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1 Efficacy of pingers in North Pacific salmon and squid gillnet fisheries Tomonari Akamatsu1 National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering, Hasaki, Kamisu, Ibaraki , Japan National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering, Fisheries Research Agency Hasaki, Kamisu, Ibaraki , Japan TEL: FAX: URL: ABSTRACT Reactions of bottlenose dolphins, Pacific white-sided dolphins, false killer whales, Risso's dolphins, Dall's porpoises to underwater sounds were observed for countermeasures to reduce damages to long line fisheries and by-catch on gill nets. Various sound projectors having dominant frequencies from 2 khz to 200 khz with source levels reached up to 200dB re 1μPa. Reactions of dolphins and porpoises to the sounds were observed in a pool, a net enclosure or an open sea. Clear escaping reactions from a sound source were observed by sounds with exposed level above 170dB at the subject animal. Reactions to sounds below 160dB were not stable. The dolphins got accustomed to the sound after multiple projections. On the other hand, frequency and amplitude modulated sounds seemed to be effective even if the sound pressure level was about 120dB. Efficacy of acoustic pingers to control wild dolphins and porpoises were limited. The effective range was estimated above 170dB exposure level that depends on the source level of a device and sound propagation. Acclimation for the sounds by dolphins and porpoises were not negligible. Avoiding successive transmission and amplitude/frequency modulations were recommended. Keywords: gill net, by-catch, dolphin, porpoise, underwater sounds, echolocation.

2 Efficacy of pingers in North Pacific salmon and squid gillnet fisheries Tomonari Akamatsu National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering, Hasaki, Kamisu, Ibaraki , Japan

3 Yoshimi Hatakeyama CONTENTS OF THIS TALK 1. REVIEW: Works of my ex-boss 2. DISCUSSION: Why dolphins and porpoises miss to detect gill nets? April 1st, 1993

4 Relatively visible works Hatakeyama, Y., Ishii, K. and Akamatsu, T. (1995), Studies on the reduction of entanglement of dall's porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli, in the Japanese salmon gillnet, Rept. Int. Whal. Commn. (Special Issue 15), Hatakeyama, Y., Ishii, K., Akamatsu T., Soeda, H., Shimamura, T. and Kojima T.(1994) A review of studies on attempts to reduce the entanglement of the Dall s porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli, in the Japanese salmon gillnet fishery. Rept. Int. Whal. Commn.15, Hatakeyama, Y. (1992), The hearing ability of fish, Fisheries Engineering 28(2) Ishii K., Akamatsu T. and Hatakeyama Y. (1992), Design of the biosonar simulator for dolphin's clicks waveform reproduction, Bull. Nat. Res. Inst. Fish. Engin.,13, Hatakeyama, Y. and Soeda, H. (1990), Studies on echolocation of porpoises taken in salmon gillnet fisheries, In: Thomas JA, Kastelein RA (eds) Sensory abilities of cetacenas :laboratory and field evidence. Plenum press, New York, pp Hatakeyama, Y., Ishii, K., Soeda, H., Shimamura, T., and Tobayama, T., (1988) Observation of Harbor porpoise's behavior to salmon gill net," "Document submitted to the meeting of the Scientific Subcommittee of the Ad Hoc Committe on Marine Mammals, INPFC,Tokyo, Japan, January 21, INPFC Document Hatakeyama, Y. and Shimizu, H. (1985) Feeding trial and acoustic studies on Dall s porpoise captured alive. Document submitted to the meeting of the Scientific Subcommittee of the Ad Hoc Committe on Marine Mammals, INPFC, Tokyo, Japan, INPFC Document Hatakeyama, Y. and Shimizu, H. (1985) Feeding trial and acoustic studies on Dall's porpoise captured alive. Document submitted to the meeting of the Scientific Subcommittee of the Ad Hoc Committe on Marine Mammals, INPFC, Tokyo, Japan, INPFC Document Hatakeyama, Y., Ishii, K. and Maniwa Y. (1980), On the dispersion of dolphins by underwater ultrasonic waves: Proceedings of 1st Symposium on ultrasonic electronics, Tokyo, 1980, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol.20Supplement 20-3,pp Hatakeyama, Y., Ishii, K. and Maniwa Y. (1980) On the dispersion of dolphins by underwater ultrasonic waves: Proceedings of 1st Symposium on ultrasonic electronics, Tokyo, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 20Supplement 20-3,

