IPSJ SIG Technical Report Vol.2012-CVIM-183 No /9/2 1,a) 2,b) Stephen Lin 2,c) 1,d) 1,e) 1. Woodham [25] Silver [20] I l n I(x) = ρ(x)n T l (1)

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1 1,a) 2,b) Stephen Lin 2,c) 1,d) 1,e) 1. Woodham [25] Silver [20] I l n I(x) = ρ(x)n T l (1) ρ(x) x 1 2 Microsoft Research Asia a) takatani@am.sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp b) yasumat@microsoft.com c) stevelin@microsoft.com d) mukaigaw@am.sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp e) yagi@am.sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp Microsoft Research Asia 様々な波長での観測 wlen0 wlen1 wlen2 wlenm-1 分光反射率を用いた領域分割 1 segment0 segment1 segment2... segmentk-1... 各領域の評価 各波長での観測を用いた照度差ステレオ法 wlen0 wlen1 wlen2 wlenm-1 評価値に基づく各領域における最適波長での推定法線マップの組み合わせ [11] c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 1

2 2. [4], [7], [21] [16], [18], [19] - [9] [10] [22] [13] [1], [2], [14], [23] [3], [12] [6] [15], [16], [19] [15] (1) I(λ, x) = σ(λ)ρ(λ, x)e(λ)n(x) T l (2) λ σ ρ e (2) [5] 2 MERL BRDF [17] red-plastic BRDF c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 2

3 (a) (b) 平均 1.42 平均 5.37 平均 平均 2.56 分散 1.02 分散 分散 分散 2.63 (c) (d) (e) (f) σ k 0 N 3 (4) k = 3 N k E 2 (a) 40 1 (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) BRDF k-means N M (2) I = g(λ)nl (3) g(λ) = σ(λ)ρ(λ)e(λ) I R N M N R N 3 L R 3 M (3) (rank(l) = 3) I N rank(i) rank(n) [26] rank(n) E = σ k+1 σ k (4) k = rank(n) σ i I i I k (σ k 0 ) (σ k+1 ) E I rank(n) I λi R N M λ I = I λi = gnl (5) i [I λ1 I λ2 I λk ] R N MK K MERL BRDF [17] (a) 3(b) MERL BRDF (c-f) 3 S/N 3 3(g) 3 (4) c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 3

4 (a) (b) (e) 平均 10.61, 分散 1.23 領域インデックス (a) ぬいぐるみ (b) バスケットボール (c) ろうそく (c) 平均 9.74, 分散 1.51 (f) 平均 9.27, 分散 k-means (a) 9 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 平均 9.57, 分散 1.44 (g) 平均 9.07, 分散 (a) 40 1 (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) 1 blue-acrylic green-plastic light-brown-fabric orange-paint purple-paint red-phenolic yellow-matte-plastic S/N 4.2 (Point Grey Research Grasshopper) (OSRAM) 450, 488, 580, 650, 694, 730, 780, 880, 940 [nm] 9 (Edmond Optics) (Sigma) 12 [24] 1) 2) 3) 4) [8] HDR 5) 2) 4) 9 6) 1) 5) 12 4, 5, , 5, 6 ( 650 [nm] (4) 8 c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 4

