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1 船舶リスクベース規則海洋環境保全に向けて Ship s risk management for marine environment protection 吉田公一 Koichi Yoshida 横浜国立大学統合的海洋教育研究センター 1

2 Risk control of ships for environment protection Preventive measures should be taken NOx SOx PM Black carbon Green House Gases Ozone depleting substances VOC Cold Ironing Ship Recycling Ballast water Underwater noise Garbage, Waste and Wash-water Oil / Chemical (Fuel/cargo) Bio-Fouling Anti-Fouling System

3 IMO rules for ship and its environment Oil / Chemical (Fuel/cargo) Garbage/Waste MARPOL(INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION FROM SHIPS) ANNEX I, II and III 船舶による海洋汚染の防止に関する国際条約附属書 I, II, III MARPOL ANNEX V (ANNEX IV for Sewage) Anti-Fouling System Ballast water NOx SOx PM Green House Gases Ship Recycling INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE CONTROL OF HARMFUL ANTI-FOULING SYSTEMS ON SHIPS 船底防汚システムの管理に関する国際条約 International Convention for the Control and management of Ship s Ballast Water and Sediment 船舶バラスト水及び残渣の制御と管理に関する国際条約 MARPOL ANNEX VI MARPOL ANNEX VI HONG KONG International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships 安全かつ環境的に健全な船舶のリサイクルに関する香港国際条約 3

4 1.Prevention of marine pollution by oil spill from ships Measures taken and to be taken Double hull of cargo tank: MARPOL Annex I Double hull for fuel tank: MERPOL Annex I Enhancement of Hull Survey and Inspection Strength of hull: Goal-based Standard (GBS) for new ship construction: SOLAS Result on Increase of hull weight Decrease of cargo capacity These both impact causes decrease of energy efficiency and increase of emission of NOx SOx and greenhouse gases. 4

5 FOT protection: DE48/INF.4 Japan 5

6 FOT protection: DE48/INF.4 Japan 6

Sea in Packaged Form International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG

7 2. Carriage of dangerous cargoes in packaged form MARPOL Annex III Prevention of Pollution 落下試験 by ( Harmful 対角 ) Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code) International Convention for Safe Containers, 1972, as amended (CSC 1972) 7

8 IMO/ISO: rules/standards and activities for ship and its environment 3. Garbage/Waste IMO : MARPOL Annex V In principle, prohibition of disposal of shipboard garbage into sea/water (MARPOL Annex V) Garbage and waste shall be unloaded to port reception facilities( 港のごみ受入施設 ) Onboard management plan for treatment of garbage( 船上のごみ管理 ) ISO/TC8/SC2 (Marine Environmental protection) ISO 21070: Management and handling of shipboard garbage ISO Port Reception Facilities for shipboard garbage and waste 8

Managing Shipboard Waste: ISO 21070 (1 st Ed.

9 Managing Shipboard Waste: ISO (1 st Ed. Published 2011) Equipment/Technology Compactors Comminuters Pulpers PAWDS (Plasma Arc Waste Destruction System) Shredders Incinerators Calculating the amounts of waste Segregation of Wastes 9

Management of wastes at port reception facilities: ISO 16304 ISO 16304 Waste Segregation Storage Waste Minimizing Waste

10 Management of wastes at port reception facilities: ISO ISO Waste Segregation Storage Waste Minimizing Waste Handling Equipment Recycling Local and National Regulations Treatment technologies at the port Waste Management Planning 10

11 IMO/ISO: rules/standards and activities for ship and its environment 4. Anti-Fouling System 船底防汚システム ( 塗装 ) IMO : INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE CONTROL OF HARMFUL ANTI-FOULING SYSTEMS ON SHIPS Entered into force September 17, 2008 Ban the use of Organic Tin coating system on ships hull ISO/TC8/SC2 ISO Part 1: Marine environmental risk assessment method on active substances used for anti-fouling systems on ships Part 2: Marine environmental risk assessment method for antifouling systems using active substances on ships Part 3: Human Health risk assessment for the application and removal of anti-fouling systems New work item for efficacy of AFS 11

bio-fouling <History> BC: Tar, Pitch, Lead 18~19C: Cu, As( ヒ素 :Arsenic) Hg compound 20C: Cu 2 O, Hg 2 O

