1 Unix Kernel C OS 2 Linux kernel pw 3 level1:linux kernel 3.1 Linux Kernel Linux kernel kernel kernel /usr/src/linux/ Linux 3 make config(make oldcon

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1 unix Unix Kernel (015717B) (025747J) (035712A) (035718K) (035739B) (035757A) (035763E) 1

2 1 Unix Kernel C OS 2 Linux kernel pw 3 level1:linux kernel 3.1 Linux Kernel Linux kernel kernel kernel /usr/src/linux/ Linux 3 make config(make oldconfig) make config 1 1 [y/n].config makeoldconfig make config Skip make menuconfig make menuconfig ncurses 2

3 .config make xconfig X Window System tcl/tk pw 3 make menuconfig root /usr/src/linux [root@pw019 ~]% make xconfig Level3 on save /usr/src/linux/.config [root@pw019 ~]% make dep [root@pw019 ~]% make clean make dep make clian 3

4 make ~]% make bzimage ~]% /sbin/installkernel new arch/i386/boot/bzimagesystem.map make bzimage vmlinux System.map arch/i386/boot/bzimage vmlinux arch/i386/boot/bzimage ( ) vmlinux bzimage bzimage System.map vmlinux symbol symbol c symbol System.map /sbin/installkernel arch/i386/boot/bzimage vmlinux new /boot/ make make [root@pw019 ~]% make modules [root@pw019 ~]% make modules_install [root@pw019 ~]% make install make modules_install /lib/modules/ /etc/ lilo.conf lilo.conf [root@pw019 /etc]%cat lilo.conf prompt timeout=50 default=linux boot=/dev/hda map=/boot/map 4

5 install=menu message=/boot/message image=/boot/vmlinuz vl15 label=linux initrd=/boot/initrd vl15.img read-only root=/dev/hda1 append=" resume2=swap:/dev/hda2" /etc]% cat lilo.conf prompt timeout=50 default=new boot=/dev/hda map=/boot/map install=menu message=/boot/message image=/boot/vmlinuz new label=new read-only root=/dev/hda1 append=" resume2=swap:/dev/hda2" default label image vmlinuz vl15 vmlinux new initrd initrd /etc]% /sbin/lilo -v ~]% reboot 5

6 kernel kernel linux ~]% uname -r vl7 pw Level1 kernel pw Level (Level2 ) kernel Level1 Level 4 level2:open system call OS OS CPU CPU 4.1 make (ld) /usr/lib/libc.so ld 6

7 /* GNU ld script Use the shared librarys but some functions are only in the staticc library. so try that secondarily. */ OUTPUT_FORMAT(elf32-i386) GROUP(/lib/libc.so.6 /usr/lib/libc_nonshared.a ) /lib/libc.so trap Linux int 0x80 /usr/src/linux/init/main.c 369 printk("kernel command line : %\n".saved_command_line); 370 parse_options(command line); 371 trap_init(); 372 init_irq(); 373 sched_init(); 371 trap_init() /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/kernel/traps.c 957 void init trap_init(void) 958 { set_system_gate(syscall_vector,&system_call); SYSCALL_VECTOR 0x trap trap /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/kernel/ entry.s entry.s 222 ENTRY(system_call) 223 push %eax 7

8 224 SAVE_ALL 225 GET_CURRENT(%ebx) 226 testb $0x02.tsk_ptrace(%ebx) 227 jne tracesys 228 cmpl $(NR_syscalls).%eas 229 jae badsys 230 call * SYMBOL_NAME(sys_call_table)(.%eax.4) 231 movl %eax.eax(%esp) 230 call * SYMBOL_NAME(sys_call_table)(.%eax.4) eax 4.4 kernel open /usr/src/linux/fs/open.c /usr/src/linux /fs/ /usr/src/linux/kernel/ 4.5 Level 8

9 5 level3:gdb 5.1 GDB GDB GNU GNU FSF(Free Software Foundation) UNIX UNIX GDB DDD(Data Display Debugger) GDB OS 5.2 GDB OS GDB OS GDB GDB GDB GDB 9

10 2. GDB GDB breakpoint handle_exception GDB GDB GDB set_debug_traps handle_exception Compiling the kernel on the development machine 3 xconfig oldconfig 10

11 grub lilo 7 grub 5.6 lilo grub grub 6 level4: system call 6.1 linux/include/asm(-i386)/unistd.h #define NR_exit 1 #define NR_fork 2... #define NR_( ) ( ) 6.2 linux/arch/i386/kernel/entry.s.data ENTRY(sys_call_table).long SYMBOL_NAME(sys_ni_call) /* 0 */.long SYMBOL_NAME(sys_exit).long SYMBOL_NAME(sys_fork)....long SYMBOL_NAME(sys_( )) 11

