第１章 シンガポールにおける環境問題の現状と環境保全施策の概要
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- ゆりか とくやす
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4 The Republic of Singapore 42km 23km km km 2 670km km PAP: People's Action Party FTA FTA FTA FTA FTA
5 ,000 GDP , GDP 3 7, EDB: Economic Development Board GDP GDP
6 GDP EDB RHQ: Regional Headquarters RHQ OHQ: Operational Headquarters Business Headquarters Manufacturing Headquarters EDB ,300 1,059 6
7 2 EU , EU 3 FTA , AV JTC 90 JETRO
8 IMD 1 EIU: Economist Intelligence Unit Country Forecast
9 9
10 ENV: Ministry of the Environment NEA: National Environment Agency Prevention Enforcement Monitoring 3 30 The Singapore Green Plan
11 Water Catchment Area Non Water Catchment Area Coastal Waters DO BOD TSS BOD 10mg/liter 2001 BOD DO TSS ,800km 4 8,900 m Deep Tunnel Sewerage System NEA PCD: Pollution Control Department ph
12 SO 2 NO 2 PM10 USEPA 80 g/m 3 SO 2 22 g/m 3 PM10 50 g/m 3 29 g/m g/m 3 PSI: Pollutant Standards Index Good 1 EU COE: Certificate of Entitlement NEA , , , Tuas South 4 91 Lorong Halus 2 Plau 12
13 Semakau NEA ,500 13
14
15 15
16 30 3 MND: Ministry of National Development 1950 JTC: Jurong Town Corporation HDB: Housing and Development Board NEA: National Environment Agency 16
17 The Singapore Green Plan BOD 4,000mg/liter TSS ISO
18 NEA ENV: Ministry of the Environment 30 ENV ENV NEA: National Environment Agency NEA ENV NEA ENV Environmental Policy and Management Division Ministry of Transport NEA ENV ENV NEA ENV ENV NEA NEA NEA Environmental Protection Division Environmental Public Health Division 7 NEA 3,000 PCD PCD: Pollution Control Department 130 PCD 1986 ENV NEA PCD PCD Inspectorate Unit Central Building Plan Unit 18
19 Engineering Service Department Tuas South Plau Semakau NEA PCD NEA N E A ENV CEO Internal Audit Public Health Division Environmental Protection Division Meteorological Service Division Singapore Environment Institute Corporate Services Division Human Resource Division Environmental Protection Division Strategic Planning & Research Department Pollution Control Department Resource Conservation Department Engineering Services Department Central Building Plan Unit Inspectorate Unit Administration & Finance 19
20 JTC EDB: Economic Development Board NEA JTC HDB MND: Ministry of National Development URA: Urban Redevelopment Authority ENV PUB: Public Utilities Board Ministry of Manpower MTI: Ministry of Trade and Industry SPRING: Standards, Productivity and Innovation Board PCD NEA EPCA Order Notification Act Regulations 2 EPCA: Environmental Pollution Control Act EPHA: Environmental Public Health Act Regulations EPCA Sewerage and Drainage Act Sewerage and Drainage <Trade Effluent> Regulations EPHA Environmental Public Health <Toxic Industrial Waste> Regulations WHO USEPA 20
