Cognitive Studies, 17(1), (March 2010) Thus far, cognitive studies on concept have not focused on its creative features. The process of concept

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1 JAIST Reposi Title デザインの創造性と概念生成 Author(s) 田浦, 俊春 ; 永井, 由佳里 Citation 認知科学, 17(1): Issue Date Type Journal Article Text version publisher URL Rights Copyright (C) 2010 日本認知科学会. 田浦俊春, 永井由佳里, 認知科学, 17(1), 2010, Description Japan Advanced Institute of Science and

2 Cognitive Studies, 17(1), (March 2010) Thus far, cognitive studies on concept have not focused on its creative features. The process of concept generation is still an open issue. In order to clarify the concept generation process, we discuss design from the perspective of creativity. First, we consider previous studies on design and segregate design into three categories: drawing, problem solving, and pursuit of the ideal. Next, we discuss each category from three perspectives: time direction, driving force, and creativity as a rational novelty. Following this, we define the generation process of a design image as a model of concept generation related to metaphors, abductions, and operations of abstract concepts. Finally, we redefine design that is the process of composing a desirable figure toward the future and address that creativity in design is a criterion for the desirable figure on the basis of the knowledge gained from our studies. Keywords: concept generation, design, creativity 1. (, 1979) Concept Generation and Creativity in Design, by Toshiharu Taura (Kobe University) and Yukari Nagai (Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology). (, 2009)

3 Vol. 17 No (Finke et al., 1992) 2. 3 A, 2003 (, 1988;, 2007) (, 2004) (Goldschmidt, 2001; Tseng et al., 2002) B (Cross, 2007; Buchanan & Margolin, 1995;, 1995) (, 1994)

4 68 Cognitive Studies March C (Nagai & Taura, 2009) B (Nakashima, 2009) (Taura & Nagai, 2009) 3 1 (, 2009; Taura & Nagai, 2009) (generation) (evaluation) 3 pull push 3 1

5 Vol. 17 No push C pull B A A B AisB (, 1994, 2006) Swan Chair by Arne Jacobsen ( ) 3

6 70 Cognitive Studies March (, 2005) (, 2009) 3

7 Vol. 17 No (, 1997) 5 5 (1) (2) (3) 2 (3) (1997) (1993) KJ (Oiwa et al., 1990; 1996; Scupin, 1997)

8 72 Cognitive Studies March X X 1 O γ (γ Γ ) γ ΓO γ 2 O 1,O 2 O 1 O 2 3 X 4 φ (, 1981) 7 (, 1991a, 1991b, 1992) 8 M1 M2 M1 a c M2 b c

9 Vol. 17 No

10 74 Cognitive Studies March M1 M2 {a,b,c} {c} M1 M

11 Vol. 17 No , 1991a, 1991b, (taxonomical relation) (thematic relation) 2 (Shoben & Gagne, 1997) (, 2009) Fauconnier (1994) (concept blending) Fauconnier (1994) (mental space) (blending) 2 3 (the blend) 3 (Fauconnier & Turner, 2002) 2 2 (, 2009) (concept integrating in thematic relation) 9 2

12 76 Cognitive Studies March B Fallingwater, (Christensen & Schunn, 2007; Ball et al., 2009) (Taura, 2008)

13 Vol. 17 No (1) 2 (Taura, Nagai, & Tanaka, 2005) (2), C C A B 2

14 78 Cognitive Studies March (, 2007) (, 2003) (Yamamoto, Taura, & Nagai, 2009) (Finke et al., 1992) (, 2009) 3 3 ( ) 3 (concept blending) (nonalignable difference)

15 Vol. 17 No (Markman & Gentner, 1993a, 1993b) 2 (Markman & Wisnewski, 1997) (Nagai & Taura, 2006)

16 80 Cognitive Studies March Bell, 1991 (Hampton, 1987; Costello & Keane, 1997; Estes & Gluksberg, 2000) Ball, L. J. & Christensen, B. T. (2009). Analogical reasoning and mental simulation in design: two strategies linked to uncertainty resolution. Design Studies, 30, Bell, R. (1991). Translation and Translating. London: Theory and Practice. Buchanan, R. & Margolin, V. (1995). Discovering Design: Explorations in Design Studies. University of Chicago Press. Christensen, B. T. & Schunn, C. D. (2007). The relationship of analogical distance to analogical function and pre-inventive structure: the case of engineering design. Memory and Cognition, 35 (1),

