13H 00apple6ｧ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ ｹ0 06 apple ｷ3apple0602 閨0ｹ 閨 ｹ0 020ｷ
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- あつみね はぎにわ
- 9 years ago
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1 13Eapple fi B6ｧ800, 02. 5, ｸ ｹ ﾇ 00apple6ｧ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ ｹ0 06 apple ｷ3apple0602 閨0ｹ 閨 ｹ0 020ｷ ｸ ｦ0 6ｾ ｧ9080ｸ7 ﾞ0402 閨 ｹ0 6ﾒ ｹ ﾒ ｷ ﾑ8apple , ｹ fi 6ｾ ｧ908 ﾇ ｦ0apple ｹ ｷ fi ｧ ﾒ fi apple ｧ ｧ ｧ9 006ｧ fi apple 閨 apple 06 6ｧ9 0ｷ30ｹ0 6 70ｸ ｷ ｧ8 0803fi ｸ700apple fi03080ｸ ｧ9 : fi apple ｧ9 06, apple030804apple086ｧ 閨 ｧ , apple ｧ fi03080ｸ7, 06 apple ｷ3apple06026ｧ apple6ｧ ｧ8 00apple ｷ3076ｧ9 (McCullough, 2000, 6). ﾞ0ｸ702fi ｧ9 080ｹ0 apple ｦ ｧ9ｨB ｧ ｧ ｧ80ｹ0 040ｸ700apple ｹ ｸ fi apple ｧ ｧ8 02 閨 (Smilansky, 1968, 36). ﾌ fi ｹ0 apple080ｸ fi apple ｧ ｸ70700apple apple ｷ307 apple ｷ300 閨07 6ｧ8 040ｸ , ｸ7apple ｧ ｧ ｧ apple6ｧ ｷ ｸ fi07020ｷ apple ｧ8 apple fi apple080ｸ7 apple ｧ9ｨb apple03 6ｧ ｸ7 apple ｦ0 (Johnson, 1998, Bolton, 1998, 197) ｧ 閨0ｹ ｷ303086ｦ fi apple ｧ9 06 0ｷ30ｹ0 apple03fi020ｸ7apple08 apple ｸ70ｹ fi ｹ0, 0304 閨020ｸ7apple ｧ ｧ80ｹ 閨6 7090ｹ 閨 閨 ｹ0 020ｷ ｸ ｸ700apple apple 06 6ｧ9 (Rapp, 1984, Haine, 1985, 187). ﾌ fi03080ｹ fi apple ｧ apple ｧ ｸ700apple fi ｧ ｸ7 apple ｦ ｹ0 apple030804apple086ｧ ｹ0, ｸ fi, 0208 apple ｧ fi03080ｸ7, 0208 apple ｧ ｹ0 apple ｷ3apple08apple086ｧ ｹ0, 0208 apple ｧ ｹ ｧ9 0ｹ0, ｸ fi ｷ fi apple ｧ9 06 (Torgerson, 2001, Mellou, 1995, 105). 6ｾ fi apple ｧ apple ｦ ｹ ｷ 閨0ｹ ｸ70ｹ0 040ｸ 閨0ｹ fi ｹ0, 00 閨04 applefi apple ｧ ｧ fi , 6ｧ907080ｸ ｧ 閨 apple ｧ ｦ ｸ703096ｧ ｹ ｷ ｧ80ｹ0 00apple 086ｧ80ｹ0 (Miller, 1999, 9). ﾇ 040ｸ ｧ fi apple ｧ ｸ70700apple ｷ ｧ apple6ｧ , 040ｸ fi fi ｧ9, ｹ0 02 apple apple ｦ007 03fi03080ｸ70ｹ apple 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ ｹ0 (Bretherton, 1989, Jones, 2000, 9).
2 13H 00apple6ｧ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ ｹ0 06 apple ｷ3apple0602 閨0ｹ 閨 ｹ0 020ｷ ｦ0 103 ﾇ 040ｸ ｧ8 apple030804apple086ｧ fi apple ｧ ｧ9ｨB 閨 fi 0ｸ7- applefi fi ｹ0 020ｷ ｸ fi07020ｷ 閨 fi 046ｦ ｹ ｸ7 040ｸ ｦ0 02fi ｸ apple086ｧ ｸ707 (Goldman, 1998, 43). ﾌ 040ｸ fi0ｹ ｹ0 02 閨 ｹ0, , 040ｸ700apple ｹ0 006ｧ apple fi0ｹ0 00fi0708 fiapple080ｸ7 0ｸ7- apple apple ｦ ｦ ｧ ｧ ｧ fi ｷ30ｹ ｸ7apple ｧ ｧ ｹ ｷ ｸ700 閨 ｹ0 (Nelson and Seidman, 1984, Corsaro, 1983, 1). ﾌ apple030002fi fi apple ｧ ｧ9ｨB080ｸ ｸ70ｹ0 0ｸ ｦ00ｹ ｸ70ｹ0 6ｦ ｸ 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ ｹ0. ﾞapplefi ｧ9 006ｧ ｸ ｧ ｸ70ｹ ｹ0 apple 閨0ｹ0 02 0ｸ702fi ｹ0, 02080ｸ70ｹ0 03fi03080ｸ70ｹ0, ｷ fi02, 02080ｸ70ｹ0 0203fiapple080ｸ70ｹ ｧ9 0ｹ ｸ70ｹ0 0203fiapple080ｸ70ｹ ｹ0 (Fein, 1987, Bolton, 1998, 271). ﾞapplefi ｧ ｸ702fi apple080ｸ7 閨04080ｸ ｷ ｦ ｸ 閨 ｹ ｧ fi apple ｧ9 06 (Sawyer, 1995, 146). 縺 ｸ ｦ ｹ0 apple apple086ｧ ｹ ｸ700apple ｷ307 apple , 040ｸ ｧ apple ｹ ｧ8 apple ｧ80ｹ0 閨 ｹ0 6ｧ ｧ80409 apple ｦ0 0403fi07080ｸ7 0ｷ30ｹ0 0ｸ7apple ｦ0 03fi09080ｸ7 (Lindon, 2001, Giffin, 1984, 81). 6ﾒ ｸ702 6ｧ9 0403fi0706 apple ｧ ｹ ｸ 閨0709 apple ｧ apple6ｧ apple080ｸ7 閨 fi apple ｧ ｸ70ｹ ｧ90ｹ ｹ0 0002apple 6ｧ9 000ｸ704090ｹ0 020ｷ307 apple ﾌ06 apple fi ｹ 閨02000ｹ0 04 ｯ 0ｸ702fi ｸ fi ｧ apple6ｧ9ｨB apple 閨0ｹ ｹ apple ｹ0 apple ｧ80ｹ0 090ｷ3096ｧ80ｹ ｹ0 apple 閨0ｹ ｸ ｧ80ｹ 閨02090ｹ0, 閨0ｹ0 閨03000ｸ707000ｹ fi apple ｧ apple fi0308 apple080ｸ7 apple 6ｧ9ｨB ｸ ｧ 閨0ｹ fi ｹ apple020ｸ ｷ ｷ , ｸ ｧ8020ｷ ｷ307 apple (Fein, 1989, McCullough, 2000, vi) ｹ0 閨03000ｸ707000ｹ ｨB080ｸ 閨 ｸ70ｹ fi0308 apple080ｸ7 apple 6ｧ9ｨB apple ｷ3apple0602fi ｷ apple 閨070ｷ ｸ ｦ apple0806fi fi apple ｧ9 06 (Lieberman, 1977, 48). 6ｧ909000ｹ0 閨03000ｸ707000ｹ fi apple ｧ ｦ apple fi ｷ ｧ8020ｷ apple ｧ8 apple080ｸ ｦ apple020ｸ ｷ ｷ ｧ8020ｷ ｷ ｸ fi07020ｷ ｯ 0ｸ702 閨0ｹ0 (Yassa, 1997, 11) ｹ0 閨03000ｸ707000ｹ0 00apple apple ｧ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ ｹ ｷ 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ fi ｹ0 020ｷ apple 閨070ｷ 閨0ｹ fi ｹ0, fiapple0ｷ30ｹ0, 00apple6ｧ904090ｹ0, 0207apple ｹ 閨02000ｹ ｸ707086ｦ ｸ7 040ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ ｧ ｸ7 apple ｦ0 (McCune-Nicolish, 1981, Piaget, 1962, 139). 6ﾒ2 閨03080ｹ0, 0207apple ｹ 閨02000ｹ ｨB080ｸ 閨 ｸ70ｹ ｹ0 6 70ｸ apple000ｸ 閨0ｹ0 00apple ｹ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ apple ｧ8 0002apple ｸ apple 閨02030ｷ307 applefi ｧ ｸ fi 6ｾ ｧ908 (Fineman, 1962, Curry, 1974, 43).