21 1 3 1 Environmental Pollution Control Act (Chapter 94A) (Revised Edition 2000) Rg 4 Environmental Pollution Control (Hazardous Substances) Regulations Rg 5 Environmental Pollution Control (Trade Effluent) Regulations Rg 8 Environmental Pollution Control (Air Impurities) Regulations Environmental Public Health Act (Chapter 95) (Revised Edition 1999) Rg 11 Environmental Public Health (Toxic Industrial Waste) Regulations Sewerage and Drainage Act (Chapter 294) (Revised Edition 2001) Rg 5 Sewerage and Drainage (Trade Effluent) Regulations EPCA EPCA Clean Air Act Water Pollution Control and Drainage Act Poison Act EPCA Environmental Pollution Control <Air Impurities> Regulations Environmental Pollution Control <Trade Effluent> Regulations Environmental Pollution Control <Hazardous Substances> Regulations Environmental Pollution Control <Boundary Noise Limits for Factory Premises> Regulations 9 EPCA Scheduled Premises 14 NEA EPCA 1 Code of Practice on Pollution 21
22 Control EPCA Environmental Pollution Control <Trade Effluent> Regulations EPCA Sewerage and Drainage Act Sewerage and Drainage <Trade Effluent> Regulations EPHA Environmental Public Health <Toxic Industrial Waste> Regulations EPCA EPHA ENV PCD EPHA 2001 Code of Practice on Pollution Control Code of Practice Code of Practice on Pollution Control Code of Practice on Pollution Control EPCA ph Code of Practice on Pollution Control Code of Practice 22
23 on Pollution Control JTC JTC JTC NEA PCD PCD PCD PCD PCD PCD PCD PCD PCD PCD JTC HDB URA PCD 2 Pollution Control Study Quantitative Risk Assessment Study 23
24 EPCA Scheduled Premises NEA NEA 24
25 25
26 NEWater ,800km 4 8,900 m Deep Tunnel Sewerage System Water Catchment Area DO BOD TSS 2 EPCA: Environmental Pollution Control Act Environmental Pollution Control <Trade Effluent> Regulations Sewerage and Drainage Act Sewerage and Drainage <Trade Effluent> Regulation 2 26
27 Watercourse Controlled Watercourse 2 Watercourse Controlled Watercourse Sewerage and Drainage <Trade Effluent> Regulation PCD NEA PCD ph ph 36 ph PCD Environmental Pollution Control <Trade Effluent> Regulation EPCA Environmental Pollution Control <Trade Effluent> Regulation Sewerage and Drainage Act Sewerage and Drainage <Trade Effluent> Regulation 3 1 Controlled Watercourse 36 Watercourse 35 Public Sewer 31 27
28 ) mg/liter No Controlled Public Sewer Watercourse Watercourse / / / 1 Temperature/ Colour/ Lovibond Units 3 ph Value/pH ( ) ( ) 4 BOD5 (20 ) / ( :120) 5 COD/ Cr method/ ( ) ( :120) 6 Total Suspended Solids / ( :150) 7 Total Dissolved Solids 3,000 2,000 1,000 - / 8 Chloride (as chloride ion) 1, / 9 Sulphate (as SO4) 1, / 10 Sulphide (as sulphur) / 11 Cyanide (as CN) / 12 Detergents (linear alkylate sulphonate as methylene blue active substances) / 13 Grease & Oil/ Grease & Oil (Hydrocarbon) / Grease & Oil (Non-hydrocarbon) / 14 Arsenic/ Barium/ Tin/ Iron (as Fe)/ Beryllium/
29 19 Boron/ ( ) 230( ) 20 Manganese/ Phenolic Compounds Nil. 5 (expressed as phenol) / 22 *Cadmium/ *Chromium ( & ) / (6 3 ) Total *Copper/ *Lead/ *Mercury/ *Nickel/ *Selenium/ *Silver/ *Zinc/ * Metals in total /* Chlorine Free / Phosphates (as PO4) / (as P) 34 Calcium (as Ca)/ Magnesium (as Mg) / Nitrate (as NO3)/ ) 1) Environmental Pollution Control (Trade Effluent) Regulations, 2001 Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, USA 2) 3) 4) ( NH3-N NO2-N + NO3-N ) 100 mg/liter ph PCD PCD ph 6 9 ph ph PCD ph ph ph PCD PCD ph PCD 29
30 3,000mg/liter 3,000mg/liter NaCl 2 SO 4 3 5,000 mg/liter PCD NEA 1,000mg/liter BOD TSS Trade Effluent Tariff mg/liter BOD /m 3 TSS mg/liter 3,801 4, BOD 400mg/liter 600mg /liter m ,000mg/liter 4,000mg/liter BOD 200mg/liter BOD 5 TOD BOD NEA TSS COD 100mg/liter 30
