Graph construction Players tracking Input frame Background subtraction Graph construction Players detection Particle filter Players tracking Frame t T

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1 (MIRU0) itoh@me.cs.scitec.kobe-u.ac.jp, {takigu,ariki}@kobe-u.ac.jp 7.5 SVM tracking-by-detection. [], [] mean-shift [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] Grabner [9] Implicit Shape Model(ISM) Grabner

2 Graph construction Players tracking Input frame Background subtraction Graph construction Players detection Particle filter Players tracking Frame t Transition Likelihood Resampling Frame t+ Frame t+ コンポーネント 数 Detection likelihood. []. [0] []. G n i (t) t i t d i,j n i (t) n j (t + ) d max(i,j) t t + n (t) t + t n (t) t + e i,j n i (t) n j (t + ). (t = ) i n i (t) G. t + j n j (t + ) G

3 . n i (t) n j (t + ) 4. d i,j < d max(i,j) e i,j n ( t) n ( t) n ( t) n ( ) 4 t n ( t 5 ) n ( t + ) n ( t n ( t) n4 ( t + ) + Frame t Frame t+. ) n ( t + ) n5 ( t + ).. t + e,w 4 e 4,w 4 n w4 (t + ) t n (t) n 4 (t) t t + t t + n (t) Group n (t) Group Frame t Group Group [ ] t GroupX n (t) num GroupX num X num X = X(num ) 5 (a) t GroupX n (t) GroupX num X [ ] t + GroupX n wi (t + ) A p A p n wi (t + ) A w A w A w A p 5 (a) n w (t + ) n w (t + ) A w A w 4 9 (b) A p 0 9 [ ] t GroupX num X n w (t+) GroupX t + num X num X num w = Frame t+ e,w e,w e,w e,w w w w e,w 4 w 4 e 4,w 4 5 (c) n w (t + ) n w (t + ) num w num w 0 GroupX num X

4 [ 4] t GroupX num X 0 t + A w n w (t + ) A w A w A p num X num X num w num w + 5 (c) n w (t + ) n w (t + ) A w A w 9 n w (t + ) A w (d) A w A p 0-8 n w (t + ) num w GroupX num X 0 GroupX (d) b y {Min = (x ymin,y min )} y {Max = (x ymax,y max )} 6 c Min Max x 6 c o y x y min y max Frame t Background subtraction (a)sample (b)background subtraction (c)detection 6 Frame t+ Frame t Frame t+ Area Group X 05 4 Number of components Group X w w w w w w w Group X Group X (a) num X = (b) num X = (c) num X = (d) num X = 0 5 w b y {Min = (x ymin,y min )} y {Max = (x ymax,y max )} SVM [] 4. o x SVMによる 検 出 4. y min trackingby-detection y y max (a)sample (b)background subtraction (c)detection SVM

5 8 0 ϵ p ϵ ϵ a [] t x p () x p = [p x, p y, x, y, a x, a y ] T () x p p x p y x y a x a y p x p y t β t () x p (t) = C x p (t β) + Υ () I βi (β /)I C = O I βi O O I Υ = [ϵ p J, ϵ J, ϵ a J ] T I J Υ ϵ p ( ), ϵ ( ), ϵ a () SVM 00 [6] det k (k = 0,, K) tr r (r = 0,, K) (tr r, det k ) s(tr r, det k ) () K k r s(tr r, det k ) = g(tr r, det k ) ( α p N p g(tr r, det k ) = p(size det k tr r ) = N p p tr r (p N (det k p) + p p C )) () p N ( size p size detk ) (4) size p p tr r p p C = Σ i,j {I(i, j) Ī} {T (i, j) T } Σi,j {I(i, j) Ī} Σ i,j {T (i, j) T } (5) p N (det k p) N(det k p; 0, σ det k I ) tr r p = [p x, p y ] det k g(tr r, det k ) size p p y p y size det k det k N p I p N ( size p size det k size tr r ) tr r p = [p x, p y ] det k α p σ det k p p C (5)

6 (5) (i, j) I(i, j) (i, j) T (i, j) Ī T s(tr r, det k ) S (a) Greedy (tr, det ) (b) S det tr (c) (d) r tr k det Matching Matrix S r k s( tr,det ) (a)sの 作 成 n tr m det delete (c) 最 大 値 のn 行 m 列 を 削 除 4.. r tr max n m tr とdet を 連 結 r tr k det (b) 最 大 値 (n 行 m 列 )を 求 める k det (d)(b)-(c)の 繰 り 返 し tr p ω tr, p y t (6) p p D p p H p p C ω tr, p = p(y t x t ) = p p D + β p p p H + ( β p ) p p C (6) β p = p N (min i P dist i) (7) p p D p p D = α p N (( p det ) ) (8) num comp = α = A estimate A real num comp > p N (( p det ) ) p det 0 α α A estimate A real num comp I(tr ) α α α p p D (6) p p H p p C (7) β p p p H p p C p N dist i i P Earth Moer s Distance [], [4] p p H = p N(EMD( p, T )) (9) (9) EMD( p, T ) p T Earth Moer Distance p p H p p C (5) Earth Moer s Distance(EMD) 5.

