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1 Understanding the radioactivity at Fukushima A physics and engineering perspective Prof. Ben Monreal UCSB Department of Physics Q&A Panel: Ben Monreal Prof. Theo Theofanous, UCSB Chem E. Prof. Patrick McCray, UCSB History

2 Monreal IPMU

3 Introduction to radioactivity Radiation hazards and health What escapes in a meltdown? Where does it go? How worried should we be?

4 Periodic Table of the Elements Chemistry Reference Sheet California Standards Test Sodium.99 Na 11 Atomic number Element symbol Average atomic mass* Element name Hydrogen 1.01 H 1 Lithium 6.94 Li 3 Sodium.99 Na 11 Potassium K Nickel Ni 8 Rubidium Rb 37 Rutherfordium (61) Rf 104 Molybdenum Mo 4 Germanium 7.61 Ge 3 1 1A A B 11 1B 1 B 13 3A 16 6A Key B A 15 5A 17 7A 18 8A 3 3B 4 4B 5 5B 6 6B Copper Cu 9 Cobalt Co 7 Helium 4.00 He Boron B 5 Carbon 1.01 C 6 Nitrogen N 7 Oxygen O 8 Fluorine F 9 Neon 0.18 Ne 10 Aluminum 6.98 Al 13 Silicon 8.09 Si 14 Phosphorus P 15 Sulfur 3.07 S 16 Chlorine Cl 17 Argon Ar 18 Calcium Ca 0 Scandium Sc 1 Titanium Ti Chromium 5.00 Cr 4 Iron Fe 6 Zinc Zn 30 Gallium 69.7 Ga 31 Arsenic 74.9 As 33 Selenium Se 34 Bromine Br 35 Krypton Kr 36 Strontium 87.6 Sr 38 Yttrium Y 39 Zirconium 91. Zr 40 Niobium 9.91 Nb 41 Technetium (98) Tc 43 Ruthenium Ru 44 Rhodium Rh 45 Palladium Silver Ag 47 Cadmium Cd 48 Indium In 49 Tin Sn 50 Antimony Sb 51 Tellurium Te 5 Iodine I 53 Xenon Xe 54 Cesium Cs 55 Barium Ba 56 Lanthanum La 57 Hafnium Hf 7 Tantalum Ta 73 Tungsten W 74 Rhenium Re 75 Osmium Os 76 Iridium 19. Ir 77 Platinum Pt 78 Gold Au 79 Mercury Hg 80 Thallium Tl 81 Lead 07. Pb 8 Bismuth Bi 83 Polonium (09) Po 84 Astatine (10) At 85 Pd Radon () Rn 86 Francium (3) Fr 87 Radium (6) Ra 88 Actinium (7) Ac 89 Dubnium (6) Db 105 Seaborgium (66) Sg 106 Bohrium (64) Bh 107 Hassium (69) Hs 108 Meitnerium (68) Mt 109 Magnesium 4.31 Mg 1 Beryllium 9.01 Be 4 Vanadium V 3 Manganese Mn 5 * If this number is in parentheses, then it refers to the atomic mass of the most stable isotope. Praseodymium Pr 59 Mendelevium (58) Md 101 Cerium Ce 58 Neodymium Nd 60 Promethium (145) Pm 61 Samarium Sm 6 Europium Eu 63 Gadolinium Gd 64 Terbium Tb 65 Dysprosium Dy 66 Holmium Ho 67 Erbium Er 68 Thulium Tm 69 Ytterbium Yb 70 Lutetium Lu 71 Thorium 3.04 Th 90 Protactinium Pa 91 Uranium U 9 Neptunium (37) Np 93 Plutonium (44) Pu 94 Americium (43) Am 95 Curium (47) Cm 96 Berkelium (47) Bk 97 Californium (51) Cf 98 Einsteinium (5) Es 99 Fermium (57) Fm 100 Nobelium (59) No 10 Lawrencium (6) Lr 103 Copyright 008 California Department of Education Uranium and Plutonium Iodine Cesium Tritium (hydrogen)

