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1 Original Article PAIN RESEARCH 28 (2013) 1 8 Spinal cord injury pain syndrome in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy Shoji Yabuki, Shin-ichi Kikuchi, and Shin-ichi Konno Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine Abstract Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a disease showing various symptoms such as numbness of upper and lower extremities, disturbed fine motor skills, and gait disturbance due to spinal cord compression. CSM causes high degree of ADL (activities of daily living) disturbance due to these symptoms. Some patients show allodynia or hyperalgesia in upper and lower extremities. However, neuropathic pain in patients with CSM has not been paid attention as much as pain following spinal cord injury. The purpose of the current study was to determine the incidence of severe allodynia or hyperalgesia in upper and lower extremities in patients with CSM, and to clarify the characteristics of these patients. This study was approved by our IRB. A questionnaire was sent to 317 patients with CSM who were surgically treated in our hospital during the past 20 years. Data from 139 cases were available for analysis. Subjects were divided into two groups: Severe Pain group (NRS (numerical rating scale) of allodynia or hyper algesia in upper and lower extremities was 5 and more than 5) and Light Pain group (NRS was less than 5). Age, gender, QOL (EQ 5D and SF 36), JOACMEQ (myelopathy evaluation questionnaire), McGill Pain Score, and the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory were compared between these two groups. Non parametric tests were used for statistical analysis. There were 57 cases (41%) in the Severe Pain group and 82 cases (59%) in the Light Pain group. There were no differences in age and gender between two groups. However, the EQ 5D was ± in the Severe Pain group and ± in the Light Pain group (p<0.001). On the SF 36, all 8 items showed lower scores in the Severe Pain group compared to the Light Pain group (p< ). On the JOACMEQ, all 5 items showed worse scores in the Severe Pain group compared to the Light Pain group (p< ). The McGill Pain Score was 8.10 ± 7.79 in the Severe Pain group and 2.47 ± 5.23 in the Light Pain group (p<0.001). The total score of the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory was ± in the Severe Pain group and 8.03 ± in the Light Pain group (p<0.001). There were 41% of patients showing severe allodynia or hyperalgesia in upper and lower extremities in CSM. These patients showed lower QOL and severe myelopa- 1

2 S. Yabuki et al. thy. We should pay attention to allodynia or hyperalgesia in upper and lower extremities in patients with CSM. Keywords Cervical spondylotic myelopathy; Neuropathic pain; Spinal cord compression; QOL Received: 8 November 2012 Accepted: 26 December 2012 頚椎症性脊髄症における脊髄障害性疼痛症候群 矢吹省司 / 菊地臣一 / 紺野愼一 福島県立医科大学医学部整形外科 はじめに頚椎症性脊髄症 (CSM) は, 退行性変化を基盤とした頚椎症性変化 ( 椎間板膨隆, 骨棘形成, 黄色靱帯肥厚など ) によって脊髄が圧迫され, 四肢のしびれ, 手指の巧緻運動障害, 歩行障害など様々な症状が惹起される疾患である 37) これらの症状により, 日常生活活動 (ADL) が障害される CSM の中に四肢, 特に上肢のアロディニアや痛覚過敏を訴える症例が存在する 脊髄損傷後の慢性疼痛に関する報告は数多く存在するが 6,14,16,18,22,29,36), 脊髄損傷以外の脊髄障害に起因する疼痛に関する研究は少ない 34) 脊髄障害性疼痛症候群とは, 脊髄障害に起因して引き起こされる難治性の疼痛症候群 と定義され, 通常痛みを起こさない触覚刺激が痛みを引き起こすアロディニアや障害脊髄高位以下の締め付けつけられるような自発痛など様々な痛みを生じると報告されている 34) まだメカニズムや治療法が明らかになっていないため, 厚労省の研究班による研究が行われている 本 研究の目的は,CSM における脊髄障害性疼痛症候群の頻度とその特徴を明らかにすることである 対象と方法本研究は, 当大学の倫理委員会の承認 (No. 1015) を得て行われた 対象は, 平成元年から平成 20 年にかけて, 当院において CSM の診断の元, 手術が施行された症例,317 例である 対象者全員に質問票の送付を行った 質問票の内容は, 脊髄障害性疼痛症候群に関するアンケート ( 外傷の有無を尋ねる質問を含む ), 選好に基づく QOL 尺度である EQ 5D 7,20), 包括的 QOL 尺度である MOS Short Form 36 Item Health Survey (SF 36) 9,35), 日本整形外科学会頚部脊髄症質問票 ( Japanese Orthopaedic Association cervical myelopathy evaluation questionnaire; JOACMEQ) 10,11,12,13), 神経障害性疼痛重症度 2