12 Bio-fouling ships hull and propeller Affect of bio-fouling - reducing of hull performance (increase of resistance) - damage to hull (corrosion) - 生態系の攪乱 ( 越境移動 ) Anti-fouling paint system - prevention of bio-fouling <History> BC: Tar, Pitch, Lead 18~19C: Cu, As( ヒ素 :Arsenic) Hg compound 20C: Cu 2 O, Hg 2 O : Organic-Tin+CuO : Organic Tin polymer : non-tin type (biocide, silicone-base) Cutty Sark 号の銅板

13 Tri-Butyl Tin Oxide (TBTO) Organic Tin polymer (TBTO) - excellent anti-biofouling - expanded use in 1970s-1990s -accumulation in sea lives results in urogenital abnormality INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE CONTROL OF HARMFUL ANTI-FOULING SYSTEMS ON SHIPS 船舶の有害な防汚方法の規制に関する国際条約 (AFS 条約 ) - adopted in October ban of use of TBTO - Japan accepted AFS Convention in July become effective in September 2008 a. b. c. N : B Move to use non-tin compound - major compound (Cu 2 O) together with organic co-biocide - conscious to environment (low accumulation in lives and high degradable) Non-Tin AFS a. Zink-Pyrithion b. Copper-Pyrithion c. Pyridine-triphenylborane

14 5. Ballast water management BWM Convention これらの 10 種がもともと発生していた海域で資源あるいは有害生物として扱われていたかどうかはこの場合には考慮されない別な海域に移動して分布を広げ定着して繁殖したことが問題になったのである 14

Ballast Water Management Ships shall carry and operate ballast water management system on-board to destroy, to the required level, marine species in ballast

15 Ballast Water Management Ships shall carry and operate ballast water management system on-board to destroy, to the required level, marine species in ballast water before entering into water of the nation of the destination. In a specified period of time, ballast water exchange taken in open ocean areas 15 can be used.

16 Ballast Water Management Convention バラスト水管理条約船舶のバラスト水及び沈殿物の規制及び管理のための国際条約 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship s Ballast water and Sediment, 2004 採択 2004 年 2 月 13 日 Method of ballast water management 1 Ballast water exchange in open sea (D-1 method) 2 Ballast water treatment system (D-2 method) 3 Uptake to ballast water receiving facilities 4 Other measures approved by MEPC IMO Assembly in 2013 adopted resolution A.1088(28) to extend the implementation date of method D-2. 16

17 Ballast water Management; original plan 船舶のハラスト水容量 (m3) ~ 年以 5000 前建造船 ~1500 又は 5000~ 2009 年以降建造船 2009 ~ ~ 年の建造船 2012 年以降の建造船 D-2 基準のみが適用となる期日 2000 年代 ~5000 D-2 D-2 D-2 D-2 D-2 D-2 17

18 Application and implementation of BWM Convention Discussion at MEPC65 May 2013

Ballast Water Management Convention will come into force on September 8 2017 Finland placed its letter of acceptance of BWM Convention o September 8 2016.

19 Ballast Water Management Convention will come into force on September Finland placed its letter of acceptance of BWM Convention o September BWM Convention will enter into force on September 年 9 月 8 日以降の新造船はバラスト水処理装置の搭載が竣工時から義務付けられる 2017 年 9 月 8 日前に建造を開始した船舶についてはバラスト水処理装置の搭載義務付け時期を議論中 : 2017 年 9 月 8 日以降の最初の更新検査 ( 最長 2022 年 9 月 7 日 ) 以後は D-2(BWM 装置 ) に合致することを要求する ( 総会決議 A.1088(28)) 搭載義務付けを最長 15 年延期の案が出された猶予期間を 5 年から 15 年の間で交渉中 2017 年 7 月の MEPC71 会議で最終決着する 19

20 Recycling of ships (ship scrapping) had been conducted in bad manner in terms of safety and environment protection. 20

and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships (Ship recycling) CHAPTER 1.