12 Linux2.6.XX entry.s linux/arch/i386/kernel/syscall_teble.s.long sys_( ) 6.3 linux/arch/i386/kernel/makefile obj-y := process.o semaphore.o signal.o entry.o traps.o irq.o vm86.o ptrace.o i8259.o ioport.o ldt.o setup.o time.o sys_i386.o pci-dma.o i386_ksyms.o i387.o bluesmoke.o dmi_scan.o ( ).o 6.4 ( ).h linux/include/linux #ifndef LINUX_( )_H #define LINUX_( )_H #include #include #include ( ) #endif _syscallx (X 0 ) X=2 _syscall2(( ),( ),( ),( ),( ),( )); ( ) 12

13 6.5 ( ).c linux/arch/i386/kernel #include asmlinkage ( ) sys_( )( ) { /* */ int sys_arg_triple() arg_triple.h #ifndef LINUX_ARG_TRIPLE_H #define LINUX_ARG_TRIPLE_H #include #include _syscall1(int, arg_triple, int, arg1); #endif arg_triple.c #include asmlinkage int sys_arg_triple(int arg1) { int j = 3; j = j * arg1; return j; syscalltest.c #include #include #include int main() { int i = 3; printf("test arg_triple(%d) = %d?n", i, arg_triple(i)); 13

14 return 0; include 6.6 syscalltest.c ~/info4]% ls syscalltest.c ~/info4]% gcc -o test.out syscalltest.c ~/info4]%./test.out Incorrectly built binary which accesses errno or h_errno directly. Needs to be fixed. test arg_triple(3) = 9 [j03063@pw039 ~/info4]% 6.7 Linux 7 level5: OS 7.1 OS ID ***************** 14

15 test.c ***************** #include #include int sys_test(char* comment) { int pid; pid = current->pid; if(comment) printk("syscall_test: %s pid = %d?n", comment, pid); return 0; level4 7.2 AP ************* test.h ************ #ifndef TEST_H #define TEST_H #include #include #include #ifndef KERNEL syscall1(int, test, char*, comment) #endif #endif AP AP syscall, linux/unistd.h syscallx() (X 0 5 ) syscallx()

16 ****************** test2.c ****************** #include #include int main(int argc, char** argv) { if(argc == 2) test(argv[1]); return 0; 7.4 /var/log/messages [root@pw039 j03012]%./a.out foo [root@pw039 j03012]% tail -1 /var/log/messages Jan 12 20:09:09 pw039 kernel: syscall_test: foo pid = level4 test.c pid = current- pid ID 8 level6: ( ) 8.1 Linux Linux 16

17 Linux 1 mount 8.2 /* */ #include #include #include /* */ MODULE_DESCRIPTION( "Sample null device driver." ); /* */ MODULE_LICENSE( "GPL" ); /* */ static int devmajor = 241; static char* devname = "newnull2"; static char* msg = "module [newnull2.o]"; /* linux/fs.h struct file_operations */ /* */ static struct file_operations newnulldev_fops = { owner : THIS_MODULE, /* */ ; /* 17

18 register_chrdev */ int init_module( void ) { if ( register_chrdev( devmajor, devname, newnulldev_fops ) ) { printk( KERN_INFO "%s : register_chrdev failed\n" ); return -EBUSY; return 0; /* unregister_chrdev */ void cleanup_module( void ) { if ( unregister_chrdev( devmajor, devname ) ) { printk( KERN_INFO "%s : unregister_chrdev failed\n" ); /*... */ printk( KERN_INFO "%s : removed from kernel\n", msg ); 8.3 [j03018@pw022 ~]% gcc -DMODULE -D KERNEL -O -c newnull2.c newnull2.o 18

19 root ~]% mknod /dev/newnull2 c [j03018@pw022 ~]% chmod 0666 /dev/newnull2 mknod newnull newnull.o insmod [j03018@pw022 ~]% /sbin/insmod nuwnull2.o [j03018@pw022 ~]% cat /proc/devices Character devices: 1 mem 2 pty 3 ttyp 4 ttys 5 cua 7 vcs 10 misc 14 sound 128 ptm 136 pts 162 raw 180 usb 226 drm 241 newnull2 Block devices: 19

20 2 fd 3 ide0 22 ide1 241 newnull2 /usr/include/linux/ major.h /proc devices major.h #ifndef _LINUX_MAJOR_H #define _LINUX_MAJOR_H #define MAX_CHRDEV 255 #define MAX_BLKDEV 255 #define UNNAMED_MAJOR 0 #define MEM_MAJOR 1 #define RAMDISK_MAJOR 1 #define FLOPPY_MAJOR 2 #define PTY_MASTER_MAJOR 2 #define IDE0_MAJOR #define MSR_MAJOR 202 #define CPUID_MAJOR 203 #define OSST_MAJOR 206 /* OnStream-SCx0 SCSI tape */ #define IBM_TTY3270_MAJOR 227 /* Official allocations now */ #define IBM_FS3270_MAJOR static inline int ide_blk_major(int m) { return IDE_DISK_MAJOR(m); 20

