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1 É Part I 1 1 (content) (right of way) { 2 (19 20 ) 3 ( ) ( ) (P ) (C (B ) 4 É ( ) hideaki@orion.mt.tama.hosei.ac.jp 1 2, (, 1994),, (, 1999),, { (, 1993). 3 (, 1998). 4, Vol.50.p

2 (layer) ( 1) ( 2) (1) (2) (3) (4) 2 1 (author) (editor) (transmitter) (channel holder) (terminal) (user) (transmission path) (copyright) (derivative right) (editorial control) (patent / trade secret) (license) (right of way) (administrative power) (copyright / patent) 2

3 (power) 1 ( ) ( ) (control of information) (control of channel) 1 (message) (media) (right of way) ( 2) (resource) 1 ( ) (restructuring) ( 2) 3 (P ) (C ) (B ) (D (conduit) (content) 1 3

4 (layer) D D P 5 D D D 6 D 7 1 P ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) C B ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 CD ( ) ( ) ( ) D ( ) (1) (2) ( ) (3) ( ) (4) ( ) (5) (6) 5, p /C 4

5 (5) (6) 4 8 ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) (right of way / wave band) 9 (right-of-way law) 10 8 ( ) ( ) 9 ( ) 10, p

6 (sunk cost) 11 5 ( ) (general transmission law) (1) (2) (authors' right) (copyright) (information content law) (transmission path law) 11 /C.3 6

7 Part II A ( ) 15 (incunabula) (rubrication) (illumination) (binding) 12 (Johannes Gutenberg) (Aldus Manutius) ( ) 13 ( ) (textwriter) 12, (, 1997), pp. 89{91,. Bruno Blasselle, (, 1999), pp , Blasselle. 13, pp. 25{27, Blasselle, pp. 73{ (, 1998), pp. 367{375,. 7

8 (writers of court-hand / writers of text-hand) (illuminators) (book-binders) (stationers) (hawkers) 15 ( ) 15 (stationers) (printers) (stationers' company) ( ) (stationers' company) (right of way) (administrative power) ( ) (stock) ( ) ( ) 17 (copyright) (Thomas Alva Edison) (Emile Berliner) ( ) B ( ) 12 15, pp. 25{ A. S. Collins, (, 1994), pp. 143{158,., pp. 143{ , pp. 29{97. 18, pp. 143{146, 357{367. 8

9 ( ) ( ) (Rowland Hill) (Interstate Commerce Commission ICC ) (P. L. B. Schilling) 1837 (Samuel Finley Bresse Morse) 1845 (Guglielmo Marconi) ( ) (right of way / wayleave ) , pp. 71{97. 20, (, 1994), p (The Post Roads Act of July 24, 1866) (The Act of Congress, August 7, 1888) 1887,p.50. 9

10 3 ( ) = % B.1 ( patent / letter patent ) (Alexander Graham Bell) 1875 (Bell Patent Association; ) (Thomas sanders) (Gardiner Green Hubbard) Western Union ( WU ) WU 27 WU (Elisha Gray) American Speaking Telephone ( AST ) National Bell Telephone AST WU WU (1)AST (2) (3) AST 22 Ira Flatow,,! (, 1998), pp. 82{91, Flatow. ASCII Web 23 Western Union 19 AT&T FirstData 24, { (, 1993), pp. 27{30,. 25,p Flatow, p Bell Telephone Company et Al. v. Peter A. Dowd. 10

11 (4) 17 20% WU 28 (2)(3) (1)(4) 17 WU 1879 WU 1881 WE 1885 AT&T 1890 ( ) B.2 31 (the Postmaster-General) (1868 ) (1869 ) , pp. 53{61. 29,p , pp. 26{ , p (, 1999), p. 14,. 11

12 (wayleave) ( ) Bell Telephone Company Limited in London Edison Telephone Company of London 1880 United Telephone Company ( UTC ) UTC UTC UTC (High Court of Justice) (1) 1869 (2) UTC 10% % 33,p , pp. 19{21. 35,p ,p , pp. 24{28. 38,p

13 % UTC National Telephone Company ( NTC ) 42 UTC (NTC) UTC NTC NTC NTC NTC NTC 44 (Kingston upon Hull) 45 39,p ,p ,p , pp. 44{45. 43,p ,p Henry N. Hall 13

14 (right of way / waylerave) UTC (NTC) (monopolist) UTC UTC UTC (NTC) UTC 46 C ( ) 1864 (James Clerk Maxwell) WE 1909 AT&T (Lee De Forest) American Marconi (David Sarnoã) Radio Music Box Marconi , pp. 92{93. 46, p. 48{52. 47,p ,p ,p

15 WE General Electric ( GE ) Westinghouse( WH ) ( ) AT&T 52 RCA (Radio Corporation of America) RCA GE GE WH RCA AT&T WE WH 54 KDKA WBZ WJZ 1912 SP % , pp. 42, , p ,p , pp. 48, , pp. 62{64. 55,p Paul Goldstein, Copyright's Highway: from Gutenberg to the Celestial Jukebox, Hill and Wang, 1995, p. 72 et seq. 15

16 KDKA % 60 C AT&T AT&T AT&T 1 N ( 1 ) AT&T 61 Public Address System ( PAS ) AT&T AT&T 62 AT&T AT&T AT&T AT&T PAS PAS AT&T AT&T ( ) AT&T 64 57,p , pp. 161{164, 170{171, ,p , p. 92, , pp. 111, 113, ,p , pp. 118, 171, ,p

17 (Federal Trade Comission FTC ) RCA 1924 RCA 7 RCA 65 AT&T RCA AT&T 66 AT&T 1926 AT&T AT&T RCA NBC (National Broadcasting Company) % 70 C (Communications Act of 1934) (Federal Communications Commission FCC ) 1934 FCC FCC 1970 AT&T RCA / NBC (National Broadcasting Company)/ CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System) FCC 1920 (Interstate Commerce Commission ICC ) 1910 (Mann-Elkins Act) ICC ( ) 1910 ICC ICC (Radio Act of 1927) (Federal Radio Commission FRC ) ,p , pp. 122{ AT&T 68, pp. 124{ ,p ,p ,p

18 FRC FRC 1927 ( ) NBC CBS 72 ICC FRC ICC FRC AT&T RCA ( ) 10 C.3 73 ( ) , pp. 141, ,p Flatow, p. 72,, p

19 75 76 (1) (2) ( ) (3) 1930 ( ) 77 ( ) PR 80 75,p ,p ,p AT&T 1934 FCC 1956 AT&T, pp. 175{182, 194{ ,p ,p

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