5 情報処理学会研究報告 450[nm] 488[nm] 580[nm] 650[nm] 694[nm] 730[nm] 780[nm] 880[nm] 940[nm] 濃淡画像 提案手法 ぬいぐるみ 図 4 ぬいぐるみ 写真と異なる波長画像 濃淡画像 提案手法で推定された法線マップ 濃淡画像による法線マップよりも提案手法による法線マッ プの方が定性的に正しいと思われる 提案手法による結果 を見ると ぬいぐるみの場合はテクスチャの影響をほとん ど受けておらず バスケットボールの場合はよりはっきり とした表面の細部を示している ろうそくの場合はより円 (a)ぬいぐるみ 図 9 (b)バスケットボール (c)ろうそく ラベルマップ (a) ぬいぐるみ (b) バスケットボール (c) ろうそくの各領域における最適波長 筒状の形状となっている 4.3 定量的誤差比較 様々な球物体のある実シーンにおいて 定量的誤差比較 評価関数を用いた法線マップの組み合わせ 図 8 の最小評 価値に基づき 各領域における最適波長が見つかる これ らの波長を図 9 のラベルマップに示す 今回の対象物体に ついては可視光の長波長がよく選択されている 最適波長は 一般的に表面領域の色に対応するように思 われる なぜなら その波長による観測はその領域におい て最も明るくなると考えられ 高い S/N 比を持つと予想さ れるからである しかし 実験結果よりこの考えとは異な る場合を発見した 例えば ぬいぐるみの表面のうち緑色 の領域はわずかであるにも関わらず ほとんどの領域は緑 色の波長領域が最適であると決定された 同様のことがバ スケットボールとろうそくでも見受けられる 様々な波長での法線マップとラベルマップを用いて本手 を行った結果を図 10 に示す 球は既知の形状であるから 表面法線の真値を得ることができる 10 ヶ所の光源方向に おいて RGB カメラ (Point Grey Chameleon) を用いて 典型的な照度差ステレオ法の条件で画像を取得した 誤差 は推定法線マップと真値との間における角度差として報告 する ハイライト領域は本来調査したい誤差統計に極めて 大きな影響を与えるため除去する 今回のシーンでは 閾 値処理のみではハイライトを完全に除去できないため 手 動でハイライト領域をマスク除去した結果も加えて報告す る 図 10 に示す通り 本手法による結果は個々のカラー チャネル画像による結果や濃淡画像による結果よりも小さ い誤差となった 5. 結論 法で計算した最終の法線マップを図 4, 図 5, 図 6 に示す これらの物体に対する真値形状は得ることができないが c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 本論文において ランバート照度差ステレオを改善する 5

6 情報処理学会研究報告 バスケットボール 450[nm] 488[nm] 580[nm] 650[nm] 694[nm] 730[nm] 780[nm] 880[nm] 940[nm] 濃淡画像 提案手法 図5 ろうそく 450[nm] バスケットボール 写真と異なる波長画像 濃淡画像 提案手法で推定された法線マップ 488[nm] 図 6 580[nm] 650[nm] 694[nm] 730[nm] 780[nm] 880[nm] 940[nm] 濃淡画像 提案手法 ろうそく 写真と異なる波長画像 濃淡画像 提案手法で推定された法線マップ ために 多波長画像に基づく新しい手法を提案した 本手 必要とする しかし 多少の効果の減少が考えられるが 法は次の四つのステップで構成される 1) 各波長による 実験により RGB 画像を用いた場合であっても提案手法に 照度差ステレオ法 2) 領域分割 3) 各領域に対する波長 は利便性があることを示した ただし 波長に応じた反射 の評価 4) 最適波長に応じた領域の組み合わせ 最適波長 率の変化が小さい材質では本手法の本質的な利点が制限さ は真値形状を必要とせずに行列の階数解析に基づく推定に れ得る より決定される 実験により 照度差ステレオ法による形 どのような波長に対してもランバートモデルとは大きく 状復元において 様々な材質の重要な波長依存性を確認し 異なるような反射率特性を持つ材質も存在する 本手法の た また 本手法により 通常の濃淡画像を用いた照度差 適用性を高めるために 今後の予定として 照度差ステレ ステレオ法に勝る結果を取得できることを示した オ法で用いられる他のパラメトリックな反射モデルへの拡 このアプローチは多波長画像を対象としており RGB カ 張を計画している さらに 材質認識のために 様々な物 メラに比べ一般性と利便性の低いイメージングデバイスを 体の波長依存性を持つ反射率について調査を行う予定で c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 6

