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1 The Image of the Westerners in Nicetas Choniates ABSTRACT The conflict between the Byzantine Empire and the West in the twelfth century has been one of the most important themes in Byzantine history. Some papers have even hinted that the Byzantines, including the Byzantine historian Nicetas Choniates, preferred the Muslims as neighbors to the Cathoric Westerners. Previous papers have generally argued that Choniates, who wrote his History from 1185 to 1207, testified to this conflict when he criticizes the Westerners who conquered Constantinople in A survey of his use of expressions with and however, shows that he valued the Westerners most highly among the various peoples around the Empire. While the Byzantines are always referred to as (=people), the Turks as the Muslims most known to the Byzantines at that time are always referred to as (=barbarian). The peoples in the Balkan Peninsula play only relatively negligible roles in his book. The Westerners are sometimes referred to as who had friendly relationships (= and) with the Byzantines, although they are also sometimes referred to as when they used crude violence towards the Byzantines. These facts indicate that Choniates distinguished between the Westerners against the Turks. and the other peoples around the Empire and that he had a prejudice In short, the History should not be interpreted in light of the conflict between the West and the Byzantine Empire. It is true that Choniates blamed the Westerners for their cruel conquest, but in comparison with his view of the Turks, it can still be argued that he speaks for the pro-western Byzantines who regarded the friendships with the Western countries as the vital means of saving their Empire.

15 Nicetas Choniates, Nicetae Choniatae Historia, ed. J.-L. van Dieten, Berlin/New York, 1975 (ˆÈ ºNicetas Choniates Æ ª ) B English trans., H. Magoulias, O City of Byzantium; Annals of Niketas Choniates, Detroit, G. Ostrogorsky, Geschichte des byzantinischen Staates, Munchen, 1963, 291); R.J.H., Jenkins, "Social Life in the Byzantine Empire," in J.M., Hussey (ed.), Cambridge Medieval History, IV, Cambridge, 1967 (ˆÈ ºR.J.H. Jenkins Æ ª ), D. M. Nicol, "The Byzantine View of Western Europe," Greek, Roman and M.Angold, The Byzantine Empire , 2nd ed., London, 1984 (ˆÈ ºM. Angold Æ ª ), 199; C. Asdracha, "L'image de l'homme occidental a Byzance: le temoignage de Kinnamos et Choniates," Byzantinoslavica 44 (1983), (ˆÈ ºC. First Encounter with the West, A.D ," in Ph. Whitting (ed.), Byzantium. An Introduction, Oxford, 1981, ; R.-J. Lilie, trans. J.C.Morris and J.E. Ridings, Byzantium and the Crusader States , Oxford, 1993 (ˆÈ ºR.-J. Lilie Æ ª ), (=Byzanz and die Kreuzfahrerstaaten, Munchen, 1981); S. Rakova, "Eastern and Western Man in Nicetas Choniates," Etudes balcaniques 29/4 (1993),

16 lations between East and West in the Twelfth Century," in D. Baker (ed.), Relations between East and West in the Middle Ages, Edingburgh, 1973, 80. P. Magdalino, "Aspects of the Twelfth-Century Byzantine Kaiserkritik," Speculum 58/2 (1983), ; P. Magdalino, The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos , Cambridge, 1993, 1-26; J. Harris, "Distortion, Divine Providence and Genre in Nicetas Choniates's Account of the Collapse of Byzantium ," Journal of Medieval History 26/1 (2000), H. Liddle and R. Scott (eds.), A Greek-English Lexicon, 9t' ed., Oxford, 1996; G. W. H. Lampe (ed.), A Patristic Greek Lexicon, Oxford, 1961; H. Stephanus (ed.), Thesaurus Graecae Linguae, Graz, 1954; E. A. Sophocles (ed.), Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods, Leipzig, Nicetas Choniates, 301. Nicetas Choniates, 522. Nicetas Choniates, 577. Nicetas Choniates, 188. Nicetas Choniates, 475. I. Moles, "Nationalism and Byzantine Greece," Greek, Roman and Byzantine Nicetas Choniates, 526. Nicetas Choniates,

17 Nicetas Choniates, 371. Nicetas Choniates, 647. Nicetas Choniates, 71. Nicetas Choniates, 588. Nicetas Choniates, 402. ler, "Zur Biographie des Niketas Chonaites (um 1150-um 1214)," Byzantinische Forschungen 1 (1966), ; H. Hunger, Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner, Bd. 1, Munchen, 1978, ; J.-L. van Dieten, Niketas Choniates. Erlauterungen zu den Reden and Briefen nebst einer Biographie, Berlin/New York, 1971, 1-57; V. Katsaras, "A Contribution to the Exact Dating of the Death of the Byzantine Historian Nicetas Choniates," Jahrbuch der Osterreichischen Byzantinistik 32 (1982), 83-91; A. Kazhdan, Studies on Byzantine Literature of the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries, Cambridge, 1984, Nicetas Choniates, 416. Nicetas Choniates, Nicetas Choniates, 538. Nicetas Choniates,

18 Nicetas Choniates, 551. Nicetas Choniates, 67. Nicetas Choniates, 409. Anna Comnena, Anne Comnene, Alexiade, ed. and trans. by B. Leib, 3 vols., John Kinnamos, Epitome rerum ab Joanne et Manuele Comnenis gestarum, ed. A. Meineke, Bonn, 1836 (ˆÈ ºJohn Kinnamos Æ ª ) o English trans., C. M. Brand, Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus, New York, Nicetas Choniates, 301. Nicetas Choniates, 574. Nicetas Choniates, 560. Nicetas Choniates, 187. Nicetas Choniates, 118. Nicetas Choniates, 36. Nicetas Choniates, 116, Nicetas Choniates, 117, W. M. Ramsay, "Colossai and the Roads to the East", The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, Oxford, 1895, vol. 1, Nicetas Choniates, 37. Nicetas Choniates, 493. Nicetas Choniates, 116. Anna Comnena, vol. 1, 54; John Kinnamos, 220. Nicetas Choniates, 117. Nicetas Choniates, 618. Nicetas Choniates, Nicetas Choniates,

19 Nicetas Choniates, 368. Nicetas Choniates, 199. Nicetas Choniates, 16. Nicetas Choniates, 152. Nicetas Choniates, 202. Nicetas Choniates, 190. Nicetas Choniates, 9. Nicetas Choniates, 552. Nicetas Choniates, 588. Nicetas Choniates, 18. Nicetas Choniates, 467. Nicetas Choniates, 487. Nicetas Choniates, 200. Nicetas Choniates, 552. Nicetas Choniates, 11. Nicetas Choniates, 552. Nicetas Choniates, 382. Nicetas Choniates, 9. Nicetas Choniates, 493. Nicetas Choniates, 493. Cf. A. Kazhdan, Studies on Byzantine Literature of the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries, Cambridge, 1984, 109; A. Kazhdan (ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, New York/Oxford, 1991, vol. 2, 806. Nicetas Choniates, 61. Nicetas Choniates, Nicetas Choniates, 178. Nicetas Choniates, 141. Nicetas Choniates, 123. Nicetas Choniates, 529. Nicetas Choniates, 577. Nicetas Choniates, 61. Nicetas Choniates, 301. Nicetas Choniates, 572. Nicetas Choniates, 61. Nicetas Choniates, 68.

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