5 Different elements Boron 1 H % 4 Be + Beryllium 1 3 Li +1 Lithium He 8.9% Helium Hydrogen H1 1/ #10-9 % #10-7 % % Be5 Li4 - He3 1/+ H n s 1/ B #10-8 % p p B7 1.4 MeV (3/-) Be6 9 kev Li5 He H y 1/+ p,p",... He5 n B8 770 ms + " Be7 Li H4 - " B9 p" Be8 6.8 ev Li7 9.5 He ms H5 4 n Li8 838 ms + " B Be9 100 He7 H6 He ms n Li9 n Be E+6 y B MeV 3/- 1.5 MeV 3/- 160 kev (3/) d 3/ ms 3/ kev 3/- 3/- 3/- 3/ " Li10 1. MeV n He MeV (1/-) n B1 0.0 ms 1+ 3" Be s 1/+! 1 n n 0 n Different isotopes

6 Different elements Boron 1 H % 4 Be + Beryllium 1 3 Li +1 Lithium He 8.9% Helium Hydrogen H1 1/ #10-9 % #10-7 % % Be5 Li4 - He3 1/+ H n s 1/ B #10-8 % p p B7 1.4 MeV (3/-) Be6 9 kev Li5 He H y 1/+ p,p",... He5 n B8 770 ms + " Be7 Li H4 - " B9 p" Be8 6.8 ev Li7 9.5 He ms H5 4 n Li8 838 ms + " B Be9 100 He7 H6 He ms n Li9 n Be E+6 y B MeV 3/- 1.5 MeV 3/- 160 kev (3/) d 3/ ms 3/ kev 3/- 3/- 3/- 3/ " Li10 1. MeV n He MeV (1/-) n B1 0.0 ms 1+ 3" Be s 1/+! 1 n n 0 n Different isotopes