3 13104 A0402 閨 ｹ0 T ｹ0 2. 6ﾑ803000ｸ ｧ 閨 ｾ40208applefi0ｹ0, 00 閨04 040ｸ ｧ80ｹ 閨070ｷ ｧ ｹ0 閨03000ｸ707 0ｹ0 ﾇ apple ｧ8 00 0ｹ0 apple 03 閨 ｧ9ｨB ｷ30ｹ0 閨03000ｸ707 apple00 6ｧ9080ｸ7, 08086ｦ ｧ ｸ fi apple ｷ307 0ｸ7apple 閨070ｷ ｧ9040ｷ30ｹ0 0ｸ ｸ ｧ ｸ70ｹ apple ｧ ｧ9 (Hovland, 1959, Argyle, 1996, 345). 6ｾ4 ｯ 0ｸ702fi ｧ ｧ9 0ｸ70308apple086ｧ ｹ ｸ7 fi03080ｸ7 apple ｦ ｧ ｹ0 applefi ｹ ｹ0, ｷ303006ｧ apple03 6ｧ ｷ ｧ80ｹ apple6ｧ ｹ0 020ｷ apple ｧ ｸ ｷ fi 02036ｧ ｹ ｧ80ｹ ｹ ｷ3096ｧ8 0007fi0ｹ0 07 閨080ｸ7 00 閨03080ｸ70ｹ0, 02080ｸ ｸ ｧ8, 07026ｧ ｸ ｸ ｹ ｹ0 (Kontos and Keyes, 1999, 35). ﾇ ｧ ｸ ｧ8 0ｸ7applefi ｧ8 00 0ｹ apple6ｧ 閨07 040ｸ 閨0708 apple03fi ｷ3096ｧ80ｹ apple ｧ apple ｦ ｹ0 06 apple ｷ3apple0602 閨0ｹ 閨 ｹ ｧ9 0ｹ0 020ｷ ｹ ｧ80ｹ ｹ0. ﾇ ｸ707 apple apple08066ｧ ｦ ( ). 6ﾒ ｧ ｷ307 apple ｷ ｷ ｷ 閨 ｸ ｧ , apple 閨 , 閨 ｹ0 - ｦﾐ 07080ｸ ｹ0, ｧ9 apple fi07080ｸ ｸ70ｹ 閨0ｹ ｷ ｦ ｦ ｸ70ｹ0. ﾌ 00apple 07 閨 ｹ0 閨 ｹ ｹ0, apple00036ｧ9apple080ｸ applefi 02 閨 ｹ0 006ｧ807000ｹ apple 閨03 0ｹ ｸ7 apple ｦ0 apple ｹ0 apple 03 閨 ｹ0. ﾇ ｧ ｹ0 apple ｧ80ｹ0 apple 03 閨 ｹ ｧ ｹ ｹ ｸ ｧ8 020ｷ ｸ7 apple ｦ0 006ｧ ｹ apple ｧ ｧ ﾇ 00apple ｧ8 0ｸ702086ｦ ｸ ｹ ｧ applefi ｸ fi apple03fi ｧ9 0ｹ ｸ ｧ ｹ ｹ ｧ80ｹ0 ﾞ090ｷ3096ｧ80ｹ fi 6ｾ ｧ908, apple086ｧ908 apple0308 閨 apple ｧ ｸ ｧ ｹ0 0ｸ702086ｦ fi 02080ｸ ｦ0 閨02080ｸ70ｹ0. ﾌ ｹ 閨0ｹ ｸ ｧ8 00 0ｹ 閨0209 6ｧ apple fi ｷ ｧ8020ｷ ｷ apple , ｷ ｧ ｷ , ｷ ｧ apple6ｧ ｷ ｹ ｧ80ｹ ｹ ｹ ｧ80ｹ ｧ80ｹ0 00apple ｷ3076ｧ9 0ｹ0, ｧ9 020ｷ ｸ ｧ applefi 02060ｹ ｹ 閨 ｸ apple 03fi ｹ 閨0ｹ fi ｹ0. 縺 閨 ｸ ｦ apple6ｧ ｹ ｹ ｧ80ｹ ｸ7 apple 閨07080ｸ7 020ｷ ｧ8020ｷ307, fi fi03080ｸ70ｹ ｸ70ｹ0 0002apple ｸ ｦ00ｹ ｧ ｧ 閨07020ｸ7apple08 0ｸ fi ｸ7apple08 006ｧ apple (6ﾒ ｹ0, 2003, ). ﾇ 閨 ｧ 閨03000ｸ ｹ0 6ｧ apple ｷ3apple0602 閨0ｹ 閨 ｹ ｧ9 0ｹ0. 縺 ｧ804080ｸ 閨 ｸ ｧ ｧ apple ｷ3apple06-02 閨0ｹ 閨 ｹ ｧ9 0ｹ003, apple08066ｧ fiapple ｷ ｧ ｧ ｸ7 J.L. 09oreno (Schutzenberger and Moreno, 1970, 475) apple 閨03080ｹ ｸ7 apple ｦ0 apple ｹ0 apple 03 閨 ｹ0, 0400 fi03000ｹ ｹ0 apple 閨0ｹ0