7 評価値 評価値 評価値 波長 [nm] (a) ぬいぐるみ 波長 [nm] (b) バスケットボール 波長 [nm] (c) ろうそく (a) (b) (c) 9 6 [1] N. Alldrin and D. Kriegman. Toward reconstructing surfaces with arbitrary isotropic reflectance : A stratified photometric stereo approach. In Proc. of International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). IEEE, [2] N. Alldrin and D. Kriegman. Photometric stereo with non-parametric and spatially-varying reflectance. In Proc. of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, [3] Robert Anderson, Bjorn Stenger, and Roberto Cipolla. Color photometric stereo for multicolored surfaces. In Proc. of International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). IEEE, [4] S. Barsky and M. Petrou. The 4-source photometric stereo technique for three-dimensional surfaces in the presence of highlights and shadows. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., 25(10): , [5] Michael Bass, editor. Handbook of Optics: Optical properties of materials, nonlinear optics, quantum optics. Optical Society of America, [6] Per H. Christensen and Linda G. Shapiro. Threedimensional shape from color photometric stereo. International Journal of Computer Vision, 13(2): , [7] E. Coleman and R. Jain. Obtaining 3-dimensional shape of textured and specular surfaces using four-source photometry. Computer Graphics and Image Processing Journal, 18(4): , [8] Paul E. Debevec and Jitendra Malik. Recovering high dynamic range radiance maps from photographs. In SIG- GRAPH 2008 courses, pages ACM, [9] A. Georghiades. Incorporating the torrance and sparrow model of reflectance in uncalibrated photometric stereo. In Proc. of International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pages IEEE, [10] Dan B. Goldman, Brian Curless, and Aaron Hertzmann Steven M. Seitz. Shape and spatially-varying brdfs from photometric stereo. In Proc. of International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), volume 1, pages IEEE, c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 7

8 情報処理学会研究報告 (b)真値法線マップ (c)マスク画像 (d)ラベルマップ 赤チャネル 緑チャネル 青チャネル 濃淡画像 提案手法 平均 4.82 分散 0.22 平均 4.70 分散 0.14 平均 5.07 分散 0.76 平均 4.96 分散 0.54 平均 4.65 分散 0.14 平均 3.89 分散 0.13 平均 3.67 分散 0.11 平均 4.19 分散 0.56 平均 3.90 分散 0.20 平均 2.73 分散 0.06 ハイライト除去 角度誤差マップ 角度誤差マップ 法線マップ (a)対象シーン 図 10 定量的誤差比較 RGB カメラで撮影された複数の球がある実シーンにおいて ハイラ イトを除去した場合 および 除去しなかった場合の角度誤差比較 [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] Pat Hanrahan and Wolfgang Krueger. Reflection from layered surfaces due to subsurface scattering. In Proc. of ACM SIGGRAPH, pages ACM, Carlos Herna ndez, George Vogiatzis, Gabriel J. Brostow, Bjorn Stenger, and Roberto Cipolla. Non-rigid photometric stereo with colored lights. In Proc. of International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pages 1 8. IEEE, A. Hertzmann and S. M. Seitz. Example-based photometric stereo: Shape reconstruction with general, varying brdfs. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., 27(8): , Tomoaki Higo, Yasuyuki Matsushita, and Katsushi Ikeuchi. Consensus photometric stereo. In Proc. of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pages IEEE, Miao Liao, Xinyu Huang, and Ruigang Yang. Interreflection removal for photometric stereo by using spectrumdependent albedo. In Proc. of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pages IEEE, Satya P. Mallick, Todd E. Zickler, David J. Kriegman, and Peter N. Belhumeur. Beyond lambert: Reconstructing specular surfaces using color. In Proc. of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), volume 2, pages IEEE, Wojciech Matusik, Hanspeter Pfister, Matt Brand, and Leonard McMillan. A data-driven reflectance model. ACM Trans. on Graph., 22(3): , Y. Mukaigawa, Y. Ishii, and T. Shakunaga. Analysis of photometric factors based on photometric linearization. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 24(10): , c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] Y. Sato and K. Ikeuchi. Temporal-color space analysis of reflection. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 11(11): , W. Silver. Determining shape and reflectance using multiple images. Technical report, Master thesis, MIT, F. Solomon and K. Ikeuchi. Extracting the shape and roughness of specular lobe objects using four light photometric stereo. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., 18(4): , H. Tagare and R. de Figueiredo. A theory of photometric stereo for a class of diffuse non-lambertian surfaces. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., 13(2): , Ping Tan, Satya P. Mallick, Long Quan, David Kriegman, and Todd Zickler. Isotropy, reciprocity and the generalized bas-relief ambiguity. In Proc. of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, Ariel Tankus and Nahum Kiryati. Photometric stereo under perspective projection. In Proc. of International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), volume 1, pages IEEE, Robert J. Woodham. Photometric method for determining surface orientation from multiple images. Optical Engineering, 19(1): , Lun Wu, Arvind Ganesh, Boxin Shi, Yasuyuki Matsushita, Yongtian Wang, and Yi Ma. Robust photometric stereo via low-rank matrix completion and recovery. In Proc. of Asian Conference on Computer Vision (ACCV),

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