ITS ETC ITS VII TSUKADA, Yukihiro HATAKENAKA, Hideto SUGIURA, Takaaki 1 ITS Intelligent Transport Systems ITS ITS ITS ETC 7 3 ITS 2 ITS ITS ITS

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1 ITS ETC ITS VII TSUKADA, Yukihiro HATAKENAKA, Hideto SUGIURA, Takaaki 1 ITSIntelligent Transport SystemsITS ITS ITSETC 7 3 ITS 2ITS ITS ITS ITS ISO ERGS CACS ALI MOBILITY2000 PATH IVHS America90 IVHS ITS VII LISB/ AUTOGUIDE PROMETHEUS PROMOTE ERTICO91 e-safety DRIVEDRIVE TELEMATICS SSVS ARTS RACS AMTICS VICS UTMS ITS 13ITS ITS ITS ITS ERGSElectric Road Guidance System ASV VERTIS94 ISO/TC204 ITS Vol.12 No Summer

2 ITS America 1991 IVHS America ERTICO 1991 ITS Japan 1994 VERTIS USDOT EC 4ITS Japan / FY $= FY ITS2008ITS ITS Japan 2000 ITS IVHSIntelligent Vehicle Highway Systems 1990 ITS IVHS ITS US Department of Transportation ISTEA TEA SAFETEA-LU ITS ITS TEA-21 SAFETEA-LU Real-Time System Management Information Program NHS SAFETEA-LUITS VIIVehicle Infrastructure Integration VII DSRC 2.2 ALI PROMETHEUS DRIVE 1990ITS CEN/TC ITS ERTICOITS EUERTICOITS ISO EU Framework Program ITS ITS ITS 1973CACS RACSAMTICS VICS 1995 ITS4 ITS41996ITS9 ITS 1999ITS ITS ITS Vol.12 No Summer 003

3 ITS4NPOITSJapan VERTIS1994ITS ITS ITS 1996VICS2001ETC 2000 AHSAdvanced Cruise-Assist Highway System 2000 IT 3ITS ITS ITS 3.1 ITS// ITS 2ITS ITS DSRCITS 2 Vol.12 No Summer ITSDSRC ITSDSRCDedicated Short Range Communication DSRCETC 30m 3 LANDSRC 90ISO15628DSRC ISO15628 DSRCETC ETC LANLocal Area Network IEEE802.11abgLAN ITS 1 2 7Mbps km HSPA CDMA1x Mbps km IEEE e IEEE LAN 10Mbps 10m 100m IEEE abg IEEE802.11n 4DSRC ETC 1Mbps 27Mbps 10m100 ISO15628DSRC IEEE802.11p CALM-IR ETC DSRC

4 Vol.12 No Summer 005 Mbps LAN ITS IEEE802.11p DSRC IEEE802.11p 827Mbps OFDMOrthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ISO21214CALM-IR ITSISO15628 DSRC IEEE802.11pCALM-IRDSRC ITS ITS90 WiMAXWorldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access ITS 2 7.2Mbps IEEE802.16e WiMAX2009 WiMAXMbps10Mbps 120km/ ITS IEEE ITSDSRC ITS ISO/TC204/WG16 / ISO15628 DSRC 5.8GHz 1Mbps 4Mbps m30m ETC IEEE802.11p 5.9GHz 27Mbps1 100m1 CALM-IR Mbps1 100m1 ETC CN/ GNSS 1

5 CALMCommunication Air interface for Land Mobile DSRCCALM- IRCALM1 IEEE802.11pCALM-M5CD21215 ITS 3.2 ITS GDFGeographic Data Format GDF 80DRM XGDFeXtended Geographic Data Format DRM21 DVD Kiwi VICS ID IDID ID ID ID 4 ITS ITSETC. ETC ETC PND 4.1 ETC ETCElectronic Toll Collection ETC CEN 5.8GHzDSRC 90ETC 2001ETC 5.8GHzDSRC 006 Vol.12 No Summer