7 Different elements Si Si3 6 ms 14 Si Silicon % p Al1 Al 70 ms 13 Al Aluminum % p Mg0 Mg1 95 ms 1 ms (3/,5/)+ 1 Mg Magnesium % p p Na18 Na19 Na ms + 11 Na Sodium % p " Ne16 Ne17 Ne18 Ne19 1 kev 109. ms 167 ms 17. s 1/- 1/+ 10 Ne Neon % p p,",... F14 F15 F16 F17 F MeV 40 kev s m (-) (1/+) 0-5/ F Fluorine #10-6 % p p p O1 O13 O14 O15 O16 O MeV 8.58 ms s 1.4 s (3/-) 1/- 5/+ 8 O Oxygen % p p N10 N11 N1 N13 N14 N15 N kev ms m 7.13 s 1/+ 1+ 1/- 1+ 1/- - 7 N ±1±±3+4+5 Nitrogen % p 3" " C8 C9 C10 C11 C1 C13 C14 C15 30 kev 16.5 ms s 0.39 m 5730 y.449 s (3/-) 3/- 1/- 1/+ 6 C 449t 4 364s Carbon % p,p", B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B1 B13 B MeV 770 ms 0.54 kev 0.0 ms ms 13.8 ms (3/-) + 3/- 3+ 3/- 1+ 3/- - 5 B Boron #10-8 % " p" " n Be5 Be6 Be7 Be8 Be9 Be10 Be11 Be1 Be13 9 kev 53.9 d 6.8 ev 1.51E+6 y s 3.6 ms 0.9 MeV 3/- 3/- 1/+ (1/,5/)+ 4 Be Beryllium #10-9 % p " 100 " n 1 Li4 Li5 Li6 Li7 Li8 Li9 Li10 Li11 Li1 1.5 MeV 838 ms ms 1. MeV 8.5 ms - 3/- 1+ 3/- + 3/- 3/- 3 Li Lithium #10-7 % p " n n n,!-n,... He3 He4 He5 He6 He7 He8 He9 He MeV ms 160 kev ms 0.30 MeV 0.3 MeV 1/+ 3/- (3/)- (1/-) He Helium % n n n n n 1 H1 H H3 H4 H5 H y 1/+ 1+ 1/+ - 1 H Hydrogen % n s 1/+ Different isotopes 4 Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Potassium Argon 8 15 P % Scandium Calcium Ar30 18 Ar % Cl8 Cl9 17 Cl % S6 S7 S ms 15 ms p,p,... p P4 P5 P6 P7 0 ms 60 ms (3+) 1/+ 16 S % p Al s p Mg s Na1.49 s 3/+ n C s n B ms Titanium Si4 10 ms Ne F19 1/+ 100 O N s 1/- Be ms n,!-n, Vanadium p Si5 0 ms 5/+ p Al4 Al5.053 s s 4+ 5/+ * " Mg3 Mg s 3/+ Na.6019 y 3+ n,!-",... C ms n B16 00 Ps (0-) n 0.7 F s + O s 5/+ N18 64 ms 1- Ti #10-6 % Sc36 1 Sc #10-7 % 8 Ca34 Ca35 50 ms 0 Ca % p K3 K33 K K % Ne1 3/+ p Si6.34 s Na3 O s n C18 95 ms n B ms (3/-) n 3/+ 100 Ne 9.5 F s 5/+ N s (1/-) p,p,... p Cl30 Cl ms p P ms Na h 4+ * Ne s 5/+ O1 3.4 s (1/,3/,5/)+ Ar ms S9 187 ms 5/+ F 4.3 s 4+,(3+) N0 100 ms n C19 46 ms n B18 p S s P s 1/+ p,",... Si7 Si s 5/+ 5/ Na s 5/+ Ar3 98 ms 9.3 Al6 Al7 7.4E+5 y 5+ 5/+ * 100 Mg5 Mg6 Ne m F3.3 s (3/,5/)+ O.5 s N1 85 ms n C0 14 ms n B p Cl3 98 ms 1+ P m 1+ Si9 Mg m 1/+ Na s 3+ Ar ms 1/ Al8.414 m 3+ Ne5 60 ms (1/,3/)+ F s (1,,3)+ O3 8 ms n N 4 ms n C1 Ca36 10 ms p K ms 3/+ p Ar ms Cl s 3/+ p,",... S31 S3.57 s 1/+ 1/ V #10-7 % Mg h Ti38 Sc P31 1/+ 100 Si Al m 5/+ Na7 301 ms 5/+ n Ne6 197 ms n F5 59 ms n O4 61 ms n N3 C 16 p Sc38 Ca ms 3/+ p K36 34 ms + Mg s 3/+ V40 Ti39 6 ms (3/+) 0.75 P d 1+ Si m 3/+ Al s 3+ Na ms 1+ n Ne7 3 ms n F6 O5 N4 Sc39 Ca ms K s 3/+ p,",... Ar35 Ar s 3/+ 3/+ Mg ms V41 Ti40 50 ms (7/-) Cl34 Cl s 3/+ * S33 S P d 1/+ Si3 17 y Al ms (3/,5/)+ Na ms 3/ n Ne8 17 ms n F7 O6 18 p Sc ms 4- Cl E+5 y +, S d 3/+ n Na30 48 ms + n,!-n,... Ne9 0. s V4 Ti41 80 ms 3/+ P s 1+ Si s Al3 33 ms 1+ Mg31 30 ms F8 Ti4 199 ms Sc4 Sc ms h 7/- * Ca41 Ca4 1.03E+5 y 7/- Sc ms 7/- p,",... Ca39 Ca ms 3/+ V ms (7/-) K38 K m 3+ 3/+ * Ar37 Ar d 3/ Cl37 3/+ 4.3 S P s 1/+ Si34.77 s Al33 Mg3 10 ms n Na ms 3/+ n,!-n,... Ne30 F9 0 Ar m 7/- P s Si s Al34 60 ms n Mg33 90 ms n Na3 13. ms (3-,4-) n,!-n,... Ne K41 3/ Ar Cl m 3/+ S m P37.31 s Si s n Al ms n Mg34 0 ms n Na33 8. ms n,!-n,... Ne Sc45 Sc d 7/- 4+ * * 100 Ca44 Ca d 7/- V46 V ms 3.6 m 3/- * Ti45 Ti m 7/- Sc h + * Ca K h - Cl m - * S m 7/- S s (3/,5/,7/)- K E+9 y 4-, Ar39 69 y 7/- Cl m - n Si37 Mg35 n 7/- P s Al36 Na ms V44 V45 90 ms 547 ms (+) 7/- * " Ti43 Ti ms 63 y 7/-.086 K43.3 h 3/+ Ar4 3.9 y Cl s (1/,3/)+ n Si38 n S s P s Al37 Mg36 Na ms 4 V d 4+ Ti47 5/- K44.13 m - Ar m (3/,5/) Cl4 6.8 s S41 P40 60 ms n Si39 Al38 Mg37 Ti48 Ca d 7/ Sc d 7/- Ca K m 3/+ Ar m Cl s S s n P41 10 ms n Si40 Al39 6 V50 1.4E+17 y 6+, 0.50 Ti Sc h 6+ K s (-) Ar s Cl ms n S43 0 ms n P4 110 ms n Si41 V51 Ca48 6E+18 y,!-!- 7/- 7/ Ti K s 1/+ Ar s Cl ms n S44 13 ms n P43 33 ms n Si4 8 V m 3+ K s (-) n Ar ms n Cl46 3 ms n S45 8 ms n P44 Ca s Ti s (3/)- V m 7/- Ti5 1.7 m K s (3/+) n Ar48 Cl47 n S46 P45 30 V s 3+ Sc s 5+ * Ca m 3/- 5.4 Sc m 7/- V d 7/- Sc s (7/)- Ti m 3/- Sc5 8. s 3+ Ca s (3/-) n K50 47 ms (0-,1,-) n Ar49 Cl48 S47 P46 Ti54 Ti55 T Ca5 4.6 s V s (7/-) Sc53 K ms (1/+,3/+) n Ar50 Cl49 S48 3 V56 Sc54 Ca53 90 ms (3/-,5/-) n K5 105 ms n Ar51 Cl50 S49 V S C K 3 ( n A C 3