4 13H 00apple6ｧ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ ｹ0 06 apple ｷ3apple0602 閨0ｹ 閨 ｹ0 020ｷ ｦ ｹ ｹ ｹ 閨 ｸ ｷ 閨070ｷ ｸ ｷ ｦ apple6ｧ ｹ ｧ80ｹ0 apple ｹ0 020ｷ307 0ｸ7apple 閨070ｷ fi 0ｸ7apple ｧ ｸ ｦ fi03080ｸ703000ｹ 閨07000ｹ 閨0ｹ0: 00086ｧ ｹ0 閨 ｹ0, fi ｹ0 閨 ｹ0, apple ｷ300 閨070806, apple apple02fi , ｧ90ｹ0 ( 0402 閨03000ｹ0), 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ0 (02036ｧ902000ｹ0), 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ ｧ ｹ0 apple ｧ ｹ0. 6ｾ ｷ ｧ ｧ9 apple ｦ ｷ3026ｧ ｹ0. 6ﾒ2 apple ｦ apple ｸ ｧ9 0807fi ｸ ｸ70ｹ ｸ70ｹ0 08apple086ｧ9080ｸ70ｹ0 03 6ｧ ｸ ｦ ｧ904080ｸ ｨB6ｧ ｧ908. ﾞ07026ｧ , ｦ apple ｦ ｸ ｧ9 0807fi ｸ ｸ70ｹ ｸ70ｹ0 08apple086ｧ9080ｸ70ｹ ｧ ｸ ｦ ｧ904080ｸ ｨB6ｧ ｧ ｧ908 (6ｾ ｧ80ｹ0, 1995, ﾒ20406apple ｹ0, 1992, 46). 6ｾ ｧ9 apple ｧ ｹ0 6ｾ46ﾒ2 ｯ ｹ fi applefi ｸ ｧ8 02 閨 閨 apple03fi apple 閨 ｸ fi apple03fi ｸ ｧ9080ｸ apple08066ｧ , 00apple6ｧ904090ｹ0, ｹ ｹ ｹ0 6ｧ9 06 0ｹ ｧ9 0ｹ0 0ｷ30ｹ ｹ 閨 ｸ7. ﾒ ｸ7026ｧ80ｹ ｹ0 apple0308 閨03000ｸ707 0ｹ0 0ｸ7apple ｧ 閨 ｸ7apple06026ｧ8 applefi ｹ ｹ0 020ｷ ｹ 閨0ｹ ｸ ｷ ｦ ｸ7 J.L. Moreno ｦ 閨0ｹ ｧ ｹ apple fi 02090ｹ0 020ｸ7apple06026ｧ80ｹ0 applefi ｹ ｹ0 apple 閨0ｹ ｹ ｹ ｹ 閨 ｸ apple0308 閨03000ｸ707 0ｸ7apple ｧ fi0ｹ0 020ｷ307 apple ｷ 閨0ｹ ｹ fi0ｹ0 020ｷ ｷ 閨 ｸ 閨0ｹ ｹ0 (Lindzey, 1996, Agresti and Finlay, 1997, 138). ﾞapplefi ｸ7 08apple080ｸ ｧ9080ｸ ｧ9 0ｹ apple ｧ ｷ3096ｧ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ apple ｷ3apple06026ｧ8 apple0308 閨03000ｸ apple6ｧ ｧ apple086ｧ9 0ｸ7apple6ｧ ｸ707 02fi ｹ ｸ703096ｧ9 0ｹ0 apple ｷ307, 03fi- 090ｷ ｧ80ｹ0 00apple0600fi03080ｷ304090ｹ0 020ｷ apple ｸ ｷ3096ｧ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ0. ﾞapplefi 0ｸ apple0603 閨 ｾ ｧ ｹ0 0002apple ｸ 閨0ｹ0 apple 閨 ｹ0: ﾇ ｦ0apple ｹ0, ｹ0, ﾞ , ﾞ096ｧ9080ｸ ｧ9080ｸ7, 03 閨080ｸ7 ﾇ ｧ9080ｸ7, ﾒ ｧ9080ｸ7, ﾞ ｷ3, ﾞ ｸ7046ｧ9080ｸ7, 0ｸ702fi6 5030ｸ704090ｹ0, 03 陦 0ｹ0 6ｾ4006ｦ ｹ0, 6ﾒ2 6ｦ003080ｸ7, ﾞ036ｧ900080ｸ ｧ90ｷ307. ﾞapplefi 0ｸ ｧ ｸ704 6ｧ ｧ 閨0ｹ ｹ0 applefi ｦ 閨0ｷ30ｹ 閨 ｧ ｧ9. 6ﾒ208 apple fi 006ｧ ｸ ｸ70ｹ 閨0ｹ ｸ ｦ0 6ｾ ｧ9080ｸ7. ﾞapplefi 0ｸ702086ｦ00ｹ 閨0ｹ0 076ｧ ｹ0 apple 閨0ｹ ｹ ｹ ｹ 閨 ｸ7 ( ｧ ). 6ｾ ｧ ｧ9 040ｸ ｧ apple 閨0ｹ ｹ ｹ0 0ｷ30ｹ ｹ 閨 ｸ7. ﾇ 036ｧ apple ｷ ｯ ｧ9 6ｧ ｸ ｧ8, 縺06 ｯ 0ｸ702fi fi ｧ 閨0ｹ ｹ ｹ0 006ｦ ｹ ｧ9 0ｹ0 0ｷ30ｹ ｹ 閨 ｸ7, 08086ｦ apple ｹ0 apple ｹ ｹ0 006ｦ ｹ ｹ ｧ ｨB apple ｷ 閨0ｹ0 040ｸ ｧ ｹ ｷ fi (James, 1993, 219).