5 Nearly invisible works Hatakeyama 畠山良己 1988 音波発生器の効果試験 1 月 7 日 "1988 年 3 月, 北太平洋漁業国際委員会, 生物調査常設小委員会海産哺乳動物科学会議提出文書, 水産庁水産工学研究所 " Hatakeyama 畠山良己, 石井憲, 添田秀男, 嶋村哲哉 " 1988 イロワケイルカに関する音響学的調査 1 月 21 日 "1988 年 3 月, 北太平洋漁業国際委員会, 生物調査常設小委員会海産哺乳動物科学会議提出文書, 水産庁水産工学研究所日本大学農獣医学部 " Hatakeyama 畠山良己, 石井憲, 添田秀男, 嶋村哲哉, 鳥羽山照夫 " 1988 ネズミイルカの流網認知に関する研究 1 月 21 日 " 1988 年 3 月, 北太平洋漁業国際委員会, 生物調査常設小委員会海産哺乳動物科学会議提出文書, 水産庁水産工学研究所 " Hatakeyama 畠山良己, 石井憲 " 1987 バンドウイルカの対網行動の観察. " 北太平洋漁業国際委員会海産哺乳動物特別小委員会, 科学分科会 1987 年 3 月提出文書, 水産庁 " atakeyama 畠山良己 1987 音波発生器の効果試験 " 北太平洋漁業国際委員会海産哺乳動物特別小委員会, 科学分科会 1987 年 3 月提出文書, 水産庁 " Hatakeyama 畠山良己, 石井憲, 添田秀男, 嶋村哲哉, 榊原茂, 清水宏 " 1987 イシイルカの捕獲と音響学的実験 " 北太平洋漁業国際委員会海産哺乳動物特別小委員会, 科学分科会 1987 年 3 月提出文書, 水産庁 " Hatakeyama 畠山良己, 石井憲, 清水宏, 前田義秋, 添田秀男, 嶋村哲哉 " 1986 イルカ類の流網の認知に関する実験 " 北太平洋漁業国際委員会海産哺乳動物特別小委員会, 科学分科会 1986 年 3 月提出文書, 水産庁 " Hatakeyama 畠山良己 1986 新式音波発生装置の効果試験 " 北太平洋漁業国際委員会海産哺乳動物特別小委員会, 科学分科会 1986 年 3 月提出文書, 水産庁 " Hatakeyama 畠山良己 1986 イルカ類の漁具素材の認知に関する基礎的考察 " 北太平洋漁業国際委員会海産哺乳動物特別小委員会, 科学分科会年 3 月提出文書, 水産庁 " Hatakeyama 畠山良己 1986 混獲防止の技術開発試験 " 北太平洋漁業国際委員会海産哺乳動物特別小委員会, 科学分科会 1986 年 3 月提出文書, 水産庁 " "Hatakeyama 畠山良己, 清水宏 " 1985 生け捕りイシイルカの飼育と音響学的調査. " 北太平洋漁業国際委員会海産哺乳動物特別小委員会, 東京 1985 年 3 月提出文書, 水産庁 " "Hatakeyama 畠山良己, 清水宏 " 1985 サケマス流網の素材の超音波反射指向性の測定 " 北太平洋漁業国際委員会海産哺乳動物特別小委員会, 東京年 3 月提出文書, 水産庁浮子, フロート, ロープの反射率 " Hatakeyama 畠山良己 1985 水中音に対する魚の反応騒音制御 9(2) "Hatakeyama 畠山良己, 石井憲, 武富一 " 1985 ベーリング海におけるイシイルカのサケマス流網への羅網の防止に関する音響的研究 ( 第 1 報.) 水産工学研究所研究報告 Hatakeyama 畠山良己 1984 カツオ竿釣り漁業における水中音月刊海洋科学 16(5) "Hatakeyama 畠山良己, 嶋村哲哉 " 1984 ベーリング海におけるイシイルカの音響的調査 " 北太平洋漁業国際委員会海産哺乳動物特別小委員会 1984 年 3 月提出文書, 水産庁 " Hatakeyama 畠山良己 1984 音波発生器の有効距離 6 "984 年 3 月北太平洋漁業国際委員会海産哺乳動物特別小委員会科学分科会提出文書, 水産庁 " Hatakeyama 畠山良己 1984 水中の音と魚について漁船 Journal of Fishing Boat Association of Japan Hatakeyama 畠山良己 1984 流網の反射損失とイルカの検知可能最大距離 15 "1984 年 3 月北太平洋漁業国際委員会海産哺乳動物特別小委員会科学分科会提出文書, 水産庁 " Hatakeyama 畠山良己 1984 リクゼンイルカの鳴音分析 5 "1984 年 3 月北太平洋漁業国際委員会海産哺乳動物特別小委員会科学分科会提出文書, 水産庁 " Hatakeyama 畠山良己 1983 水産工学研究所漁業生産工学部イルカ駆逐技術開発研究報告 ( 昭和 57 年度 )