3 Spinal cord injury pain syndrome in cervical myelopathy Table 1 Comparison between the Severe Pain group and the Control (Light Pain) group Severe group Control (Light) group p-value Incidence of trauma cases(41%) cases(17%) p=0.004 EQ 5D ± ± p<0.001 SF 36 PF: physical functioning ± ± p=0.001 RP: role physical ± ± p<0.001 BP: bodily pain ± ± p<0.001 GH: general health ± ± p<0.001 VT: vitality ± ± p<0.001 SF: social functioning ± ± p<0.001 RE: role emotional ± ± p=0.003 MH: mental health ± ± p=0.003 JOACMEQ Cervical spine function ± ± p=0.016 Upper extremity function ± ± p<0.001 Lower extremity function ± ± p<0.001 Bladder function ± ± p=0.003 Quality of life ± ± p<0.001 Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory ± ± p<0.001 McGill Pain Score 8.10 ± ± p<0.001 評価ツール日本語版 2,31), および McGill Pain Questionnaire 1,24) である EQ 5D は, 移動の程度, 身の回りの管理, 普段の活動, 痛み / 不快感, そして不安 / ふさぎ込み, の 5 つの質問からなり, その特徴は, 0 点から 1 点までの効用値に換算できる点にある 20) SF 36 は,36 ヶの質問があり, 疾患や 病態を問わず, 身体的 QOL, 精神的 QOL を包括的に評価可能な QOL 尺度である JOACMEQ とは,24 ヶの質問からなり, 頚椎機能, 上肢機能, 下肢機能, 膀胱機能, そして QOL を評価できる質問票である 神経障害性疼痛重症度評価ツールは,12 ヶの質問からなり, 自発痛, 発作痛, 誘発痛, 異常感覚 知覚 3

4 S. Yabuki et al. 障害について, 個別にまたは総計として重症度を評価できる McGill Pain Questionnaire は, 15 ヶの質問からなり, 痛みの質と重症度を評価できる 統計学的検討には,χ 2 乗検定と Mann Whitney 検定を用い, 危険率 5% 未満を有意差ありと判定した SF 36 SF 36 は, 全ての下位尺度で脊髄障害性疼痛症候群の値は明らかに低値だった (p< ) すなわち,SF 36 でみた脊髄障害性疼痛症候群の QOL は, 身体的にも精神的にも低い JOACMEQ 結果 139 名 (44%) から有効回答を得た 脊髄障害性疼痛症候群に関する質問票で 手足がじっとしていてもビリビリと痛い または 手足が触られただけで痛い の項目に対し numerical rating scale(nrs) が 5 以上と回答した群を脊髄障害性疼痛症候群とした 脊髄障害性疼痛症候群に該当した症例は 57 名 (41%), 男性 37 名 ( 平均年齢 70 ± 13 歳 ), 女性 20 名 ( 平均年齢 74 ± 12 歳 ) であった NRS4 以下の群は 82 名, 男性 62 名 ( 平均年齢 67 ± 13 歳 ), 女性 20 名 ( 平均年齢 72 ± 13 歳 ) であった NRS4 以下の群を対照群として, 脊髄障害性疼痛症候群と比較検討した (Table 1) 外傷の有無症状の発現や増悪に転倒や転落といった外傷が関与していると回答した頻度は, 脊髄障害性疼痛症候群で有意に高かった (p<0.005) JOACMEQ では, 頚椎機能 (p<0.05), 上肢機能 (p<0.001), 下肢機能 (p<0.001), 膀胱機能 (p<0.005), そして QOL(p<0.001) の全ての項目において, 脊髄障害性疼痛症候群では明らかに低値を示した すなわち, 脊髄障害性疼痛症候群の頚髄機能は対照群に比して劣っている 神経障害性疼痛重症度評価ツール神経障害性疼痛重症度は, 総計のみを示すが, 脊髄障害性疼痛症候群では明らかに高値を示した (p<0.001) すなわち脊髄障害性疼痛症候群では, 神経障害性疼痛としての重症度は, 対照群より明らかに重症である McGill Pain Questionnaire McGill Pain Questionnaire でも, 脊髄障害性疼痛症候群では明らかに高値を示した (p<0.001) すなわち, 脊髄障害性疼痛症候群の痛みの程度は, 対照群より明らかに強い EQ 5D 考 察 EQ 5D 効用値は, 脊髄障害性疼痛症候群で明らかに低かった (p<0.001) すなわち,EQ 5D でみた脊髄障害性疼痛症候群の QOL は低い 本研究の結果から,CSM の中にも脊髄障害性疼痛症候群に該当する症例が 41% 存在することが明らかになった この群は, 明らかに 4