5 13106 A0402 閨 ｹ0 T ｹ0 09ｦﾐ03AKA6ｾ4 1: ｸ7046ｧ ｹ0 046ｦ ｹ ｸ7 apple ｸ ｦ ｸ ｸ ｦ0 006ｧ ｹ0 ﾒ ｧ8 020ｷ307 0ｸ7apple 閨070ｷ ｹ0 閨03000ｸ707 0ｹ ｦ 閨0ｹ0 ﾌ ｹ0 ﾌ ｹ0 6ﾑ803 閨 ｸ7 6ﾒ2 ﾞ6ｦ16ﾑ8ｦﾐ6ｾ4 ﾞ 罍ﾌ06ｦﾐ ﾞ ﾒ ﾌ06ｦﾐ6ﾒ26ｾ4ｦﾐ ﾞ 6ｾ40803 ﾌ ﾌ ﾞ 罍ﾌ06ｦﾐ ﾞ ﾒ ﾌ06ｦﾐ6ﾒ26ｾ4ｦﾐ ﾞ 6ｾ40803 ﾌ ﾌ 6ﾒ2 ﾞ6ｦ1 ﾇ ｨC ｨC ｨC 6ﾒ2 ﾞ6ｦ1 ﾇ ﾒ2 ﾞ6ｦ1 ﾇ ﾒ2 ﾞ6ｦ1 ﾇ 6ﾑ ﾒ2 ﾞ6ｦ1 ﾇ 6ｾ46ﾒ ｾ40803 ﾌ ﾌ ｦﾐ 06 6ｧ 閨 fi ｧ9 040ｸ700apple036ｧ8030ｷ304090ｹ0 020ｷ ｷ ｧ90ｷ307. 6ﾑ8apple ｧ 閨 apple086ｧ908 apple 03080ｸ7046ｧ9 ｨB ｸ ｧ80ｹ ｸ70ｹ 閨0ｹ apple apple6ｧ ｹ0 apple 03 6ｧ ｹ0 040ｸ ｹ ｷ ｧ9 0ｹ0, ｸ ｧ ｧ apple ｦ007090ｹ ｸ70ｹ 閨0ｹ applefi ｷ307 - apple 07026ｧ ｸ70ｹ0. ﾌ06 apple030804apple 閨0ｹ0 00 0ｹ apple6ｧ ｧ ｧ80ｹ0 0ｸ fi ｹ ｧ80ｹ0 00 閨 ｹ ｸ703096ｧ9 apple fi020ｸ7apple0ｷ ｸ ｷ3096ｧ80ｹ ｹ0 閨03000ｸ707 0ｹ fi03000ｹ ｹ 閨0ｹ ｹ0 applefi ｧ ｸ ｧ8. ﾌ 0402fi04080ｹ ｹ0 0ｸ ｧ80ｹ0 020ｸ7apple0602fi ｹ0 apple080ｸ ｦ ｧ apple 07026ｧ804080ｸ 閨0ｹ ｧ ｹ ｷ3026ｧ ｹ0, apple apple080ｸ7 006ｧ ｨB ｦ ｷ ｧ8 00 閨 閨03000ｸ707 0ｹ0 (Schutzenberger and Moreno, 1970, 60). ﾌ 0403fi07080ｹ0 040ｸ700apple036ｧ8030ｷ304090ｹ0 020ｷ ｷ ｧ90ｷ ｧ 閨07080ｹ0, ｧ9 040ｸ ｨBfi 閨 ｸ702 6ｧ9080ｹ ｧ80ｹ0 ( ｦ ｧ9 ) apple applefi 閨07 0ｹ ｧ80ｹ ｷ fi ｸ ｸ7 086ｦ ｹ ｹ ｹ0, 08 08apple086ｧ9080ｹ fi ｷ3036ｧ90ｹ0 07 apple ｧ fi ｧ9. 6ｾ apple6ｧ ｹ 閨0ｹ ｹ ｦ apple030ｷ302fi , apple086ｧ908 0ｸ7apple 閨 ｸ7030ｸ707026ｧ80ｹ ｸ ｧ9080ｸ ﾒ2 000ｸ7036ｧ ｹ0 閨03000ｸ707 0ｹ0 縺 fi ｸ ｷ ｷ 閨070ｷ apple08066ｧ apple03fi apple ｧ9 0ｹ0 SDAS fi 0ｸ7apple ｧ8 (Langeheine, 1978, 189). H ｧ8 00apple ｧ9 020ｷ ｷ ｷ 閨 ｧ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｹ0 SPSS H 00 閨 ｹ ｧ80ｹ0 00apple ｧ9 0ｹ0 020ｷ 閨070ｷ307 apple080ｸ apple08066ｧ ｧ ｦ ｹ ｹ0 020ｷ 閨040ｷ307 fi030ｷ ｷ ｹ ｧ80ｹ0 apple080ｸ7 閨04080ｸ ｧ ｧ ｧ900 02, ｦ 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ0, fi ｧ t-student 00086ｧ9apple03000ｸ703090ｹ ｦ0030ｸ ｹ0 ( ｸ7fiapple080ｸ703080ｹ0, 1986, 118).
6 13H 00apple6ｧ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ ｹ0 06 apple ｷ3apple0602 閨0ｹ 閨 ｹ0 020ｷ ｦ ｧ8 apple030800applefi ｹ ｧ80ｹ ｸ ｦ ｧ9080ｸ7 t-student 006ｧ : ) 0208 apple fi 006ｧ ｧ ｸ704 6ｧ ) ｷ303086ｦ ｷ30ｹ 閨 ｧ ｸ703006ｧ ｧ ｧ8, ｧ8 00 0ｹ0 apple00036ｧ9- apple020ｷ30409, 08086ｦ0 (03 < 30), t ｧ8 (026ｧ ｹ0, 1995, ｸ7fiapple080ｸ ｹ0, 1972, 149). 縺 ｸ apple apple030800applefi apple080ｸ7 apple ｧ902 06, ｧ ｸ ｧ ｧ ｸ ｦ ｧ9080ｸ7 t-student, fi ｧ ｧ9 020ｸ fi ｹ0 ( ﾒ086ｦ , 357) ｹ 閨0ｹ0 020ｷ 閨070ｷ ｸ ｷ ｹ ｧ ｷ307 Wald ｨC Wolfowitz. ( ｧ ｹ ). 09ｦﾐ03AKA6ｾ4 2: 6ﾒ20600 閨0ｹ0 020ｷ307 apple ｧ8020ｷ ｹ ｧ9 0ｹ0 020ｸ704 06fi ｹ ｹ 閨07000ｹ 閨0ｹ0 020ｷ307 apple ｷ307 ﾒ ｧ ｷ (Wald ｨC Wolfowitz) 6ﾒ20600 閨0ｹ0 020ｷ307 apple ｧ8020ｷ307 (P) 閨0ｹ0 6ﾒ ﾒ ﾒ ﾒ ﾑ8 6ﾒ ｾ46ﾒ2 ﾞ00086ｧ ｹ0 閨 ｹ0,971*,126*,905*,322*,761* fi ｹ0 閨 ｹ0,322*,322*,545*,761*,905* ﾞapple ｷ300 閨070806,761*,971*,761*,971*,905* ﾞapple apple02fi ,905*,825*,971*,238*,995* ｧ90ｹ0,949*,098*,937*,133*,126* ﾞ 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ0,322*,126*,126*,949*,126* ﾒ 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ0,434*,322*,704*,322*,434* ﾞ0008. apple ｧ ｹ0,238*,486*,657*,761*,434* 6ｾ ｧ90ｷ30409: * p > ｦﾐ03AKA6ｾ4 3: 6ﾒ20600 閨0ｹ0 020ｷ307 apple ｧ8020ｷ ｹ ｧ9 0ｹ0 020ｸ704 06fi ｹ ｹ 閨07000ｹ 閨0ｹ0 020ｷ ｷ 閨 ｸ7 ﾒ ｧ ｷ (Wald ｨC Wolfowitz) 6ﾒ20600 閨0ｹ0 020ｷ307 apple ｧ8020ｷ307 (P) 閨0ｹ0 6ﾒ ﾒ ﾒ ﾑ8 6ﾒ ｾ46ﾒ2 ﾞ00086ｧ ｹ0 閨 ｹ0,971*,595*,917*,643* fi ｹ0 閨 ｹ0,317*,317*,952*,595* ﾞapple ｷ300 閨070806,778*,717*,467*,956* ﾞapple apple02fi ,778*,778*,810*,310* ｧ90ｹ0,467*,778*,956*,643* ﾞ 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ0,717*,778*,467*,467* ﾒ 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ0,595*,310*,956*,467* ﾞ0008. apple ｧ ｹ0,467*,310*,357*,167* 6ｾ ｧ90ｷ30409: * p >.025