6 研究 杉浦氏:初校 09/07/14 9:43 ページ 007 い信頼性の確保が可能となり 通行経路により料金を変 電話を利用して 高級車を対象とする盗難防止 遠隔車 更して特定経路への誘導を図る可変料金等の多様な料 両診断 緊急通報等のサービスを提供する 高級車にビ 金施策の導入や駐車場料金や給油料金の決済等の多目 ルトインされたタイプのものがほとんどで メーカ供給の後 的利用が可能となり これらの施策の導入が始まってきて 付け製品は普及が進んでいなかった また 日本や欧州 いる に比べて道路網がわかりやすく カーナビの必要性が低 また 高速大容量で信頼性の高い通信が可能である かったため普及は進んでいなかったが カーナビの利便 ことから 5.8GHzDSRCアクティブ通信方式は 6.1節で詳 性の認識が高まり PND市場が拡大してきている 市場規 説する スマートウェイ の基盤技術として採用されている 模は2007年には900万台前後となっており 2008年の規 模予測は1,200-1,300万台とされている 4.2 カーナビゲーションシステム カーナビゲーションシステムは 日本で先行的に開発 導入が進んできた 日本では 90年代よりカーナビが広く普及し 発売当初 このように欧米ではPNDの市場が大きく拡大しており 日本においても2006年秋に国内メーカによるPNDの販 売が開始された これまで ナビ機能に重点を置いた日 本 携帯電話との統合 旅行者情報に重点を置いた欧州 から地図上に自車位置を表示するマップ型カーナビが人 安全とセキュリティ 携帯電話との統合に重点を置いた米 気を博した そのため 地図の高精細化が追求され 記 国と展開の方向性は異なっていたが PNDの普及に伴い 録媒体はCDからDVD HDDと高容量化した また VICS ナビ機能の利便性が認識されるとともに需要が高まって やその他の民間事業者による全国的なレベルでのリアル きている タイムの道路交通情報提供とそれに基づくルートガイダン この状況を踏まえ 自動車とPND等の機器を接続する スが実現されている あわせて 豊富なPOI情報 Point ためのインターフェースの国際標準化に関する取り組みも of Interest 観光地や各種施設の情報 など 様々なコン ISO/TC204において開始されている テンツも提供されている 本システムもETCと同様 ス マートウェイの基盤技術として用いられている 5 ITS技術を活用した道路交通施策の展開 欧 州 で は 2004 年 頃より簡 易 型 ナビ で あ る PND Personal Navigation Device 図 2参照 が急速に普及 5.1 道路交通安全の向上 してきており 2006年のPND販売台数は 西欧で950万台 道路交通安全に関しては 日本 欧州とも事故による死 となっている また一部のPNDは FM放送を用いた交通 亡者数は減少しているのに対し 米国は増加ないし横ば 情報チャネルであるRDS-TMC Radio Data System-Traffic いの傾向にある 図 3参照 交通安全白書によると 我 Massage Channel や携帯電話によるテレマティクスサー が国は乗車中の死亡者数の構成率が低く 歩行者及び自 ビスを利用することにより 道路交通情報を提供可能なも 転車の死亡者数の構成率が高い 一方 ドイツ フランス等 のも存在している EU諸国及び米国においては 乗車中の死亡者数の構成 率が高い状況となっている 人 50,000 アメリカ 45,000 40,000 15,000 日本 10,000 フランス 図 2 PND Personal Navigation Device 5,000 ドイツ イギリス 一方 米国では 当初 安全性とセキュリティに重点を置 いたテレマティクスサービスに重点が置かれており 携帯 研究 出典 IRTAD資料 図 3 主な欧米諸国の交通事故死者数の推移 Vol.12 No Summer 運輸政策研究 007

7 3 4ITS PERFORMA NCE AND ACCOUNT ABILITY REPORT FY 2007 ITS 10 National Intelligent Transportation Systems Program Plan: A Ten-Year Vision IT ITS IT ecall 2,000/ MMTVehicle Miles Traveled ,0007, ,000 VMT1 2005SAFETEA-LU DSRC VIIVehicle Infrastructure Integration Initiative CICASCooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance SystemCICAS 9,000 ITS ITS European Transport Policy for EU 2010 ITS2003 esafetyit 2006EUIT5i2010 Intelligent Car ITS e-call PReVENT RESPONSESAFESPOT , ITSITS 10 National Intelligent Transportation System Program Plan; A Ten-Year Vision ,0007, Performance and Accountability Report FY , , UTMS ASV 4 ITVVICS 008 Vol.12 No Summer