7 fps 8 ( Method A p( ) Conentional method 7.5 Proposed method without occlusion likelihood α 78. Proposed method with occlusion likelihood α (0) A p Tracking accuracy Conentional method Proposed method A p = SP S P i= j= W i,j N i,j (0) N i,j i j W i,j i j 0 S P α α

8 象らしさを表すことができるため 追跡精度の向上が期 待できる 文 図 4 追 跡 結 果 の選手を重複して追跡してしまうことが挙げられる 前 者に関しては同一チームのためユニフォームの色が同じ であることにより 追跡が逆転してもパーティクルフィ ルタの尤度は低下しないことが要因と考えられる 後者 に関しては 時間状況グラフのコンポーネント数の誤り が要因と考えられる 今後の課題として ゴール前などの選手密集地域にお ける追跡精度の向上が挙げられる そのためには まず 背景差分の精度向上が必要となる 背景差分によって正 確に選手領域を抽出することは 時間状況グラフのコン ポーネント数決定の精度向上につながり 選手の検出精 度にも関係してくるため重要である また コンポーネ ント数の訂正アルゴリズムを導入する必要があると考え られる コンポーネント数の誤りは 検出精度と直接関 係していて 追跡精度低下の要因となるためである ま た パーティクルフィルタの尤度評価においては 現在 はヒューリスティックに求めているパラメータがあるた め これらを動的に最適化すれば精度が向上すると考え られる また 状態空間を 様々な特徴量を主成分分析 (PCA) して得られる部分空間とすることで より追跡対 献 [] Pascual J. Figueroa a, Neucimar J. Leite, Ricardo M.L. Barros, Tracking soccer players aiming their kinematical motion analysis, Computer Vision and Image Understanding (CVIU), pp. -5, 005. [] M. Zheng and D. Kudenko, Automated Eent Recognition for Football Commentary Generation, International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations (IJGCMS), Vol., pp , 00. [] V. Toinkere and R. J. Qian, Detecting Semantic Eents in Soccer Games: Towards A Complete Solution, IEEE International Conference on Multimedia & Expo (ICME), pp , 00. [4] K. Okuma, A. Taleghani, N. D. Freitas, J. J. Littele and D. G. Lowe, A Boosted Particle Filter: Multi target Detection and Tracking, The 8th European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), pp. 8-9, Prague, Czech, May 004. [5] 片山 徹, 応用カルマンフィルタ, 朝倉書店, 000. [6] M. Breitenstein, F. Reichin, B. Leibe, E. Koller-Meier and L. V. Gool, Robust tracking-by-detection Using a Detector Confidence Particle Filter, The th IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pp. 55-5, [7] 澤田裕介, 尺長健, 仮説検証に基づく自然環境下での複数 歩行者追跡, 画像の認識 理解シンポジウム (MIRU),pp , 0-7. [8] Takuro Nishino, Yasuo Ariki, Tetsuya Takiguchi, Tracking of Multiple Soccer Players Using a D Particle Filter Based on Detector Confidence, Adances in Computer Science and Engineering(ACSE),pp. 904, 0. [9] H.Grabner, J.Matas, L.Van Gool, P.Cattin, Tracking the Inisible: Learning Where the Object Might be, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR),pp. 85-9, 00. [0] 森田 真司, 山澤 一誠, 寺沢 征彦, 横矢 直和, 全方位 画像センサを用いたネットワーク対応型遠隔監視シス テム, 電子情報通信学会論文誌 D-II), Vol. J88-D-II, No. 5, pp , [] 樋口知之, 粒子フィルタ, 電子情報通信学会誌, Vol. 88, No., pp , [] M.J. Vapnik, The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory,, Springer, Heidelberg, 00. [] Y. Rubner, C. Tomasi and L. J. Guibas, The Earth Moer s Distance a Metric for Image Retrieal, International Journal of Computer Vision (IJCV), Vol. 40, No., pp. 99-, No [4] X. Wan and Y. Peng, The Earth Moer s Distance as a Semantic Measure for Document Similarity, Proc. of the 4th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, pp. 0-0, 005.

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