7 13108 A0402 閨 ｹ0 T ｹ0 ﾞapplefi 閨07 apple080ｸ7 apple 03080ｸ ｨB ｸ70ｹ0 apple6ｧ ｹ apple ｦ00000 fi ｧ8 020ｷ307 apple ｧ8020ｷ 閨 ｧ8 006ｧ ｦ applefi ｧ ｧ8 0, , ｸ707 鐶pple0006, apple ｦ apple ｧ ｸ ｸ7applefi ﾇ ｹ0 020ｸ704 06fi ｹ ｸ7 apple ｦ0 006ｧ ｹ fi ｹ0 5% fi fi ｧ ｹ0 006ｧ ｸ704 6ｧ 閨07080ｸ ｧ9 09 0ｸ7applefi apple00036ｧ fi ｹ ｹ ｧ80ｹ ｹ 閨07090ｹ ｧ80ｹ apple08066ｧ ｸ ｧ8 00 閨 ｹ fi ｹ0 020ｷ ｸ 閨070ｷ307 apple apple fi apple03fi , apple fi ｧ t-student apple ｧ ｧ9 Wilcoxon (Agresti and Finlay, 1997, 233). H 046ｦ ｷ ｷ307 apple ｧ8020ｷ ｹ ｧ80ｹ fi ｹ0 (P) ｦ ｧ80306, t-student Z-Wilcoxon, 0007 陦 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ0 ( ｧ ｹ ). ﾒ ｸ707 鐶pple0006, 0ｸ7apple0803 閨02080ｸ70000 fi 閨0ｹ0 020ｷ ｷ ｸ703o6ｦ t ｧ ｸ ｦ ｧ ｸ ｦ ｧ9080ｸ7 t-student, 00086ｧ9apple03000ｸ703090ｹ ｦ0030ｸ ｹ0, ｧ ｸ ｷ 閨070ｷ ｹ 閨07090ｹ ｧ80ｹ ｹ apple 閨 ｹ ｧ80ｹ0 00apple ｧ9 0ｹ0 020ｷ ｸ 閨070ｷ307, 鐶pple080ｸ ｸ70ｹ0 apple6ｧ ｹ fi ｸ 閨0ｹ0 00 0ｹ0 0ｸ7apple ｹ0 00apple 閨 ｾ400 fi03000ｹ ｹ 閨0ｹ ｧ9 000ｹ ｹ0 08apple086ｧ9000ｹ ｧ apple ｧ8 apple 03 閨 apple ｧ8 00apple6ｧ ｸ7 apple ｦ0 apple ｹ ｹ 閨07000ｹ 閨0ｹ0: 00086ｧ ｹ0 閨 ｹ0, fi ｹ0 閨 ｹ0, apple ｷ300 閨 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ0. 09ｦﾐ03AKA6ｾ4 4: ﾞ07 030ｸ ｧ8 apple 03080ｸ7046ｧ ｷ ｸ ｷ307 apple ｧ8020ｷ ｦ ｧ80306 (t Z) ｹ0 apple 閨0ｹ ｹ0 T0600 閨0ｹ0 020ｷ307 apple ｧ8020ｷ fi ｧ 閨0ｹ0 6ﾒ ﾒ ﾒ ﾒ ﾑ8 6ﾒ ｾ46ﾒ2 ﾞ0008. 閨 ｹ0,006,006,004,008,004,007,001,004,004, fi 03. 閨 ｹ0,038,031,004,011,004,007,008,016,015,006 Aapple ｷ300 閨070806,006,004,001,005,007,007,004,009,000,004 ﾞapple apple02fi ,541,580,452,506,843,748 1,00,904,698, ｧ90ｹ0,675,613,050,050,108,103,144,136,027,027 ﾞ 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ0,007,007,016,031,000,004,013,018,001,004 ﾒ 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ0,089,083,248,248,384,366,028,033,207,190 ﾞ0008. apple ｧ ｹ0,299,328,521,507,395,417,843,972,927,944
8 13H 00apple6ｧ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ ｹ0 06 apple ｷ3apple0602 閨0ｹ 閨 ｹ0 020ｷ ｦ ｦﾐ03AKA6ｾ4 5: ﾞ07 030ｸ ｧ8 apple 03080ｸ7046ｧ ｷ ｸ ｷ307 apple ｧ8020ｷ ｦ ｧ80306 (t Z) ｹ ｹ 閨 ｸ7 T0600 閨0ｹ0 020ｷ307 apple ｧ8020ｷ fi ｧ 閨0ｹ0 6ﾒ ﾒ ﾒ ﾑ8 6ﾒ ｾ46ﾒ2 ﾞ0008. 閨 ｹ0,479,476,088,081,054,072,331, fi 03. 閨 ｹ0,090,136,002,011,045,074,259,340 Aapple ｷ300 閨070806,138,129,028,032,023,031,309,317 ﾞapple apple02fi ,213,206,726,705 1,00,860 1,00 1, ｧ90ｹ0,474,480,087,084,058,054,037,039 ﾞ 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ0,619,639,111,107,394,334,394,334 ﾒ 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ0,168,157,434,380 1,00 1,00,443,434 ﾞ0008. apple ｧ ｹ0,100,079,331,324,302,292,820, , fiapple0ｷ30ｹ0 08 6ｧ ｸ70ｹ0 apple6ｧ ｹ , 0400 fi03000ｹ ｹ 閨0ｹ ｧ9-000ｹ0, ｹ0 apple 03 apple07070ｷ 閨07000ｹ 閨0ｹ applefi030ｸ702000ｹ0 t 閨0ｹ0 006ｧ ｦ ｹ0 02fi ｹ ｧ ｹ0 t ｧ80ｹ0 2, ｦ00ｹ ｸ ｧ9 0ｹ fi ｹ0 1%, ｧ8 006ｧ ｹ 閨0ｹ0. ﾇ 016ｧ9 020ｷ307 apple ｷ307 apple080ｸ7 apple0308 閨020ｸ applefi ｧ ｸ ｷ 閨070ｷ ｹ0 apple 閨0ｹ ｹ0 00apple applefi apple ｧ9 020ｷ ｸ 閨070ｷ ｹ ｹ 閨 ｸ7. 09ｦﾐ03AKA6ｾ4 6: ﾌ 閨0ｹ0 020ｷ307 apple ｧ8020ｷ ｹ0 apple 閨0ｹ ｹ fi ｧ t (student) 6ﾒ20600 閨0ｹ0 020ｷ307 apple ｧ8020ｷ307 (P) 閨0ｹ0 6ﾒ ﾒ ﾒ ﾒ ﾑ8 6ﾒ ｾ46ﾒ2 ﾞ00086ｧ ｹ0 閨 ｹ0,006**,004**,004**,001***,004** fi ｹ0 閨 ｹ0,038*,004**,004**,008**,015** ﾞapple ｷ300 閨070806,006**,001***,007**,004**,000*** ﾞapple apple02fi ,541,452,843 1,00, ｧ90ｹ0,675,050*,108,144,027* ﾞ 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ0,007**,010**,000***,010**,001*** ﾒ 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ0,089,248,384,028*,207 ﾞ0008. apple ｧ ｹ0,299,521,395,843,927 6ｾ ｧ90ｷ30409: * p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p<.001