17 Vol. 17 No Costello, F. & Keane, M. T. (1997). Polysemy in conceptual combination: Testing the constraint theory of combination. Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Cross, N. (2007). Designerly Ways of Knowing. Birkhäuser Basel. Estes, Z. & Glucksberg, S. (2000). Interactive property attribution in concept combination. Memory & Cognition, 28 (1), Fauconnier, G. (1994). Mental spaces. UK: Cambridge University Press. Fauconnier, G. & Turner, M. (2002). The way we think. NY: Basic Book. Finke, R. A., Ward, T. B., & Smith, S. M. (1992). Creative Cognition. MIT Press. Goldschmidt, G. (2001). Visual Analogy A Strategy for Design Reasoning and Learning, in C. Eastman, W. Newstetter and M. Mc- Cracken (Eds.), Design Knowing and Learning: Cognition in Design Education. Elsevier. Hampton, J. A. (1987). Inheritance of attributes in natural concept conjunctions. Memory & Cognition, 15, (2003)... (1997).... (1996). KJ ( ). (2007)... Markman, A. B. & Gentner, D. (1993a). Structural alignment during similarity comparisons. Cognitive Psychology, 25 (4), Markman, A. B. & Gentner, D. (1993b). Splitting the differences: a structural alignment view of similarity. Journal of Memory and Language, 32, Markman, A. B. & Wisnieski, E. J. (1997). Similar and different: The differentiation of basic-level categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Language, Memory & Cognition, 35, (2006).,, 15 (4), (1988)... Nagai, Y. & Taura, T. (2006). Formal Description of Concept-Synthesizing Process for Creative Design. Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Design Computing and Cognition, Nagai, Y. & Taura, T. (2009). Design Motifs: Abstraction Driven Creativity A Paradigm for an Ideal Design Special Issue of Japanese Society for the Science of Design, 16 (2), (2009).,, 16 (2), Nakashima, H. (2009). Design of Constructive Design Process. Special Issue of Japanese Society for the Science of Design, 16 (2), (2007)... Oiwa H., Kawai, K., & Koyama, M. (1990). Idea processor and the KJ method. Journal of Information Processing archive, 13 (1), (2005)..., G&, W. (1995)... M. (1993)... (1994)... (2006)... (1994)... Scupin, R. (1997). The KJ Method: a technique for analyzing data derived from Japanese ethnology. Human Organization, 56 (2), Shoben, E. J. & Gagne, C. L. (1997). Thematic relation and the creation of combined concepts,int.b.ward,s.m.smith&j.vaid (Eds.), Creative Thought. American Psychological Association, (2004).., 11 (1), Tseng, W., Scrivener, S., & Ball, L. (2002). The Impact of Functional Knowledge on Sketching. Creativity and Cognition, (1991a). 1

18 82 Cognitive Studies March 2010., 57 (4), (1991b). 2., 57 (10), (1992). 3., 58 (11), Taura, T., Nagai, Y., & Tanaka, S. (2005). Design Space Blending. Proceedings of ICED05, 15 th International Conference on Engineering Design (on CD-ROM). Taura, T. & Nagai, Y. (2009). Design Creativity: Integration of Design Insight and Design Outsight, Special Issue of Japanese Society for the Science of Design, 16 (2), Taura, T. (2008). A solution to the back and forth problem in the design space forming process a method to convert time issue to space issue. Artifact, 2 (1), (2003)... Yamamoto, E., Taura, T., & Nagai, Y. (2009). Heart of Impressions, Special Issue of Japanese Society for the Science of Design, 16 (2), (1979).., 45 (8), (1981).., 47 (4), (1997).... (Received 1 Oct. 2009) (Accepted 20 Dec. 2009) ( ) Design Creativity Design Society (Advisory board, Leader of SIG Design Creativity) Design Research Society (Fellow) ( ) 1990, 2003 Ph.D (University of Technology, Sydney, 2009 ) Loughborough University, Creativity & Cognition Research Studios Creativity and Cognition 2009 (Berkeley) Cognitive Science Society, The Design Society, Design Research Society, ACM, ASME,

Cognitive Studies, 1(1), (May 1994) : The present paper discusses the creative design process using the conceptual combination task. As factors

Cognitive Studies, 1(1), (May 1994) : The present paper discusses the creative design process using the conceptual combination task. As factors Cognitive Studies, 1(1), 1-16. (May 1994) : The present paper discusses the creative design process using the conceptual combination task. As factors involved in the creative design process, we focused