5 Spinal cord injury pain syndrome in cervical myelopathy Fig.1 Kinematic MRI of a patient with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. a:flexed posture b: extended posture Degree of the spinal cord compression increases in the extended posture (b) compared with the flexed posture (a). Spinal cord was compressed by the inter vertebral disc and the ligamentum flavum (arrow). QOL が障害され, 頚髄機能は悪いという特徴を有していた 痛みの程度や質を神経障害性重症度評価ツールと McGill Pain Questionnaire でみると, 脊髄障害性疼痛症候群ではともに高値 ( 重症 ) であった そして, 脊髄障害性疼痛症候群では外傷が関与している症例の頻度が明らかに高かった 脊髄損傷後の慢性疼痛発生頻度に関しては, 57% 86% と報告されている 6,14,29,30) 一方, 脊髄損傷以外の脊髄障害性疼痛症候群に関しての報告は少ない 竹下らは, 圧迫性頚髄症 (CSM と後縦靱帯骨化症 ) において NRS5 以上の上肢しびれが 41% にみられたと報告している 32) この頻度はわれわれの結果と同じであ り, 脊髄損傷後慢性疼痛の発生頻度と比較すると少ないが, 頚髄圧迫によって生じる脊髄障害性疼痛症候群は 40% 程度の割合で存在していると思われる 脊髄損傷後慢性疼痛とは病態が異なっている可能性のある脊髄障害性疼痛症候群の病態について考察する 外傷が関与していて, 頚髄機能が悪いという今回の結果からは, 外傷により何らかの不可逆性変化が脊髄内に惹起され, これが脊髄機能を悪化させている可能性がある CSM の発症には, 静的因子 ( 脊柱管狭窄 ) だけでなく, 動的な因子が重要であると言われている 21,25,28,33) 動きに伴う脊髄圧迫は, 繰り返される小外傷と考えることができる (Fig.1) こ 5

6 S. Yabuki et al. の小外傷が比較的大きかった場合に, 慢性的な循環障害も加わり 19) 脊髄機能障害が惹起され, 脊髄障害性疼痛症候群を招くと思われる 脊髄損傷後の慢性疼痛に関しては, 痛みと神経学的な損傷程度との関連がないこと 30), 様々なタイプの痛み ( 侵害受容性疼痛や神経障害性疼痛 ) が生じる可能性があること 8) が報告されている 一般に, 脊髄損傷後の脊髄障害性疼痛は, 脊髄後角ニューロンの興奮性の亢進によって生じると考えられる この興奮性亢進には, 一次求心性ニューロンの興奮性亢進 4), 脊髄後角の二次ニューロンの興奮性亢進 15,17), シナプス回路の再編成 3), グリア細胞の活性化 5), 内因性制御システムの機能不全 23) などが関与している さらに, 細胞内の生化学的変化 27) も関与していると考えられ, そのメカニズムは複雑であり, 脊髄損傷後の慢性疼痛発生の詳細なメカニズムに関しては不明な点が多い 36) 脊髄損傷後慢性疼痛の発症メカニズムに関する研究結果を, そのまま今回の脊髄障害性疼痛症候群に当てはめて考えることはできないかもしれない しかし, 外傷が関与している頻度が高いという今回の結果からは, 類似したメカニズムを考えてよいと思われた CSM の治療では, 手指の巧緻運動障害や歩行障害にのみ注意が払われてきた 日本整形外科学会頚髄症治療成績判定基準 (JOA スコア ) でも, 上下肢に耐えがたい程の痛みやしびれを感じていても,17 点満点中 3 点減少するのみであったことからも理解できる 26) 今回の結果からは, 重度の四肢のアロディニアや痛覚過敏を有する症例の脊髄機能が悪いこと,QOL が明らかに低下していることが判明した 我々は, 四肢のアロディニアや痛覚過敏にも注意を払い, 正しくこれらの症状を評価し, これらの症状が出現する前に適切な治療を行う必要があ ると思われる 脊髄障害性疼痛症候群の痛みは, 神経障害性疼痛重症度評価ツールと McGill Pain Questionnaire でともに重症であった この結果は, 脊髄障害性疼痛症候群の痛みは, 神経障害性疼痛の範疇に入り, 客観的にも痛みの程度は重症で,QOL を障害することを示している CSM における脊髄障害性疼痛症候群に対する有効な治療法の開発が求められる 今回の研究には, 後向き研究である点, 一時点の横断研究である点, 手術という侵襲が加えられた後の症例が対象である点, 画像所見との対比が行われていない点, 治療による変化が反映されていない点などの限界がある 今後, 前向きな研究により明らかにしていく必要がある しかし, 今回の研究で明らかになった CSM において四肢のアロディニアや痛覚過敏に注意を払うことの重要性については変わらないと考える 結 語 頚椎症性脊髄症の中にも脊髄障害性疼痛症候群に該当する症例が 41% 存在する この群は, 明らかに QOL が障害され, 頚髄機能は悪く, 神経障害性疼痛の程度が重症である 文献 1) 青山宏, 山口真人, 熊野宏昭, 山内祐一, 田口文人, SF MPQ からみた慢性疼痛の鑑別診断, 慢性疼痛, 17(1998)