9 13110 A0402 閨 ｹ0 T ｹ0 09ｦﾐ03AKA6ｾ4 7: ﾌ 閨0ｹ ｸ ｦ ｧ9080ｸ7 t (student) ｹ0 apple 閨0ｹ ｹ0 6ﾒ20600 閨0ｹ ｧ9080ｸ7 t - student 閨0ｹ0 6ﾒ ﾒ ﾒ ﾒ ﾑ8 6ﾒ ｾ46ﾒ2 ﾞ00086ｧ ｹ0 閨 ｹ0-3,270-3,384-3,485-4,384-3, fi ｹ0 閨 ｹ0 2,295 3,389 3,474 3,061 2,781 ﾞapple ｷ300 閨 ,239 4,001 3,143 3,384 4,675 ﾞapple apple02fi ,627 0,774 0,202 0,000 0, ｧ90ｹ0 1,226 2,073 1,718 1,432 2,567 ﾞ 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ0-3,697-2,750-4,583-2,863-4,298 ﾒ 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ0 1,825 1,169 0,889 2,442 1,323 ﾞ0008. apple ｧ ｹ0 1,078 1,988 1,377 1,550 1, , fiapple0ｷ30ｹ0 08 6ｧ ｸ70ｹ0 apple6ｧ ｹ , ｧ ｧ ｧ apple ｦ0apple ｦ ｸ ｦ0 020ｷ apple ｷ3apple 閨 ｷ307 apple080ｸ ｧ ｧ , 閨07000ｹ 閨0ｹ ｧ9 000ｹ applefi030ｸ702000ｹ0 t 閨0ｹ0 006ｧ ｦ ｹ ｹ ｧ ｹ ｧ80ｹ0 2, %, ｸ707 鐶pple ｧ ｹ 閨0ｹ0 apple03080ｹ ｧ ｦ0030ｸ applefi 0ｸ7026ｧ8 020ｷ307 apple ｷ307, ｦ ｹ0 applefi030ｸ702000ｹ0 t 閨0ｹ ｹ0 6ｧ ｹ 閨07000ｹ 閨0ｹ0 ( ｧ ). 09ｦﾐ03AKA6ｾ4 8: ﾌ 閨0ｹ0 020ｷ307 apple ｧ8020ｷ ｹ ｹ 閨 ｸ fi ｧ t (student) 6ﾒ20600 閨0ｹ0 020ｷ307 apple ｧ8020ｷ307 (P) 閨0ｹ0 6ﾒ ﾒ ﾒ ﾑ8 6ﾒ ｾ46ﾒ2 ﾞ00086ｧ ｹ0 閨 ｹ0,479,088,054*, fi ｹ0 閨 ｹ0,090,002**,045*,259 ﾞapple ｷ300 閨070806,138,028*,023*,309 ﾞapple apple02fi ,213,726 1,00 1, ｧ90ｹ0,434,087,058*,037* ﾞ 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ0,619,111,394,394 ﾒ 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ0,168,434 1,00,443 ﾞ0008. apple ｧ ｹ0,100,331,302,820 6ｾ ｧ90ｷ30409: * p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p<.001
10 13H 00apple6ｧ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ ｹ0 06 apple ｷ3apple0602 閨0ｹ 閨 ｹ0 020ｷ ｦ ｾ402060ｹ0 0ｸ7applefi030806apple000ｹ0 02 閨 ｹ 閨07000ｹ 閨0ｹ ｹ0 閨03000ｸ707 0ｹ apple ｧ8 00apple6ｧ ｸ7 apple ｦ0 apple ｹ , fiapple0ｷ30ｹ0 08 6ｧ ｸ70ｹ0 apple6ｧ ｹ , 0400 fi03000ｹ ｹ 閨0ｹ ｧ9 000ｹ0, ｹ0 apple 03 apple07070ｷ 閨07000ｹ 閨0ｹ0, apple apple02fi , ｧ90ｹ0, 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ ｧ ｹ0 apple ｧ ｹ0, 0806 applefi030ｸ702000ｹ0 t 閨0ｹ0 006ｧ fi ｹ0 02fi ｹ ｧ ｹ0 t ｧ80ｹ0 2, ｦ00ｹ ｸ ｧ9 0ｹ fi ｹ0 1%, ｧ8 006ｧ ｹ0 046ｧ ｹ0. 09ｦﾐ03AKA6ｾ4 9: ﾌ 閨0ｹ ｸ ｦ ｧ9080ｸ7 t (student) ｹ ｹ 閨 ｸ7 6ﾒ20600 閨0ｹ ｧ9080ｸ7 t (student) 閨0ｹ0 6ﾒ ﾒ ﾒ ﾑ8 6ﾒ ｾ46ﾒ2 ﾞ00086ｧ ｹ0 閨 ｹ0 0,739 1,914 2,212 1, fi ｹ0 閨 ｹ0-1,898-4,247-2,327-1,204 ﾞapple ｷ300 閨 ,627-2,623-2,739-1,078 ﾞapple apple02fi ,342-0,361 1,118 0, ｧ90ｹ0-0,818-1,922-2,077-2,449 ﾞ 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ0 0,514 1,765 0,896 0,896 ﾒ 閨0ｹ 閨0ｹ0 1,500 0,818 0,000 0,802 ﾞ0008. apple ｧ ｹ0 1,835 1,029 1,094 0,234 ﾇ apple apple6ｧ904020ｷ30409 apple080ｸ7 apple ｦ0apple applefi ｧ ｸ ｷ ｸ 閨070ｷ ｧ ｧ8 00apple6ｧ ｷ ｧ8020ｷ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ0 020ｷ apple ｷ3apple 閨04000ｷ ｧ9 0ｹ0 020ｷ , ｧ90ｷ ｸ ｦ0 020ｷ307 apple ｷ300 閨070ｷ ｧ90ｷ ｹ0 06 apple ｷ3apple06026ｧ80ｹ0 00apple ｷ3076ｧ9 0ｹ apple ｧ , 00apple6ｧ904090ｹ0, fi0206 0ｸ7026ｧ ｧ8 00apple ｧ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ ｧ9ｨB ｧ9 020ｷ , 08086ｦ fi03000ｹ ｹ 閨0ｹ ｧ9 000ｹ0 020ｷ ｧ ｷ 閨070ｷ apple apple 閨 ｹ ｹ0 閨03000ｸ7-07 0ｹ0. ﾒ ｸ707 鐶pple0006, ｧ ｧ9 020ｷ ｧ ｧ8 00apple6ｧ ｹ ｹ ｧ80ｹ fi ｹ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ ｹ0 06 apple ｷ3apple0602 閨0ｹ 閨 ｹ ｧ9 0ｹ0 020ｷ ｧ8 06 apple6ｧ904020ｷ ｧ fi ｧ ｹ 閨0ｹ ｹ 閨07090ｹ ｧ80ｹ ｧ ｹ0 閨 ｹ003, ｹ0 apple 閨0ｹ ｹ0, ｧ apple0007 閨 apple fi ｷ307, 020ｸ704 6ｧ90ｷ ｷ ﾞ0ｸ702fi 閨 apple03fi ｧ ｧ8 020ｷ307 apple ｧ8020ｷ307 (p > 0,05) ｹ0 applefi030ｸ702000ｹ0 t 閨0ｹ0 020ｷ307 6ｧ9 060ｷ 閨070ｷ ｹ ｹ 閨 ｸ7.