21 IMO/ISO: rules/standards and activities for ship and its environment 6. Ship Recycling 安全かつ環境的に健全な船舶のリサイクルに関する香港国際条約 The Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships (Ship recycling) CHAPTER 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS CHAPTER 2. REQUIREMENTS FOR SHIPS CHAPTER 3. REQUIREMENTS FOR SHIP RECYCLING FACILITIES CHAPTER 4. REPORTING REQUIREMENTS 21

22 Ship recycling procedures 22

23 IMO/ISO: rules/standards and activities for ship and its environment Ship Recycling: ISO Inventory of hazardous materials 23

24 The Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships (Ship recycling) Adoption: 15 May 2009; Applies to ship of 500 GT and over (existing and new ships) Entry into force: 24 months after ratification by 15 States, representing 40 per cent of world merchant shipping by gross tonnage, combined maximum annual ship recycling volume not less than 3 per cent of their combined tonnage As in Nov. 2016, not yet enter into force ( 3 member states with 1.98% GT).

25 Needs of NOx emission Global warming up Acid rain NOx,SOx HC,PM,CO Acid rain Smog respiratory disorder CO 2 Global warmin These gases and particles are emitted from marine engines. 25

26 7. MARPOL Annex VI reduction of emission of NOx Tier 2 rules From % to 22% reduction from the level in 2000 Tier 3 rules from % reduction in ECA (Emission Control Area defined in MARPOL) exclude pressure boat of 24m in length or less and the engine of 750kW or less MEPC66(2014 年 3-4 月 ) agreed to keep the implementation date of Tier 3. 26

27 Reduction of NOx emis SCR(Selective Catalyt 触媒外観尿素噴射ノズル尿素 SCR 触媒の原理 27

28 SCR for ship application Example: 699DWT Cargo sh Need to develop design of Compact size Urea solvent tank should have enough capacity for ship s intended voyages. Control system Durability of the4 system 28

29 SOx and PM emission MARPOL ANNEX VI revision adopted in October 2008, entered into force on 1 July 2010 date prior to 1 January 2012 after 1 January 2012 after 1 January 2020 Any Sea Area Sulphur contents 4.5% m/m or less 3.5% m/m or less 0.5% m/m or less date prior to 1 July 2010 after 1 July 2010 after 1 January 2015 In Emission Control Area (ECA) Sulphur contents 1.50% m/m or less 1.00% m/m or less 0.10% m/m or less The limitation of sulphur content in marine fuel of 0.5% or less would mean that existing heavy fuel (residual oil) can not be used as fuel of ships, and ships shall use distilled fuel. 29

30 Emission Control Area ECA 30

31 Emission control started From 1 January 2015 in ECA, fuel of 0.1% sulfur or less is required. Low S fuel (Natural gas, distilled oil fuel, etc.),or Use of exhaust gas washing system. Development of dual fuel and gas fuel engines (gas and oil). IGF Code (International Code for Gas Fuel Ships) NOx Tier III emission control will start from 1 January Use of SCR Engines using water emulsion oil fuel Use of gas fuel Development of infra-structure of gas fuel supply. 31

32 JIS 規格国際的名称軽油 GO(Gas Oil : 軽油 ) DO(Diesel Oil : ディーゼル油 ) A 重油 MDF(Marine Diesel Fuel : 船舶用ディーゼル燃料 ) MDO(Marine Diesel Oil : 船舶用ディーゼル油 ) B 重油 - MFO(Marine Fuel Oil : 船舶用燃料油 ) C 重油 HFO(Heavy Fuel Oil : 重質燃料油 ) RFO(Residual Fuel Oil : 残渣燃料油 ) Marine fuel 32

33 Process of oil distillation and desulfurization 出典 : 舶用燃料重油の低質化対策指針 Version Ⅱ 難燃性燃料油対策財団法人日本海事協会月 33

34 Gas fuel ships: concept design by NMRI Container ships : 9300 TEU Ferry: 10,000 GT and 500 GT 34

35 Natural gas fuel ships 35

Ship and environment Black carbon NOx SOx PM Cold Ironing Green House Gases Ozone depleting substances VOC Ship Recycling Ballast water Underwater noi

船舶のリスク管理海洋環境保全に向けて Ship s risk management for marine environment protection ( 独 ) 海上技術安全研究所吉田公一 1 Ship and environment Black carbon NOx SOx PM Cold Ironing Green House Gases Ozone