream (1963, p. 7; 1965a, 21 ) ( ) (persuasion) (coercion) 10) ( ) (1958, p. 62; 1959, ) 31

8 16 (2004 ) 11) (1986b, p. 226) I Have a Dream (love) (injustice) 3 (justice) 8 ( ) ( ) 12) 4. I Have a Dream (style) (meaning) (1984, p. 212) H J (1971, p. 877) I Have a Dream T (preaching) (praying) (music) ( )

9 I Have a Dream (literary) (auditory) (mind) (the eye) (heart) (the ear) (key) ( ) (Yes) (Repeat that) (Amen) (call and response) (Walker, 1993, p. 25) I Have a Dream But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. (My Lord) [Laughter] (Sure enough) We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. And so we ve come to cash this check (Yes), a check that will give us upon demand the riches 33

10 16 (2004 ) of freedom (Yes) and the security of justice. [Applause] ( ) (rhythm) (repetition) (Walker, 1993, p. 25) I Have a Dream 13) With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. (Yes) With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. (Talk about it) With this faith (My Lord) we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. [Applause] ( ) With this faith... 34

11 I Have a Dream 5. I Have a Dream ( ) ( ) ( ) (tone) (movement) (the sermon event itself) (1984, p. 212) ( ) I Have a Dream I say to you today, my friends,... (Garrow, 1986, p. 283) (a deeply spiritual experience) (Hampton & Flyer, 1990, p. 168; Lewis, 1998, p. 231; Carson & Kris, 2001, p. 78) 35

12 16 (2004 ) ( ) ( 34 )! ( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) 36

13 I Have a Dream I Have a Dream I Have a Dream (nightmare) ( ) ) (faith) I have a dream (still) ( ) (I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream.) ( ) 37

14 16 (2004 ) (King, 1958, pp ) (Cited in Garrow, 1987, September, p. 443) ( ) I Have a Dream I Have a Dream 38

15 I Have a Dream ( Yes) ( Yes) [ ] ( Well) [ ] 4 [ My Lord]! [ ] ( Yes) [ ] ( Yes) ( Yes) ( Yes) ( ) ( ) I Have a Dream (Free at Last) ( ; Cone, 1972, p. 32) I Have a Dream

16 16 (2004 ) ( ) I Have a Dream (Cone, 1972, p. 58) Nobody Knows the Trouble I ve Seen Nobody knows the trouble I ve seen, Nobody knows but Jesus, Nobody knows the trouble I ve seen, Glory Hallelujah!!! (Cone, 1972, p. 52; )! 40

17 I Have a Dream I Have a Dream [ ] ( Yes)! ( Yes)!! ( Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last! ) [ ] ( ) (1969, p. 223) 6. I Have a Dream 41

18 16 (2004 ) (the triple evils) 15) (King, 1968, p. 76) (King, 1968, p. 76) I Have a Dream I Have a Dream 42

19 I Have a Dream 1) I Have a Dream Five score years ago... Four score and seven years ago ( ) 14 ( ) 15 ( ) ( ) 2) ( 2002) 3) New York Times (August 23, 2003, p. A7) ( ) 4) (1965, August, p. 77) ( ) 5) I Have a Dream (Carson & Kris, 2001, pp ) MIP Home Video. (1990). The Speeches Collection: Martin Luther King, Jr. 6) ( 1989) 7) ( ) (p. 208) The American Dream (Washington, 1986, pp ) 8) Ibid., p ) Ibid. 10) (Carson & Kris, 2001, pp. 7 12) Address to the First Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) Mass Meeting ( ) (pp ) 11) (King, 1958, p. 62) ( ) 43

20 16 (2004 ) ( ) 12 5 (ghostwriters) ( 1988b) 12) brotherhood (2 ) 13) One hundred years later..., Now is the time..., We can never be satisfied..., I have a dream..., With this faith..., Let freedom ring... 14) Southern Regional Council. (1963, June). Southern Bombings, January1, 1956-June 1, 1963, New South, Vol. 18, No. 6 15) (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) Carson & Kris, pp p. 195 L( )(1988) : T ( )(1991) (2002) M L (2001) (1988a) Martin Luther King, Jr. American Dream ( ) (1988b) 1 ( ) (1990) M L ( 44

21 I Have a Dream ) (1991) =L= (2000) ( ) (1959) ( ) (1965a) ( ) (1965b) (1996) M L H( ) (1975) ( ) (1983) (1996) I HAVE A DREAM (1989) Carson, Clayborne. (Ed.) (1992). The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr., Vol. 1: Called to Serve, January 1929-June Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Carson, Clayborne., & Kris Shepard. (Eds.) (2001). A Call to Conscience: The Landmark Speeches of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: A Time Warner Company. Cone, James H. (1969). Black Theology and Black Power. New York: The Seabury Press. (1972). The Spirituals and the Blues: An Interpretation. New York: Orbis Books. (1975). God of the Oppressed. New York: The Seabury Press. (1984). Black Theology-Black Church. In David J. Garrow (Ed.) (1989). Martin Luther King, Jr.: Civil Rights Leader, Theologian, Orator ( M.L.K. ), Vol. 1 (pp ). New York: Carlson Publishing Inc. (1986a). Speaking the Truth: Ecumenism, Liberation, and Black Theology. Michigan: Eerdmans Publishing Co. (1986b). Theology of Martin Luther King, Jr. In M.L.K., Vol. 1 (pp ). Frazier, E. Franklin. (1978[1964]). The Negro Church in America. New York: Schocken Books. Garrow, David J. (1986). Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, jr. and the South- 45

22 16 (2004 ) ern Christian Leadership Conference. New York: W. Morrow. (1987, September). Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Spirit of Leadership. The Journal of American History, Vol. 74, pp Hampton, Henry. & Flyer, Steve (Eds.) (1990). Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from 1950s through the 1980s. New York: Bantam Books. King, Coretta Scott. (1969). My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr. (revised edition). New York: Puffin Books. King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1958). Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story. New York: Harper Collins. (1963). Strength to Love. New York: Harper & Row Publishers. (1964). Why We Can t Wait. New York: Mentor. (1965, August). Un-Christian Christian. Ebony, Vol. 20, No. 10, (1968). The Trumpet of Conscience. New York: HarperSanFrancisco. Lewis, John. (1998). Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement. New York: A Harvest Book. Spillers, H. J. (1971). Martin Luther King, Jr. and Style of the Black Sermon. In M.L.K., Vol. 3 (pp ). Walker, Wyatt Tee. (1979). Somebody s Calling My Name: Black Sacred Music and Social Change. Valley Forge, PA: Judson Press. (1993). Afrocentrism and Christian Faith. New York: Martin Luther King Fellow Press. Washington, James M. (Ed.) (1986). A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: HarperCollins. 46

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