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1 114 3 ultiple Factors Engaged in Building up the Functional Chloroplasts Kato Hideki, Kobayashi Hirokazu hirokazu@smail.u-shizuoka-ken.ac.jp KEY WORDS chloroplastplastid plastikos molded proplastid etioplast leucoplast amyloplast chromoplast Arabidopsis thaliana DNA 7 DNA NEP RNA 2 NEP nuclear-encoded plastid RNA polymerase RNA RNA PEP plastid-encoded RNA polymerase 1 RNA 2 ' plastidencoded plastid RNA polymerase PEP 2 ' " 2 ' 2 ' "

2 115 2 RNA 1. NEP RNA RNA Epifagus virginiana rpo 11 Nicotiana tabacum RNA kDa RNA Spinacia oleracea RNA NEP 10 NEP RNA rpob 2 12 NEP PEP 1980 RNA 1314 Zea mays RNA 15 RNA ' '' 15 rpod sig 3. cdna Escherichia coli 70 1 cyanobacteria

3 ZmSig1A SbSig1 ZmSig1B OsSig1 TaSig1 NtSig1B NtSig1A AtSig1 SaSig1 PpSig1 AtSig4 ZmSig2A ZmSig2B AtSig2 SaSig2 AtSig3 SaSig3 AtSig5 ZmSig6 AtSig6 CrSig Cc Cc GsRpoDL1 GsRpoD2 CcSig PpSig2 EcRpoD GtSig 6803SigA arpoa 7002SigA 7942RpoD1 7120SigA NpSigA SigE 7942RpoD2 7120SigD 6803SigD 7942RpoD3 7002SigD 7120 NpSigH SigE RpoD4 EcRpoS 6803SigE 7002 arpob 7120SigF Sig1 Sig4 Sig2 Sig3 Sig5 Sig6 SigA SigD SigE PEP GenBank CyanoBase acvector 7.1.1, Oxford olecular Group, Inc.; ClustalW alignment; neighbor joining; bootstrap collapse nodes: 50; midpoint rooting 0 accession number Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 Synechococcus elongatus PCC RpoD SigF 4 3 RNA 4

4 117 Arabidopsis thaliana At Sig1 AB Sig2 AB Sig3 AB Sig4 AB Sig5 AB Sig6 AB Nicotiana tabacum Nt Sig1A AB Sig1B AB Oryza sativa Os Sig1 AB Sinapsis alba Sa Sig1 Y15899 Sig2 AJ Sig3 AJ Sorghum bicolor Sb Sig1 Y14276 Triticum aestivum Ta Sig1 AJ Zea mays Zm Sig1A AF Sig1B AF Sig2A AF Sig2B AF Sig6 AF Physcomitrella patens Pp Sig1 AB Sig2 AB Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Cr Sig1 AB Guillardia theta Gt Sig AB Cyanidium caldarium RK-1 Cc Sig D83179 AB AB Galdieria sulphuraria Gs RpoDL1 L42639 (Cyanidium caldarium, Allen strain RpoD2 AF Synechocystis sp. PCC SigA D90916 D63999 D64002 SigD D90908 SigE D90908 Synechococcus sp. PCC SigA U15574 U82435 U82436 SigD U82484 SigE U82485 Synechococcus elongatus PCC RpoD1 D10973 RpoD2 AB RpoD3 AB RpoD4 AB Anabaena sp. PCC SigA SigD AF SigE AF SigF AF icrocystis aeruginosa K-81 a RpoD1 D85684 RpoD2 D86575 Nostoc punctiforme PCC Np SigA AF SigH AF Escherichia coli Ec RpoD J01687 RpoS X16400 The Commission on Plant Gene Nomenclature CPGN The Steering Committees for the Arabidopsis Genome Project 16 Sig1 Sig1 SIG1 cdna CPGN 1 CPGN DDBJ/EBL/GenBank accession number

5 Cyanidium caldarium Galdieria sulphuraria EST expressed sequence tag 1997 cdna SIG1 SIG2 SIG3 6 6 Sig1 Sig4 Sig2 Sig3 Sig5 Sig6 4 Physcomitrella patens 2 Sig1 PpSig1 Sig2 PpSig2 Sig1 Sig1 C hlamydomonas reinhardtii 1 38 RpoS 2 SigD SigE 3. PEP Triticum aestivum runon 5 psba II D1 6 psbd II D2 psbc psbe RNA psba psbd psbc psbe RNA psba psbd 23 psba in vitro RNA RNA psbd LRP light-responsive promoter 24 SigA 25 D1 psba 5 run-on - 32 P UTP RNA 6 D1 D psba II

6 119 sig2 26 SIG2 sig2 26 SIG2 4 trna psba rbcl RuBisCO L 2627 SIG1 SIG2 SIG3 BY-2 psba pabd rbcl SIG SIG1 SIG3 psba pabd SIG2 rbcl psba pabd rbcl 35 5'- TTGACA-3' 10 5'-TATAAT-3' psba pabd35 5'-TTGA--C-3' 10 5'- TAT-CTG-3' rbcl 35 5'-TTGC--T-3' 10 5'- AATA-3' SIG1 SIG3 SIG2 Yoshimoto rpob rpob NEP Shimizu RuBisCO S RBCS a / b CAB LHC 7 ces101 callus expression of RBCSdes1 depressed expression of RBCS des2 ces101 RBCS 700 SIG1 Goto ESdes1 SIG2 2. D1 psba 7 T-DNA DNA DNA 35S