11 13112 A0402 閨 ｹ0 T ｹ0 3. 6ｾ40ｸ7ｨB6ｧ ｸ700apple ﾒ2 apple 閨 ｹ ｸ ｧ80ｹ0 00 0ｹ 閨02090ｹ0 00apple ｧ90ｷ ｦ ｸ ｧ8 0ｸ7applefi , 08086ｦ ｧ ｸ7 apple ｦ0 apple ｹ 閨0ｹ ｹ ｹ0 apple030ｷ ｹ0 0002apple 6ｧ9 000ｸ704090ｹ0 apple03086ｧ fi0ｹ0 020ｷ apple ｷ3apple 閨04000ｷ ｧ9 0ｹ ｦ0 020ｷ ﾇ 00apple ｧ90ｷ ｹ0 026ｦ ｹ0 apple03fi ｹ ｹ0 閨03000ｸ707 0ｹ0 apple08 fi ｧ8 00apple ｧ8 020ｷ ｧ8020ｷ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ ｧ , ｧ ｷ30ｹ0 046ｦ , apple080ｸ7 00apple0903 陦 ｸ703096ｧ 閨04000ｷ apple 閨010ｷ3 applefi ｹ0 apple ｧ80ｹ0 apple 03 閨 ｹ0. 6ﾑ fi020003, ｸ ｧ8 020ｷ307 apple fi apple ｧ9 06 陦0ｷ ｸ707-02fi ｧ ｷ3036ｧ ｸ702fi 02080ｸ7, ｸ apple08066ｧ ｹ 閨0ｹ ｸ fi ｹ0, apple026ｦ ｸ ｧ ｧ ｸ ｧ9 000ｸ fi apple06020ｸ7046ｧ ｷ apple ｷ3apple 閨04000ｷ307 (Blaney , Bridgeman, 1981, 1231). 6ﾑ8apple6ｧ904090ｹ0, ｧ80ｹ0, 00 閨04 applefi apple6ｧ ｧ ｸ ｸ70ｹ ｸ70ｹ0, 000ｸ apple08066ｧ apple03080ｹ ｹ ｹ0, 02060ｹ0 00apple06030ｸ7006ｧ9000ｹ ｹ ｹ0 020ｷ ｸ ｸ7 (Courtney, 1989, Boldstein, 1993, 37) , 6ｧ ｸ fi ｸ70ｹ 閨0ｹ ｦ fi ｧ8 applefi6 7000ｷ307, ｸ ｦ ｦ 閨000ｹ 閨0ｹ apple ｧ9000ｹ0, fi0ｹ0 apple080ｸ7 000ｸ707fi ｧ90ｷ ｷ apple ｷ3apple ｸ70ｹ 閨04000ｷ307 (Doctoroff, 1997, Erwin, 1993, 100). 6ﾒ2 apple , 00 閨040ｷ ｹ apple6ｧ ｧ80ｹ ｸ70ｹ fi apple ｧ9 06, apple ｦ ｧ ｧ ｸ702fi 02080ｸ70ｹ ｸ70ｹ ｸ70ｹ0 (Byron, 1986, 120). 6ﾑ8apple ｷ307086ｦ007, 00apple6ｧ904090ｹ0, 00 閨04 applefi 閨 fi , ｦ007080ｸ fi09046ｧ ｸ70ｹ fi040008, ｧ907080ｸ ｷ ｨB ｹ0 0000apple ｧ9000ｹ ｷ3apple6ｧ904080ｸ ｧ ｸ70ｹ0 ｨB0ｷ36ｧ8 (Goldstein, 1988, 44). ﾇ 016ｧ9 020ｷ307 apple 03 apple07070ｷ3 000ｸ ｷ307 閨 fi0ｹ0 fi apple ｧ8 apple 03 閨 閨 ｷ307 apple ｷ300 閨070ｷ ｧ apple ｧ9 07 apple 閨 apple ｧ apple080ｸ ｷ3apple6ｧ9ｨB080ｸ707 0ｸ apple 閨 ｨB0ｷ36ｧ ｸ70ｹ0, 陦 02090ｹ0 040ｸ ｧ80ｹ apple6ｧ9 0ｹ apple06020ｸ7046ｧ8 00apple ｧ ｷ ｧ ｸ70ｹ0 閨 (Rizzo, 1989, 130) apple6ｧ904020ｷ30409 apple080ｸ7 apple0308 閨020ｸ applefi 閨 ｧ ｧ8 00apple6ｧ ｷ ｧ8020ｷ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ apple ｷ3apple06026ｧ8 00apple ｷ3076ｧ9 020ｷ ﾞ0ｸ702fi 閨 apple03fi ｦ ｸ ｦ0 020ｷ apple ｷ ｷ307, fi0ｹ0 apple080ｸ7 006ｧ fi fi apple ｧ ｸ ｦ ｹ ｧ80ｹ ｹ 閨 fi fiapple ｷ304090ｹ0, fi ｧ902020ｸ7 00apple ｷ3076ｧ9 0ｹ ｷ fi 02090ｹ0 (Goldstein, 1988, MacDonald, 1986, 3). ﾇ apple03fi02 046ｧ8 00 0ｹ0, apple 閨 ｹ0 閨03000ｸ707 0ｹ0, 040ｸ7076ｧ ｧ ｸ ｹ ｧ80ｹ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ fi 6ｾ ｧ ｷ ｷ3046ｧ ｸ fi fi 02080ｸ ｸ ｦ ｦ0 apple ｹ0.
12 13H 00apple6ｧ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ ｹ0 06 apple ｷ3apple0602 閨0ｹ 閨 ｹ0 020ｷ ｦ , apple ｸ ｧ9 03 閨04080ｸ fi ｸ702086ｦ ｹ0 0ｸ707 02fi ｹ0 apple080ｸ7 6ｧ apple086ｧ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ ｷ ｧ8, ｸ ｧ ｷ ｧ8 0707apple020ｸ ｷ307 apple 閨 ｦ 閨 ｸ ｦ apple 6ｧ9 000ｸ ｨB apple fi apple ｧ ｷ307, ｹ ｸ70ｹ 閨0ｹ0 apple ｦ00ｹ0 閨 ｹ ｹ ｷ ｧ80ｹ0 apple ｧ9 0ｹ0. 08applefi ｷ30ｹ0 020ｷ fi ｷ ｧ ｷ ｧ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ apple 6ｧ9 000ｸ apple6ｧ apple080ｸ7 閨 fi03080ｷ ｷ307 apple ｷ307 apple 閨04000ｷ ｧ fi ｸ7 apple ｦ apple06020ｸ7046ｧ8 00apple ｧ ｷ ｧ8 閨 , ｸ ｧ8 apple 03 閨 ｹ0 0002apple ｸ ｧ80ｹ fi ｹ ｸ ｷ ｧ ｹ ｧ80ｹ ｹ0, fi apple ｧ9 06, ｧ ｧ9.