31 160mg/liter COD Mn COD Cr mg/liter 400mg/liter 100 mg/liter 4 1 COD * 1mg/liter 1mg/liter ph BAT: Best Available Technology 120mg/liter 10mg/liter 1mg/liter 31
32
33 33
34 SO 2 NO X O 3 PM10 WHO USEPA PSI: Pollutant Standards Index EPCA: Environmental Pollution Control Act Environmental Pollution Control <Air Impurities> Regulation 23 EPCA 1978 Clean Air <Standards> Regulation EPCA ,300kg/ Smoke density meter NEA PCD ENV ,
35 0.05 EPCA Scheduled Premises NEA EU EU Directive 96/69/EC COE: Certificate of Entitlement 1990 COE ERP Electronic Road Pricing ERP Environmental Pollution Control <Prohibition on the Use of Open Fires> Order NEA SPRD: Strategic Planning and Research Department EPCA Environmental Pollution Control <Air Impurities> Regulation 35
36 2000 Clean Air <Standards> Regulation mg/Nm ,500mg/Nm 3 CO 625mg/Nm 3 CO ng TEQ/Nm ng/Nm 3 0.1ng TEQ/Nm 3 NO X 700mg/Nm 3 ( 330 ppm) mg/Nm 3 100mg/Nm 3 100mg/Nm 3 200mg/Nm 3 200mg/Nm 3 Smoke density meter 2,300kg/ No
37 SO 3 100mg/Nm 3 SO mg/Nm ) 2) (a) Ammonia and Any trade, industry or 76mg/Nm 3 - ammonium compounds/ process/ (b) Antimony and its Any trade, industry or 5mg/Nm 3 - compounds/ process/ (c) Arsenic and its compounds/ Any trade, industry or process/ (d) Benzene/ Any trade, industry or process/ 1mg/Nm 3 5mg/Nm ,500 mg/nm 3 3) (e) Cadmium and its Any trade, industry or 3mg/Nm 3 1.0mg/Nm 3 compounds/ process/ (f) Carbon monoxide/ (g) Chlorine / (h) Copper and its compounds/ (i) Dioxins and furans/ Any trade, industry, process or fuel burning equipment/ Any trade, industry or process/ Any trade, industry or process/ 625mg/Nm 3-32mg/Nm 3 30mg/Nm 3 5mg/Nm 3 Any waste incinerator (i) 1.0ng TEQ/Nm ng / TEQ/Nm 3 3) (ii) 0.1ng TEQ/Nm (j) Ethylene oxide/ Any trade, industry or process/ (k) Fluorine, hydrofluoric Any trade, industry or acid or inorganic fluorine process/ compounds/ (l) Formaldehyde/ Any trade, industry or process/ (m) Hydrogen chloride/ Any trade, industry or process/ 5mg/Nm 3-50mg/Nm mg/nm 3 3) 20mg/Nm 3-200mg/Nm 3 80, 700 mg/nm 3 3)
38 (n) Hydrogen sulphide/ (o) Lead and its compounds / (p) Mercury and its compounds/ (q) Oxides of nitrogen / (r) Particulate substances including smoke, soot, dust, ash, fly-ash, cinders, cement, lime, alumina, grit and other solid particles of any kind/ Any trade, industry or process/ 7.6mg/Nm 3 - Any trade, industry or 5mg/Nm process/ mg/nm 3 3) Any trade, industry or 3mg/Nm 3 - process/ Any trade, industry, process or fuel burning equipment/ Any trade, industry, process, fuel burning equipment or industrial plant (except for any cold blast foundry cupolas) 700mg/Nm mg/nm 3 3) (i) 100mg/Nm (ii) mg/nm 3 3) 100mg/Nm 3 / 200mg/Nm 3 (iii) No.1 5 (s) Styrene monomer/ Any trade, industry or 100mg/Nm 3 - process/ (t) Sulphur dioxide (non-combustion sources)/ Any trade, industry or process/ 500mg/Nm 3 (u) Sulphur trioxide and The manufacture of 500mg/Nm 3 - other acid gases/ sulphuric acid/ (v) Sulphur trioxide or Any trade, industry or 100mg/Nm 3 sulphuric acid mist/ process, other than K value any combustion regulation process and any plant involving