7 120 SIG1 25/ 16/82 SIG2 22/ 17/ 10/56 32/ 16/ 15/56 SIG3 SIG4-23/102 SIG4-23/102 18/ 12/102 SIG5 SIG6 22/ 15/ Ser/Thr Tyr acvector Oxford olecular Group, Inc. Prosite Ser Thr Ser Thr SIG4 RNA alternative splicing 2 cpdi chloroplast protein disulfide isomerase cpabp chloroplast polyadenylate-binding protein 28 Hordeum vulgarepsbd LRP 29 / Sinapis alba in vitro Ser/Thr SLF SLF52 SLF Ser/Thr PEP PEP PTK plastid transcription kinase 30 I PS I II PS II PS I PS II psaab psba psba psaab run-on 33 PTK GSH / GSSG / 34 GSH in vitro PTK GSSG DTT 34 GSH GSSG GSH/GSSG GSH/GSSG GSH/GSSG PTK PEP Ser/

8 121 PHYs CRYs psba psbd rbcl psba psbd rbcl DESs CESs RBCSs CABs CO2 RBCSs CABs PEP PHYCRY RBCS RuBisCO S CAB a/ b- LHCpsbA II D1 psbd II D2 rbcl RuBisCO L DES RBCS depressed expression of RBCSCES RBCS callus expression of RBCS Thr 2 2 Shimizu PEP 3

9 122 2 RNA 21 1) Kobayashi, H.: in Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants, Vol. 7B: The Photosynthetic Apparatus : olecular Biology and Operation, eds. Bogorad L. et al., pp , Academic Press, San Diego (1991) 2) Kobayashi, H. et al.: EBO J. 9, (1990) 3) Deng, X.-W. et al.: Cell 49, (1987) 4) ullet, J.E.: Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant ol. Biol. 39, (1988) 5) Baumgartner, B.J. et al.: Plant Physiol. 101, (1993) 6) : 45, (2000) 7) Isono, K. et al.: Plant Physiol. 114, (1997) 8) Isono, K. et al.: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, (1997) 9) Tanaka, K. et al.: FEBS Lett. 413, (1997) 10) Hedtke, B. et al.: Science 277, (1997) 11) orden, C.W. et al.: EBO J. 10, (1991) 12) Lerbs-ache, S.: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, (1993) 13) Shinozaki, K. et al.: EBO J. 5, (1986) 14) Ohyama, K. et al.: Nature 322, (1986) 15) Hu, J.: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, (1990) 16) Strewart, A. ed.: Trends in Genetics, Genetic Nomenclature Guide, pp (1995) 17) Kaneko, T. et al.: DNA Res. 3, (1996) 18) Gruber, T.. et al.: Arch. icrobiol. 169, (1998) 19) Wösten,..S..: FES icrobiol. Rev. 22, (1998) 20) Khudyakov, I.Y. et al.: J. Bacteriol. 183, (2001) 21) : 1, acintosh,, (1993) 22) Bhaya, D. et al.: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, (1999) 23) Satoh, J. et al.: Plant J. 18, (1999) 24) Nakahira, Y. et al.: Plant Physiol. 118, (1998) 25) orikawa, K. et al.: FEBS Lett. 451, (1999) 26) Shirano, Y. et al.: FEBS Lett. 485, (2000) 27) Kanamaru, K. et al.: Plant Cell Physiol. 42, (2001) 28) Kim, J. et al.: Science 278, (1997) 29) Cristopher, D.-A. et al.: Plant Physiol. 113, (1997) 30) Tiller, K et al.: EBO J. 12, (1993) 31) Baginsky, S. et al.: Plant ol. Biol. 34, (1997) 32) Baginsky, S. et al.: Plant ol. Biol. 39, (1999) 33) Pfannschmidt, T. et al.: Nature 397, (1999) 34) Baena-Gonzalez, E. et al.: Plant Physiol. 127, (2001)

10 CrSig GsRpoDL1 Cc Cc EcRpoS 7120SigF 6803SigE 7002 arpob 7942RpoD SigE NpSigH GsRpoD2 CcSig PpSig2 EcRpoD GtSig 7942RpoD1 7120SigA NpSigA 6803SigA arpoa 7002SigA AtSig5 AtSig3 SaSig3 AtSig2 SaSig2 ZmSig2A ZmSig2B 99 AtSig4 PpSig1 TaSig1 OsSig1 SbSig1 ZmSig1A ZmSig1B NtSig1B AtSig1 SaSig1 NtSig1A AtSig6 ZmSig Sig1 Sig4 Sig2 Sig3 Sig5 Sig6 SigA 7002SigD 7120SigD 6803SigD 7942RpoD3 99 SigD 7942RpoD SigE 98 SigE

11 PHYs CRYs psba psbd rbcl DESs psba psbd rbcl CO2 CESs RBCSs CABs RBCSs CABs H2O O2

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