6 Study sites and species for pinger experiments Experiment number correspond to the number indicted in the map (next slide). BND: Bottlenose dolphin, PWD: Pacific white ュ sided dolphin, FKW: False killer whale, RSD: Risso's dolphin, DLP: Dalli's porpoise, The number of dolphins are indicated shown after =. If the number was unknown, = was not indicated in the table.

11 Taiji Port in Wakayama Pref. False killer whale, bottlenose dolphin Exp. 8 Akkeshi in Hokkaido Dall s porpoises, tank Exp. 3.4.6.

7 Study sites and species for pinger experiments To drive porpoises away from gill nets Exp.10 The Sea of Okhotsk near Shiretoko Dall s porpoises, open ocean Exp.9 Central Bering Sea Dall s porpoises, open ocean Exp Taiji Port in Wakayama Pref. False killer whale, bottlenose dolphin Exp. 8 Akkeshi in Hokkaido Dall s porpoises, tank Exp Iki in Nagasaki Pref. False killer whale, bottlenose dolphin, Risso s dolphin, Pacific white-sided dolphin Exp. 2 Kamogawa Sea World in Chiba Pref. False killer whale, bottlenose dolphin, Pacific white-sided dolphin

8 PE: Pseudo Echolocation, MT: Marine Transponda, Orca: Vocalization of a killer whale, Tursiops: Vocalization of a bottlenose dolphin, SL: source level (sound pressure level at 1m), PI: pulse interval, PD: pulse width, Pulse interval, pulse width and frequency were modulated as indicated PI, PD, FM in the right hand of the column respectively. * Artificial frequencies, pulse intervals or pulse duration modulated sounds. + The pulse interval was chosen among 250, 500 and 1000 ms.