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8 S. Yabuki et al. ンドブック, 医学書院, 東京, 2001, pp ) 片岡治, 栗原章 円尾宗司, 頚椎症性脊髄症におけるdynamic canal stenosis について, 臨整外, 10(1975) ) 松浦佑介, 大鳥精司, 國吉一樹, 高橋和久, 脊髄損傷後の神経障害性疼痛基礎的知見より, ペインクリニック, 33(2012) )Meisner, J.G., Marsh, A.D., Marsh, D.R., Loss of GABAergic interneurons in lamina I III of the spinal cord dorsal horn contributes to reduced GABAergic tone and neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury, J. Neurotrauma, 27(2010) )Melzack, R., The short form McGill Pain Questionnaire, Pain, 30(1987) )Murone, I., The importance of the sagittal diameters of the cervical spinal canal in relation to spondylosis and myelopathy, J. Bone Joint Surg. Br., 56(1974) ) 日本整形外科学会頚髄症治療成績判定基準, 日整会誌, 68(1994) )Pabbidi, R.M., Cao, D.S., Parihar, A., Pauza, M.E., Premkumar, L.S., Direct role of streptozotocin in inducing thermal hyperalgesia by enhanced expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 in sensory neurons, Mol. Pharmacol., 73(2008) )Penning, L., Some aspects of plain radiography of the cervical spine in chronic myelopathy, Neurology, 12(1962) )Siddall, P.J., Loeser, J.D., Pain following spinal cord injury, Spinal Cord, 39(2001) )Siddall, P., McClelland, J.M., Rutkowski, S.B., Cousins, M.J., A lomgitudinal study of the prevalence and characteristics of pain in the first 5 years following spinal cord injury, Pain, 103(2003) ) 住谷昌彦, 山田芳嗣, 痛みのマネジメント, エルゼビア ジャパン, 東京, 2010, pp ) 竹下克志, 藤原奈佳子, 星地亜都司, 横山徹, 徳橋泰明, 遠藤健司, 加藤圭彦, 田口敏彦, 市村正一, 里見和彦, 平野徹, 伊藤拓緯, 三上靖夫, 坂浦博伸, 松本守雄, 中原進之介, 松本嘉寛, 清水克時, 岡山忠樹, 川口善治, 本家哲郎, 馬場久敏, 井尻幸成, 椎名逸雄, 戸山芳昭, 中村耕三, 四肢のしびれ感 圧迫性頚髄症の痛みとしびれ, 臨整外, 45(2010) )Taylor, A.R., Mechanism and treatment of spinal cord disorders associated with cervical spondylosis, Lancet, 1(1953) ) 内田研造, 中嶋秀明, 渡邉修司, 馬場久敏, 牛田享宏, 脊髄障害性疼痛, 整形外科, 63(2012) )Ware, J., Sherbourne, C., The MOS 36 item short form health survey(sf 36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection, Med. Care, 30 (1992) )Westermann, A., Krumova, E.K., Pennwkamp, W., Horch, C., Baron, R., Maier, C., Different underlying pain mechanisms despite identical pain characteristics: A case report of a patient with spinal cord injury, Pain, 153(2012) ) 矢吹省司, 頚椎症性脊髄症. 菊地臣一 ( 編 ), 頚椎の外来, メジカルビュー社, 東京, 1998, pp Address for correspondence: Shoji Yabuki Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine 1 Hikariga-Oka, Fukushima City , Japan Tel: / Fax: E mail: yabuki@fmu.ac.jp 8

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