13 13114 A0402 閨 ｹ0 T ｹ apple0800apple 閨0ｹ0 Agresti, A. and Finlay, B. (1997) Statistical methods for the social sciences, New York: Prentice Hall. Argyle, 09. (1996) The experimental study of relationships, in D. Miell and R. Dallos (Eds.) Social Interaction and Personal Relationships, Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Blaney, N., Stephan, C., Rosenfield, D., Aronson, E. and Sikes, J. (1977) Interdependence in the classroom: A field study, Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 69, pp Boldstein, H. (1993) Use of peers as communication intervention, Teaching Exceptional Children, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp Bolton, G.M. (1998) Acting in classroom drama: A critical analysis, Birmingham: University of Central England. Bretherton, J. (1989) Pretense: The form and function of make-believe play, Developmental Review, Vol. 9, pp Bridgeman, D.L. (1981) Enhanced role-taking through cooperative inter-dependence: A field study, Child Development, Vol. 52, pp Byron, K. (1986) Drama in the English classroom, London: Methuen. Corsaro, W. (1983) Script recognition, articulation and expansion in children ｯs role play, Discourse Processes, Vol. 6, pp Courtney, R. (1989) Play drama and thought, Toronto: Ontario: Simone & Pierre. Curry, N.E. (1974) Dramatic play as a curricular tool, in D. Sponsellor (Ed.) Play as a learning medium, Washington: NAEY, pp Doctoroff, S. (1997) Sociodramatic Script Training and Peer Role Prompting: Two Tactics To Promote Sociodramatic Play and Peer Interaction, Early Child Development and Care, Vol. 136, pp Erwin, P. (1993) Friendship and peer relations in children, Chichester: John Willey & Sons. Fein, G. (1987) Creativity and Consciousness, in D. G02rlitz and J. F. Wohlwill (Eds.) Curiosity, Imagination and play, Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp Fein, G. (1989) Mind, meaning and affect: Proposals for a theory of pretense, Developmental Review, Vol. 9, pp Fineman, J. (1962) Observations on the Development of Imaginative Play in Early Childhood, Journal of Child Psychiatry, Vol. 1, pp Giffin, H. (1984) The coordination of meaning in the creation of shared makebelieve reality, in I. Bretherton (Ed.) Symbolic play: The development of social understanding, New York: Academic Press, pp Goldman, L.R. (1998) Child ｯs play: Myth, mimesis and make believe, New York: Berg. Goldstein, H. (1988) Effects of sociodramatic script training on social and communicative interaction, Education and Treatment of Children, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp Haine, G. (1985) In the labyrinth of the image: An archetypal approach to drama in education, Theory into Practice, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp Hovland, C.I. (1959) Reconciling conflicting results derived from experimental and survey studies of attitude change, American Psychology, Vol. 14, pp
14 13H 00apple6ｧ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ ｹ0 06 apple ｷ3apple0602 閨0ｹ 閨 ｹ0 020ｷ ｦ0 115 James, A. (1993) Childhood identities: Self and social relationships in the experience of the child, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Johnson, J.E. (1998). Play development from ages 4-8. In D.P. Fromberg & D. Bergen (Eds.). Play from birth to twelve and beyond: Contexts, perspectives, and meanings, New York: Garland, pp Jones, P. (2000) Drama as therapy: Theatre as Living, London: Brunner-Routledge. Kontos, S. and Keyes, L. (1999) An ecobehavioral analysis of early childhood classrooms, Early Childhood Research Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp ﾒ086ｦ00706, 6ｾ4. ｨC ﾒ08030ｸ ｧ903, 02. ｨC 09apple , ﾒ. ｨC 09applefi03-6ｾ4 閨0702, 6ﾑ8. (1994) 6ﾑ ｷ3096ｧ ｾ ｧ8, ｧ90209, ｸ Langeheine, R. (1978) Computer Aided Data Analysis in Sociometry, Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp Lieberman, J. (1977) Playfulness: Its relationship to imagination and creativity, New York: Academic Press. Lindon, J. (2001) Understanding children ｯs play, London: Nelson Thornes. Lindzey, J.K. (1996) Parametric statistical inference, New York: Oxford University Press. MacDonald, J.B. (1986) Understanding communication patterns through play making, Youth Theatre Journal, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp McCullough, C.N. (2000) The impact of socio-dramatic play upon the language development of language-delayed primary-aged children, PhD Thesis: State University of New York at Buffalo. McCune-Nicolish, L. (1981) Towards symbolic functioning: Structure of early pretend games and potential parallels with language, Child Development, Vol. 52, pp Mellou, E. (1995a) Dramatic play is the appropriate name, Early Child Development and Care, Vol. 118, pp Miller, S.G. (1999) Starting where the teachers are: Teachers and their program leader experience, a drama staff development program, Unpublished doctoral dissertation in New York University ｸ7fiapple080ｸ703080ｹ0, ｦﾐ. (1986) 6ｾ ｧ8: 6ﾑ8apple 090ｷ ｧ8 6ｾ ｧ8, 02fi00080ｹ0 08 ｯ, ﾞ036ｧ ｸ7fiapple080ｸ703080ｹ0, ｦﾐ. (1972) 6ﾑ8apple 090ｷ ｧ8 6ｾ ｧ8, ﾞ036ｧ807. Piaget, J. (1962) Play, dreams, and imitation in childhood, New York: Norton. Rapp, U. (1984) Simulation and imagination: Mimesis as play, in M. Spariosu (Ed.) Mimesis in contemporary theory, Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp Rizzo, T.A. (1989) Friendship development among children in school, New Jersey: Ablex. 6ｾ ｧ80ｹ0, 03. (1995) 6ﾑ ｷ3096ｧ ﾒ ｷ ｧ ｧ8 6 70ｸ apple006ｧ ｸ704fi , ﾞ036ｧ807, Sawyer, K. (1995) A developmental model of heteroglossic improvisation in children ｯs fantasy play, Sociological Studies of Children, Vol. 7, pp Schｨｹtzenberger, A.A. - Moreno, Z. (1970) J.L. Moreno: Fondements de la Sociometrie, Paris: Presses Universitaire de France.
15 13116 A0402 閨 ｹ0 T ｹ0 Smilansky, S. (1968) The effect of sociodramatic play on culturally disadvantaged preschool children, New York: John Wiley & Sons. Torgerson, P.T. (2001) Influencing children ｯs gendered play preferences through play interventions, Thesis (Ed. D.), University of Washington. 6ﾒ ｹ0, ﾞ. (2003) ﾇ 040ｸ ｧ ｸ ｦ0 apple ｦ ｸ ｷ ｧ ｹ ｧ80ｹ ｹ0, apple030ｷ apple 6ｧ9 000ｸ70409, ｧ ｧ8, apple ｧ ﾒ ｷ ﾑ8apple , ﾞ036ｧ807. 6ﾒ20406apple ｹ0, ﾞ. (1992) 030ｸ ｷ ｧ ｹ ｧ80ｹ ｹ0, ﾞ036ｧ807.
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