9 Impulse sounds Simple pulse sounds PE: Pseudo Echolocation, MT: Marine Transponda, Orca: Vocalization of a killer whale, Tursiops: Vocalization of a bottlenose dolphin, SL: source level (sound pressure level at 1m), PI: pulse interval, PD: pulse width, Pulse interval, pulse width and frequency were modulated as indicated PI, PD, FM in the right hand of the column respectively. * Artificial frequencies, pulse intervals or pulse duration modulated sounds. + The pulse interval was chosen among 250, 500 and 1000 ms. Modulated pulse sounds Biological sounds

10 Impulse sounds

11 Simple pulse sounds

12 Modulated pulse sounds

13 Biological sounds

14 Sound projections

15 Method of observation

16 Positive reaction Sound source

17 Positive reaction Sound source

18 Positive reaction Sound source

19 RESULTS overview, unsorted D is the maximum reacted distance between sound source and dolphins. <D indicate that the reacted distance was under D(m). Min. SPL is the minimum reacted sound pressure level. SL is source level (0dB=1μPa). PI and PW are pulse interval and pulse width respectively. indicate that the dolphins escaped from the sound source or swam high speed. indicated that the dolphins increased the swimming speed or change direction slightly. indicated that the dolphins did not changed their behavior. * indicates the modulated sounds. + : Only Pacific white ュ sided dolphin approached to the sound source, +: Dalli's porpoise shook head slightly.

20 RESULTS Sound pressure levels and reactions of dolphins Impulse sounds Simple pulse sounds Modulated sounds Biological sounds

21 RESULTS Sound types and reactions of dolphins Impulse sounds Simple pulse sounds Modulated sounds Biological sounds

22 RESULTS acclimation to simple pulse sounds Exposed sound pressure level at the target animal (db re 1uPa) Serial number of experiment Simple pulse sounds

23 RESULTS acclimation to simple pulse sounds cont. Exposed sound pressure level at the target animal (db re 1uPa) Serial number of experiment Simple pulse sounds

24 RESULTS acclimation to modulated pulse sounds cont. Modulated sounds Exposed sound pressure level at the target animal (db re 1uPa) Serial number of experiment

25 RESULTS acclimation to modulated pulse sounds cont. Modulated sounds Exposed sound pressure level at the target animal (db re 1uPa) Serial number of experiment

26 Tentative summary 1. Clear escaping reactions from a sound source were observed by sounds with exposed level above 170dB at the subject animal. 2. Modulated sounds were effective to keep animals away even with low exposure level and less acclimated. Aversion to Attention Let dolphins and porpoises know there are gill nets.

27 Detection distance of a gill net by echolocation Hataeyama et al. 1994

28 Detection distance of a gill net by echolocation Au 1988 Hataeyama et al. 1994

29 Let dolphins and porpoise know gill nets are there For example, ping interval 5 seconds is suitable assuming 10m detection distance to a net by echolcation assuming 2m/s swimming speed.

30 How frequently they produce sonar sounds? A-tag: L=112 mm, Φ21 mm VHF Hydrophone A Float material Hydrophone B Weight High Pass Filter Recording (CR2) Memory size 77g 100kHz< 40 hours 128MB Suction cup Φ80 mm

31 How frequently they produce sonar sounds? IPI (ms) Bearing angle SP (Pa)

Even though they produce sonar sounds frequently.

sec. for finless porpoises was observed.

32 Even though they produce sonar sounds frequently.. Finless Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 272, (2005) J. Exp. Biol. 213, (2010) Click train production every 5-12 sec. for finless porpoises was observed. White-beaked Rasmussen in prep Harbor Deep-Sea Research II, 54, (2007)

33 Odotocetes stop using sonar for a while occasionally. Distribution of inter-click train intervals Histogram of inter-click train intervals obtained from 15 tagged porpoises. Total observation duration was 279 hours. Kimura et al. (2010), JASA

34 Resolution is not so simple Sound could attract dolphins Shrimp trawler and an Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin in Hong Kong

35 SUMMARY 1. Clear escaping reactions from a sound source were observed by sounds with exposed level above 170dB at the subject animal. 2. Modulated sounds were effective to keep animals away even with low exposure level and less acclimated. 3. Acoustic pinger to attract attention of dolphins is one of the choices for countermeasures. Echolocation effort with/without pinging should be observed. 4. Acoustically visible but not too attractive sounds. Gill nets could be unfamiliar with dolphins and porpoises.

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