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1 ZTCM ZTCM

2 ha UNESCO UNESCO

3 TCM Travel Cost Method RandallCVMContingent Valuation MethodDavis CVM CVM CVM travel cost method revealed preference method Hotelling

4 Trice and WoodClawsonTisdell weak complementaritybradford and HildebrandtMälerconsumer surplus Clawson-Knetsch X C S X fc, S f S Johansson Freeman JohanssonBockstael et al.

5 ITCMindividual TCMGum and MartinBrown and Nawas ZTCMzone TCM ZTCM ITCM ITCM ZTCM ITCM ZTCM ZTCM ZTCM

6 ZTCM semi-log P X Q R

7

8

9

10 X a b P CesarioMcConnell and Strand

11 b a R AdR F-valueP t X P P CS

12 CS p pm fx pm pm pm CS CS CS CS

13 CS CS CS CS pm CSba {EXPapmEXPap pmp a b pm p

14 i i i ZTCM

15

16 Aland RandallA Difficulty with the Travel Cost Method, Land Economics,. Bockstael, N.E., McConnell, K. E. and Strand, I.Recreation, in Braden, J.B. and Kolstad, C. D.eds., Measuring the Demand for Environmental Quality, North-Holland. Bradford, D. and Hidebrandt, G.G.Observable Public Goods Preferences, Journal of Public Economics,,. Brown W.G., Nawas F.Impact of Aggregation on the Estimation of Outdoor Recreation Demand Functions, American Journal of Agricultural Economics,,. Cesario, F.J.Value of Time in Recreation Benefit Studies, Land Economics,,. Clawson, M.Method for Measuring the Demand for and Value of Outdoor Recreation, Resources for the Future,, Washington D.C. Clawson, M. and Knetsch, J.Economics of Outdoor Recreation, Johns Hopkins University

17 Press, Baltimore. Davis, R.K.Recreation Planting as an Economic Problem, Natural Resources Journal,. Freeman, A.M.The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values : theory and methods, Resources for the Future,, Washington D.C. Gum, R.L., Martin W.E.Problems an Solutions in Estimating the Demand for and Value of Rural Outdoor Recreation, America Journal of Agricultural Economics,,. Johansson, P.O.The Economic Theory and Measurement of Environmental Benefits, Cambrige University Press. CVM Mäler, K.G.Environmental Economics: a theoretical inquiry, Johns Hopkins University Press. McConnell, K.E. and Strand, I.Measuring the Cost of Time in Recreation Demand Analysis: an application to sports fishing, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Feb.. CVM Tisdell, C.A.Economics of Environmental Conservation, Elsevier Science Publisher, Amsterdam, Holland. Trice, A.H. and Wood, S.E.Measurement of Recreation Benefits, Land Economics,Feb..

18 Liu Ya-ping Manabu Kondo Abstract: In this paper, Zone Travel Cost MethodZTCMis applied to estimate the recreational value of Wulingyuan Resort Spot as one of four World Natural Heritage Sites in China. In this context the recreational value consists of total travel cost and consumer surplus. And total travel cost consists of travel cost and time opportunity cost. Firstly, the whole country is divided intoorigin zones including origin points, and the population of visitors and the rate of visitors from the origin points are collected and calculated by using the data from a questionnaire survey. Secondly, the Clawson-Knetsch curves are reckoned by assuming four cases of time opportunity cost using total travel cost data and the rate of visitors data, and four consumer surplus values are computed. These four calculations of consumer surplus show that there are no large differences among them. Therefore, finallytime opportunity cost often used in many literatures is added into the total travel cost to estimate the consumer surplus. Consequently, the recreational value of Wulingyuan Resort Spot changed to billion yuan at least in. This result obviously indicates that Wulingyuan Resort Spot has a high recreation value. Moreover, it was shown that the ratio to recreational value of a consumer surplus reached, and that the estimation of consumer surplus was also playing an important role in estimation of ZTCM like researches of precedence. Keywords: travel cost method; Wulingyuan Resort Spot; Clawson-Knetsch curve; recreational value

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