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1 New Frameworks of Sealane Defense in the South China Sea Takashi YAMAMOTO Koki ASAKAWA Abstract This paper analyzes and presents new frameworks of sealane defense in the South China Sea using three methods. The security of navigation becomes more fragile mainly due to conflicts of territorial claims in the South China Sea. First, the paper examines naval and air force power in the region and compares the capacity of maritime forces in the concerned parties, namely, ASEAN members, Australia, China, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and the Pacific Fleet of the US Navy. Second, the paper presents three frameworks: 1) trilateral defense cooperation among the US, Australia, and Japan; 2) multilateral cooperation among Australia, ASEAN members, and Japan; and 3) unilateral defense provision from Japan. Third, the paper introduces two scenarios of threat in the Sough China Sea, pirating and offense by submarines, and presents possible solutions. As a conclusion, the most likely and most reliable security framework would be the trilateral cooperation because Japan could not provide sufficient naval power unilaterally. In addition, defense cooperation with ASEAN countries is desirable in dealing with pirates. In a new framework of the sealane defense, Japan will be expected to take more active roles. Key words: sealane, defense, Japan, navy, South China Sea 57

First, the paper examines naval and air force power in the region and compares the capacity of maritime forces in the concerned parties, namely, ASEAN members, Australia, China, Taiwan, South Korea,

2 How To Make War How To Make War

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12 The International Institute For Strategic Studies. THE MILITARY BALANCE 1995/96, James F. Dunnigan, HOW TO MAKE WAR, updated ed rd ed. 1993New York : William Morrow and Company, Inc Nicholas D. Kristof, "Chinese Navy to Back Oil Exploitation", International Herald Tribune, June 19, "SPECIAL REPORT : Maritime Risks and Threats in the Western Pacific", Jane's Intelligence Review, Auguat 1, Sheldon W. Simon, The Future of Asian-Pacific Security Collaboration Lexington : LexingtonBooks, 1988, p Jane's Intelligence Review, op. cit No "U.S. Pacific Fleet's Rim of the Pacific 1996 Fact Sheet : List of Participants" Jancepp No Jane's Intelligence Reviw, op. cit. 17 Michael Richardson, "Southeast Asia Nations Helping U.S. Militaty Keep Pacific Presence", International Herald Tribune, June 23,

"SPECIAL REPORT : Maritime Risks and Threats in the Western Pacific", Jane's Intelligence Review, Auguat 1, 1995. 1996 2635 871 1988176 77 Sheldon W.

13 "U.S. urges early Indonesian decision on sea-lane", Kyodo News International, Jakarta, July 24, Asian Political News, July 29, Philip Boweing, "In South China Sea, Worrying Noises From Beijing", International Harald Tribune, July 21, Tetsuro Doshita, "Regional Security Links Japan & U.S.", Proceedings, March 1995, p.54, 27 William M. Carpenter and David G. Wiencek, "Maritime Piracy in Asia" in Willian M. Carpenter and David G. Wiencek, eds., ASIAN SECURITY HANDBOOK New York : M.E. Sharpe, 1996, p Michael Richardson, "Pirate Attacks Raise Fears of Disaster", International Herald Tribune, July 9, Jane's Intelligence Reviw, op. cit. 30 W.M. Carpenter and D.G. Wiencek, op. cit., p

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„h‹¤.05.07 Japanese Civilian Control in the Cold War Era Takeo MIYAMOTO In European and American democratic countries, the predominance of politics over military, i.e. civilian control, has been assumed as an axiom.