8 Different elements Different isotopes

9 The reactor s job is to turn U into fission products. 95% of reactor power comes from the fission events themselves. 5% comes from the later fission product decays. Stable isotopes Uranium & Plutonium The products include many different elements. Fission products Fission Different elements Different isotopes

10 While it s running, the reactor s neutrons can undergo side reactions that make more unstable elements in the fuel... and in other materials. Neutron capture on fuel Minor Actinides Stable isotopes Uranium & Plutonium Fission products Fission Different elements Different isotopes Neutron capture on water, air, reactor materials Induced radioactivity

11 Radiation damage Alpha decay: common in minor actinides (damages every 10th atom it passes.) Rn 18 Po + 4 He Beta & gamma decay: fission products (damages every 3000th atom it passes.) 14 C 14 N + e - + ν

in the fuel pond 137 One gray = absorbing 1 billion 38 U decays,

12 How much damage? One (Bq) becquerel = 1 decay per second One (Ci) curie = 37 = billion decays per second. 000 A measure of amount, as in There are million curies of 137 Cs in the fuel pond 137 One gray = absorbing 1 billion 38 U decays, or 10 billion Cs decays, per gram of body mass One sievert = absorbing 0.05B 38 U decays, or 10B of 137 Cs, per gram of body mass A measure of dose = fraction of body s chemical bonds damaged. (Gy) = g1038 (Sv) = g For fission products, gray = sievert Gy, Sv

放射線量計算の初歩 Radiation numeracy natural K in your body: 人体内の天然カリウム40から 40 msv/yr. ~~0. 0.ミリシーベルト/年 natural Rn in the air: 空気中の天然ラドンから ~1 msv/yr. ~ 1ミリシーベルト/年 Moving to Denver? コロラド州デンバーに引越す ~1 msv/yr.

13 放射線量計算の初歩 Radiation numeracy natural K in your body: 人体内の天然カリウム40から 40 msv/yr. ~~0. 0.ミリシーベルト/年 natural Rn in the air: 空気中の天然ラドンから ~1 msv/yr. ~ 1ミリシーベルト/年 Moving to Denver? コロラド州デンバーに引越す ~1 msv/yr. ~Add 1ミリシーベルト/年を追加 Are you a flight attendant? 航空機の客室乗務員なら Add ~few msv/yr. ~ 数ミリシーベルト/年を追加自然放射線は国によって Natural backgrounds 一生に受ける放射線量(mSv) 私たちは常に自然界の You are all getting irradiated right now. 放射線を浴びている変わる 1.5-7mSv/年 vary; msv/y いろいろな国 Lesson: a few millisieverts dose is not worth 教訓数ミリシーベルト(mSv)の被曝は全く心配する必要はないしかしmSv/時を長時間蓄積するのは良くない worrying about at all. (but msv/h rate can add up.) Chernobyl Record R.F. Mould, IOP 000