21 #endif 8.4 newnull2.o: kernel-module version mismatch chardev.o was compiled for kernel version vl7 while this kernel is version vl15. pw Linux pw /usr/src/linux ~]% uname -r vl15 linux Linux Linux pw 21

22 9 9.1 open/close/read/write chardev.c chardev.c /* */ #include /* copy_from_user, copy_to_user */ #include #include /* inode, file, file_operations */ #include /* printk */ #include #include... /* 242 */ static int devmajor = 242;... /* */ /* 32 */ #define MAXBUF 32 static unsigned char devbuf[ MAXBUF ]; static int buf_pos;... /* * open() * 1 open * * open linux/fs.h * struct file_operations open * 0 * linux/errno.h * */ 22

23 static int chardev_open( struct inode* inode, struct file* filp ) { printk( KERN_INFO "%s : open() called\n", msg ); spin_lock( chardev_spin_lock ); if ( access_num ) { spin_unlock( chardev_spin_lock ); return -EBUSY; access_num ++; spin_unlock( chardev_spin_lock ); return 0; /* * release() * * * * close * * */ static int chardev_release( struct inode* inode, struct file* filp ) { printk( KERN_INFO "%s : close() called\n", msg ); spin_lock( chardev_spin_lock ); access_num --; spin_unlock( chardev_spin_lock ); return 0; 23

24 /* * read() * * */ static ssize_t chardev_read( struct file* filp, char* buf, size_t count, loff_t* pos ) { int copy_len; int i; printk( KERN_INFO "%s : read() called\n", msg ); if ( count > buf_pos ) copy_len = buf_pos; else copy_len = count; /*buf devbuf */ /* 0*/ /* */ if ( copy_to_user( buf, devbuf, copy_len ) ) { printk( KERN_INFO "%s : copy_to_user failed\n", msg ); return -EFAULT; /* */ /* */ *pos += copy_len; for ( i = copy_len; i < buf_pos; i ++ ) devbuf[ i - copy_len ] = devbuf[i]; buf_pos -= copy_len; printk( KERN_INFO "%s : buf_pos = %d\n", msg, buf_pos ); 24

25 return copy_len; /* * write() * */ static ssize_t chardev_write( struct file* filp, const char* buf, size_t count, loff_t* pos ) { int copy_len; printk( KERN_INFO "%s : write() called\n", msg ); if ( buf_pos == MAXBUF ) { printk( KERN_INFO "%s : no space left\n", msg ); return -ENOSPC; if ( count > ( MAXBUF - buf_pos ) ) copy_len = MAXBUF - buf_pos; else copy_len = count; /* buf */ /*copy_from_user */ /*devbuf + buf_pos buf */ /* copy_len */ if ( copy_from_user( devbuf + buf_pos, buf, copy_len ) ) { printk( KERN_INFO "%s : copy_from_user failed\n", msg ); return -EFAULT; *pos += copy_len; buf_pos += copy_len; 25

26 printk( KERN_INFO "%s : buf_pos = %d\n", msg, buf_pos ); return copy_len; /* */ /* read write open release 4 4 */ /* */ static struct file_operations chardev_fops = { owner : THIS_MODULE, read : chardev_read, write : chardev_write, open : chardev_open, release : chardev_release, ; /* End of chardev.c */ 9.2 linux/fs.h struct file_operations linux/fs.h 884:struct file_operations { 885- struct module *owner; 886- loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int); 887- ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char *, size_t, loff_t *); 888- ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char *, size_t, loff_t *); 889- int (*readdir) (struct file *, void *, filldir_t); 890- unsigned int (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *); 26

27 891- int (*ioctl) (struct inode *, struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); 892- int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *); 893- int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *); 894- int (*flush) (struct file *); 895- int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *); 896- int (*fsync) (struct file *, struct dentry *, int datasync); 897- int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int); 898- int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); 899- ssize_t (*readv) (struct file *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long, loff_t *); 900- ssize_t (*writev) (struct file *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long, loff_t *); 901- ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int); 902- unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long); 903-; Level6 j03018]% cat /proc/devices Character devices: 1 mem 2 pty 3 ttyp 4 ttys 5 cua 7 vcs 10 misc 14 sound 128 ptm 136 pts 162 raw 180 usb 226 drm 241 newnull2 242 chardev Block devices: 27

28 2 fd 3 ide0 22 ide1 9.3 [root@pw022 ~]% echo HELLO WORLD > /dev/chardev chardev [root@pw022 ~]% cat /dev/chardev HELLO WORLD /dev/chardev Level6 LevelX Linux pw / 28

Linuxデバイスドライバ.PDF

Linuxデバイスドライバ.PDF Linux hidaka@devdrv.com 2002/10/9 Linux Kernel Conference 2002 1 Linux 2 Linux 3 Software Hardware Device Algolith m Protocol Applicati on 4 CPU 128MB NIC ATI Radeon GeForce2 MX400 Matrox G400 DISK 5 OS