8 2006 1IT ,000 ITS 2008 ITS4 ITS-JapanITS 20084ITS-Safety2010 HOVHOT ICDSRC ITS TTI HOTHigh Occupancy Toll Lane ITS CO *2007 Urban Mobility Report, Texas Transportation Institute Vol.12 No Summer 009

9 2006:Keep Europe Moving2006EU 5 CO 2 Stricter fuel standards to combat climate change and reduce air pollution A regulation to reduce CO2 emissions from passenger cars Impact Assessment ITS 10 National Intelligent Transportation Systems Program Plan: A Ten-Year Vision ITS CO km COP / 3 ITS 360 /VICS240 ETC VICSETC ITS EU ITS ITV GPSDSRCITS Galileo GPS M24 Active Traffic Managementi2010 ITS 7 ITS EDAS Environmental Driver Assistance CO CO 2 25,000/VICSETC ITS360 / CO / ETC 010 Vol.12 No Summer

10 30 14/ CO 2 ETC IC VICS ITS 6 ITS IDDRMVICS 1 NAVTEQ NAVTEQ Discover Cities VII South Research Institute 2 Floating Car ,600 ITSP-DRGS DSRC 6.3 VICS Vol.12 No Summer 011

11 VICS G-Book NAVTEQTraffic.com VIIVehicle Infrastructure Integration VIIDOTDepartment of Transportation ETC VIIUSDOTDOTState DOTAASH- TO VII Consortium VII5 VII VII POCProof of Concept VII1 Safe Trip VII 3VII VII5.9GHz DSRCIEEE801.11p VIIDSRC USDOTVII DSRC DSRC 7.2 CVISCooperative Vehicle - Infrastructure Systems CVIS , CVIS6 Local Safety Systems Roadside Infrastructure Local Signal Roadside Transaction Controllers Sensors Processors Service Provider Management Systems Network Users Driver Vehicle Interface On Board Equipment RSEs Enterprise Network Ops Center Data Subscribers Advisory Providers Certificate Authority Service Delivery Node Transaction Service Providers CVIS VII CONSORTIUM GPS DGPS Reference Signals Correction Maps External Data Sources ITS 012 Vol.12 No Summer

12 CVIS IP 2.5G/3G DSRCIEEE802.11p CENDSRC DSRC IPWSMP: Wave Short Message Protocol CVISCVIS COMeSafetyCOMeSafety CVIS Safespot COOPERS Europeasn cooperative system architecture ETC 5.8GHzDSRC3.1DSRC 3, JEITA IT DSRC ITS ITS VICS ITS LAN Vol.12 No Summer 013

13 PNDWiMAX ITS 1ITS ITS World Congress ISO/TC204 CO 2 CO ITS ITSSystem Architecture for ITS in JAPAN ITS Japan2008ITS2008 ITS 52008ITS ISO/TC204 WG15WG ISO/TC204/WG ISO/TC pp ITS2007ITS ITS VICS ITS2007pp PERFORMANCE AND ACCOUNTABIL TY REPORT FY ITS2002ITS10 National Intelligent Transportation System Program Plan: A Ten-Year Vision 17IT2006IT Vol. 43No. 1pp ITS IATSS ReviewVol. 33No. 4 International Trends of ITS Deployment in Road Traffic Policy By Yukihiro TSUKADA, Hideo HATAKENAKA and Takaaki SUGIURA This research focuses on the world trends of road transportation policy, and technology related with ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems). The study includes not only technical R&D and political aspects, but also business conditions of ITS in U.S, Europe and Japan. On technical issues, wireless communication technology and digital map database are analyzed as technical platform of ITS. On political issues for safety, efficiency and environment, the official goals and political programs that are expressed by U.S, EU and Japanese government are compared. On the examples of major R&D projects, VII (Vehicle Infrastructure Integration) in U.S, CVIS (Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure System) in Europe and Smartway in Japan are noted and the future direction of each R&D project is predicted. Key Words : Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), traffic safety, congestion reduction, environment protection, international standardization 014 Vol.12 No Summer

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