14 Radiation and cancer Ionization DNA damage DNA (rarely) DNA damage changed cells Type of cancer changed cells cancer (rarely) (rarely) 1000mSv Extra cases per people with * 1000mSv doses Leukemia 3 Lesson: 1 Sv = 1000 msv Breast 7 is a risk you would go out Thyroid of your way to avoid, 1.6 Lung like texting while driving. 4 Stomach 5 Colon DNA * 011/3/0 From John D. Boice, Natl. Cancer Institute in Health Effects from Exposure to Low-Level Ionizing Radiation, IOP 1996

15 Acute radiation sickness Lesson: 5Sv >5 Sv = run for your life : Extraordinarily rare. Slotin Sv Incident : 1 Sv, victim died 9 d later Daghlian Sv incident : 5 Sv, victim died 1 month later Goiania Sv/ accident: 5 Sv/hr medical source got loose. 4 dead (all > 5 Sv), 15 hospitalized (all betwen 0.5 and 5 Sv). Chernobyl > Sv/ first-responders: dose rates of 10 Sv/hr in many areas; 30 dead, 00 hospitalized Many victims of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Sv 0.5Sv

16 Units in the news 50 Last Defense at Troubled Reactors: Japanese Workers Radiation Published: March 15, 011 close to the reactors was 4 reported to reach 400 millisieverts per hour on Tuesday after a blast inside 400 reactor No. and fire at reactor No. 4, but has since dropped back to as low as millisieverts at the plant gate. Radiation levels on the edge of the plant compound briefly spiked at 817 microsieverts 817 per hour but later fell to about a third that. 3 1 we know 5000 msv = fatal so 400 msv/hr for would be fatal if you had 5000/400 = 1 hours 5000 = 400mSv5000/400= msv per hour 1000 msv = texting while driving 1000/0.6 = / two 0.6 = months 1000mSv = 8000 µsv/hr = 8 msv/hr

17 They meant millisieverts per hour NYTimes.com

18 100

22 Healthy reactor: In Zircalloy casing: fuel + fission products + actinides In cooling water: activation products In steam: activation products In environment: practically nothing

23 Meltdown: In Zircalloy casing: fuel + fission products + actinides In cooling water: fission ( products like Cs, I, Tc ) In steam: fission products like Xe, Kr, Rn ( In environment: practically nothing )

24 Three-Mile Island Meltdown + emergency venting: In Zircalloy casing: fuel + fission products + actinides In cooling water: fission products like Cs, I, Tc In steam: fission products like Xe, Kr, Rn (,, In environment: practically Xe, Kr, nothing Rn ( )

25 Fukushima Daiishi Meltdown + containment failure: In Zircalloy casing: fuel + fission products + actinides In cooling water: fission products like Cs, I, Tc,, In steam: fission products like Xe, Kr, Rn In environment: Xe, Kr, Xe, Rn, Kr, Cs, Rn I, Tc

26 ??? Meltdown + fuel fire In Zircalloy casing: fuel + fission products + actinides In environment: fuel + fission products + actinides Briefly happened at Fukushima spent-fuel pools? (reports vary?) This is very bad but still not as bad as Chernobyl

27 Chernobyl no real containment vessel Core filled with graphite (fuel for huge fire) Reactor fissioning during explosions and fire (Fukushima reactors have now been off for 5 days)

28 wikipedia

29 : (!!!!) 1/5 1/

30 8 0.5mSv 30 msv Cooper, Randle, and Sokhi, Wiley 003

31 Km cm

32 msv (131 )

Monreal IPMU

Monreal IPMU Understanding the radioactivity at Fukushima A physics and engineering perspective Prof. Ben Monreal UCSB Department of Physics Q&A Panel: Ben Monreal Prof. Theo Theofanous, UCSB Chem E. Prof. Patrick