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1 (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 8 : (2003) Ecosystem management considering community dynamics, an example of Amami-oshima Island. Ken Ishida, Tadashi Miyashita and Fumio Yamada 1 Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo 2 Laboratory of Wildlife, Forest and Forest Product Research Institute Herpestes javanicus Rattus rattus (Castanopsis sieboldii Hatusima ex Yamazaki et Mashiba) Abstract: We describe the ecosystem management of habitats containing alien species, and discuss related problems in theory and practice. We introduce two examples and a mathematical model, which show that the control of one alien species can cause an increase in another alien, with consequent severe damage to the native species community. On Amami-oshima Island in southwestern Japan, the Japanese government has been controlling an alien Java mongoose (Herpestes javanicus), where a large population of alien black rats (Rattus rattus) also inhabits. We fear that if the rat population is released from predation by the Java mongoose, it will then damage native animal populations. We also suggest that the yearly fluctuation in nut production by Castanopsis sieboldii Hatusima ex Yamazaki et Mashiba has a big impact on community dynamics, including alien species. We also discuss the practice of adaptive management and the role of scientists in forest-ecosystem conservation on Amami-oshima Island. Key Words: Ecosystem management, Multiple alien species, Community ecology, Theory and practice, Amami-oshima Island * Ken Ishida Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo , Japan ishiken@es.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp
2 ecosystem management biodiversity 1990 Christensen et al. 1996; 2003 adaptive Herpestes javanicus 2000; 2003 Rattus rattus , , 2, 1
3 (1) (2) (3) Zavaleta et al keystone predation trophic cascade mesopredator release Soule et al. 1988; Crooks & Soule Capra hircus Sus scrofa Operculina ventricosa Bert. Peter Zavaleta et al Maezono & Miyashita Micropterus salmoides Procambarus clakii Trapa japonica Flerov Coenagrionidae spp. 1 mesopredator release 1
4 1. Maezono & Miyashita Courchamp et al Strigops habroptilus Felis catus Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus, R. exulans Courchamp et al Courchamp et al mesopredator release Yodzis 1998, 2001 Arctocephalus pusillus km
5 1 Garrulus lidthi Zoothera major Scolopax mira Dendrocopos leucotos owstoni Pentalagus furnessidiplothrix legata Babina subaspera Rana ishikawae Rhododendron amamiense Ohwi Calanthe aristulifera Reichb. Fil. var. amamiana Hatus. Heterotropa fudsinoi T. Ito F. Maek.Polystichum obai Tagawa Castanopsis sieboldii Makino Hatushima ex Yamazaki et Mashiba Schefflera octophylla Lour. Harms Styrax japonica Sieb. et Zucc.Schima wallichii DC. Korthals 5 Cyathea lepifera J. Sm. ex Hook. Copel. Rhaphiolepis indica L. Lindl. ex Ker var. umbellata Thunb. ex Murry Ohashi m Myrsine seguinii Lev. Symplocos confusa Brand Pinus ryukuensis Cycas revoluta Thunb Trimeresurus flavoviridis ; Yamada 2002; Yamada et al Crocidura spp Sugimura et al Sugimura et al Erithacus komadori ; ; 4 Corvus corone
6 Sugimura et al. 2000, 2003) ; 2000 (1) (2) (3) 50
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9 Mesopredator release Christensen N. L., Bartuska A. M., Brown J. H., Carpenter S., D Antonio C., Francis R., Franklin J. F., MacMahon J. A., Noss R. F., Parsons D. J., Peterson C. H., Turner M. G., & Woodmansee R. G. (1996) The report of the Ecological Society of America Committee on the Scientific Basis for Ecosystem Management. Ecological Applications 6: Courchamp F., Langlais M. & Sugihara G. (1999) Cats protecting birds: modeling the mesopredator release effect. Journal of Animal Ecology 68: Crooks K. R. & Soule M. E. (1999) Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system. Nature 400: (1998). 50(1): (2003) (Scolopax mira). Strix 21: (2003) : ( ) (2003).. (2000) 11. (2002).. (1997) ( ),pp (2000).. (2003).. Soule M. E., Bolger D. T., Alberts A. C., Wright J., Sorice M., & Hill S. (1988) Reconstructed dynamics of rapid extinctions of chaparral-requiring birds in urban habitat islands. Conservation Biology 2: Sugimura K., Sato S., Yamada F.,Abe S., Hirakawa H. & Handa Y. (2000) Distribution and abundance of the Amami rabbit Pentalagus furnessi in the Amami and Tokuno Islands, Japan. Oryx, 34(3): Sugimura K., Yamada F. & Miyamoto A. (2003) Population
10 trend, habitat change and conservation of the unique wildlife species on the Amami Island, Japan. Groval Environmental Research 7: (2002) Zoothera major 2. Strix 20: (2003), Yamada F. (2002) Impacts and control of introduced small Indian mongoose on Amami Island, Japan. In: Turning The Tide: The Eradication of Invasive Species, (eds. C. R. Veitch,, M. N. Clout), pp Invasive Species Specialist Group of the The World Conservation Union (IUCN) : Yamada F., Sugimura K., Abe S. & Handa Y. (2000) Present status and conservation of the endangered Amami rabbit Pentalagus furnessi. Tropics, 10(1): Yodzis, P. (1998) Local trophodynamics and the interaction of marine mammals and fisheries in the Benguela ecosystem. Journal of Animal Ecology 67: Yodzis, P. (2001) Must top predators be culled for the sake of fisheries? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16: Zavaleta E. S., Hobbs R. J. & Mooney H. A. (2001) Viewing invasive species removal in a whole-ecosystem context. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16:
840 Geographical Review of Japan 73A-12 835-854 2000 The Mechanism of Household Reproduction in the Fishing Community on Oro Island Masakazu YAMAUCHI (Graduate Student, Tokyo University) This
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