the manufacture of sulphuric acid/ Fuel concentration regulation Total emission regulation (w) Vinyl chloride monomer Any trade, industry or 20mg/Nm 3 - / process/ 1) The Environmental Pollution Control (Air Impurities) Regulations Code of Practice on Pollution Control (2000 Edition) (with amendments in Feb 2001 and Jun 2002) 2) 3) depending upon type and scale of a facility/ 4) q = K x 10-3He2 q : permitted SO2 Nm 3 /hr K-value ( = 1.17 at Tokyo area) He: correct height of outlet (m) He2 = Ho (Hm + Ht) Ho: height of outlet (m) Hm = (0.795(Q V)1/2/(1+2.58/V) : volume of exhaust gases at 288 k (m 3 /sec) Ht = 2.01 x 10-3 Q (T-288) (2.30logJ+1/J-1) V: velocity of exhaust gases m/sec J = 1/(Q/V)1/2 ( x V/(T-288))+1 T: temperature of exhaust gases (k) 38
39 39
40 1 EPHA: Environmental Public Health Act Environmental Public Health <Toxic Industrial Waste> Regulation MOH: Ministry of Health NEA PCD Ni/Cd 40
41 PCB PCB PCB PVC PVC , Plau Semakau ph Testing Method 1331 PCD PCB EPCA: Environmental Pollution Control Act Environmental Pollution Control <Hazardous Substances> Regulation 41
42 t/ t/ / 2,200 2,700 2, , Plau Semakau PCD 42
43 60t/ 24 4,000kcal/kg ng/Nm PCD S$ /t S$ /t PCD ph S$ /t Plau Semakau 5mg/liter 0.3mg/liter S$ /t 43
44 IPA PCB 1 2,500S 5,000S 35 PCD JTC NSTB: National Science & Technology Board 44
45 45
46 NEA PCD EPCA: Environmental Pollution Control Act Environmental Pollution Control <Boundary Noise Limits for Factory Premises> Regulations (A) 5 65 (A) 5 75 (A) 2 2 PCD 46
47 1 7 1 dba 7am 7 pm 7 pm 11pm 11 pm 7 am (+) am 7 pm 7 pm 11pm 11 pm 7 am (+) EPCA Code of Practice on Pollution Control Code of Practice on Pollution Control a) b) PCD c) ASTM E ASTM E
48 ASTM E e1 PCD d) 4 PCD a b c d e f g h i EPHA: Environmental Public Health Act Environmental Public Health <Cooling Towers and Water Fountains> Regulation
49 Poison Act British Standard Standard Plate Count 3 Legionella bacteria count NEA Quarantine and Epidemiology Department Sodium Hypochlorite 1 mg/liter cfu/milliliter > 100, PCD SAC: Singapore Accreditation Council SINGLAS: Singapore Laboratory Accreditation Scheme 49
50 ISO/IEC SAC-SINGLAS APLAC: Asian-Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation PSB Corporation Pte Ltd, Chemical and Material Test Centre 1 Science Park Drive, Singapore Tel: Fax: Health Science Authority - Environmental Laboratory, Center for Analytical Science 11 Outram Road, Singapore Tel: Fax: M/s ALS Technichem (S) Pte Ltd 14 Little Road, #07-01 & #08-01, Tropical Industrial Building, Singapore Tel: Fax: M/s Analytical Laboratories (S) Pte Ltd 134 Genting Lane, Singapore Tel: Fax: M/s Chemical Laboratory (S) Pte Ltd 520 Balestier Road, #06-01 Leong On Building, Singapore Tel: Fax: M/s Chemitreat Pte Ltd 28 Tuas Avenue 8, Singapore Tel: Fax: Intertek Testing Services (S) Pte Ltd (Caleb Brett Division) 59 Penjuru Road, GATX Terminals, Singapore Tel: Fax: Setsco Services Pte Ltd 18 Teban Gardens Crescent, Singapore Tel: Fax: SGS Testing & Control Services Singapore Pte Ltd 26 Ayer Rajah Crescent, #03-07, Singapore Tel: Fax: Singapore Test Services Pte Ltd 249 Jalan Boon Lay, Singapore Tel: Fax:
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