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1 Core Ethics Vol. electric shock treatmentes electroconvulsive therapyect ECT ECT ECT ECT ECT ECT ECT ECT ECT (modified ECT mectect ECT EBMEvidence Based Medicine repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation rtms ECT ECT ECT ECT ECTECT ECT ECT ECT ECTECT ECT ECT ECT ECT ECT ECT

2 Core Ethics Vol. a ECT ECT ECT ECT ECT a ECT ECT ECT

3 b ECT ECT ECT

4 Core Ethics Vol. ECTECT ECT ECT ECTEBM rtms Abrams ECT Royal College of Psychiatrists American Psychiatric Association ECT ECT Fink ) ECT ) ECT ECT ECT ECT ECT

5 ECT American Psychiatric AssociationAPA APA ECT ECT ECT ECT ECT. ECT ECT ECT ES ECTES ECT ECT ECT EBM ECT Informed-Consent IC ECT ECT ECT ECTECT ECT IC ECT IC

6 Core Ethics Vol. IC ECT ECT ECT IC ECT ECT rtms IC IC IC ECT ECT ECT ECT ECT ECT ECTECT ECT ECT ECT

7 ECT Roueché Roueché ECT ECT ECT

8 Core Ethics Vol. ECT ECTECT ECT ECT ECT ECT ECT ECT ECT IC ECT ECT ECTIC ECT ECT ECT ECT LSDLSD Grof KenWilber

9 ECT ECT ECT ECT / ECT EBMECT

10 Core Ethics Vol. IC ECT ECT ECT IC ECT ECT ECT ECT

11 ECT EBM ECT ECT ECT ECT ECT ECT ECT ECTECT ECT ECT ECT ECT ECT ECT Cooper, ECT ECT ECT ECT DGx ECT ECT ECT % ECT % ECT Freeman ECT Teresa Rummans ECT Mayo Clinic The Antipsychiatry Coalition ECTStevens, J.DBreggin, M.DStevens, : Breggin, ECTMDRI ECT ECTMental Disability Rights International The European Committee for the Prevention of Torture ETC WHO ETC MDRI

12 Core Ethics Vol. ECTMedical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture ECT Michael a ECT ECT.ECT. / / / / AERA / / Dr. / / / / ECT ECT IC ECT ECT.. ECT FinkECT ECT ECT The UK Review GroupECT ECTThe UK ECT Review Group Diana,R. Rose, ECT ECT ECT ECTECTECT ECTECT ECT ECTECT

13 Maslow, LSD Grof, KenWilber % % Abrams, R. ( ).History of Electroconvulsive Therapy. Electroconvulsive Therapy, th ed, New York: Oxford Univercity Press, -. American Psychiatric Association. ( ).Task Force on Electroconvulsive Therapy, The Practice of Electroconvulsive Therapy, st ed, Washington, DC: APA. American Psychiatric Association. ( ) ECT (American Psychiatric Association. ( ).Task Force on Electroconvulsive Therapy, The Practice of Electroconvulsive Therapy, nd ed, Washington, DC: APA.) / / Breggin, M.D. ( ). Brain-Disabling Treatments in Psychiatry: Drugs, Electroshock, and the Role of the FDA. New York: Springer Publishing Co. Cooper, D.G. ( ). (Cooper, D.G. ( ). Psychiatry and Anti- Psychiatry. London: Tavistock Publications) ECT S-, - Fink, M. ( ). Informed ECT for health professionals: with Dr. Max Fink. Lake Bluff,KL: Somatics (V ideos). Freeman, CPL. & Kendell, R.E. ( ). ECT:.Patients experiences and attitudes, British Journal of Psychiatry,, - - Grof, Stanislav & Grof, Christina ( ). Grof, Stanislav Grof, Christina. ( ). Spiritual Emergency: When Personal Transformation Becomes a Crisis. Los Angeles: J P Tarcher) PHP ECT- - pp. - KenWilber. ( ). (KenWilber. ( ). The Atman Project: A Transpersonal View of Human Development. New York : Quest Books).

14 Core Ethics Vol. - - ES - / / ( ) - Maslow,A.H. ( ). (Maslow,A.H. ( ). The Farther Reaches of Human Nature. London: Penguin Books Ltd). - Mayo Clinic. ( ). Patient Satisfaction With Electroconvulsive Therapy Mayo Clinic Proceedings,,, Minnesota : Mayo Foundation. -. Mental Disability Rights International. ( / / ). Behind Closed Doors: Human Rights Abuses in the Psychiatric Facilities, Orphanages and Rehabilitation Centers of Turkey. Washington, DC: MDRI. Michael,P. ( ). FAILURE TO PROTECT Survivors of torture from Algeria London : Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture. - - mect - - ECT - ECT - / / Rose,D. et al. (The UK ECT Review Group). ( ). Patients perspectives on electroconvulsive therapy: systematic review. BMJ,, ( ).. London: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Rouech e,b. ( ) - (Rouech e, B. ( ).The Medical Detectives.Vol.. New York : EP Dutton). Royal College of Psychiatrists. ( ). The ECT Handbook: The Second Report of the Royal College of Psychiatrists Special Committee on ECT. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists. - - / Stevens, J.D. ( ). Psychiatry s Electroconvulsive Shock Treatment-A Crime Against Humanity, A comprehensive -part critique of psychiatry. / /. / - - / /

15 - / / / / - a - b/ / / / -

16 Core Ethics Vol. Psychiatric debate over electric shock treatment YOSHIMURA Yuri Abstract: The objectives of the present study are to outline the arguments for and against electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), analyze the problems concerning ECT as well as factors promoting the procedure, and to discuss the ethical issues associated with ECT implementation. In the present study, first, the arguments for ECT in psychiatry and arguments against ECT among patients are outlined. Second, the problems concerning ECT are analyzed in relation to informed consent (IC), the patient-physician relationship, and discontinuity of experience. Third, factors promoting ECT are analyzed with regard to the following three points: the privilege of physicians in treatments that alter consciousness, the logic of markets involving psychiatry, and the sequencing of consciousness and self. Finally, the fundamental ethical issue of discontinuity of experience in ECT is focused upon, and the validity of ECT in medical practice is discussed. Ethical issues in ECT arise due to the fact that it is a treatment method that involves discontinuity of experience among patients. Such discontinuity of experience constitutes deprivation of the patients social relationships, and thus lacks validity in medical practice. Key words : electric shock treatment, modified ECT, discontinuity of experience, consciousness self

Core Ethics Vol. : - NICU : : - A B C D

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