ATP (PCr) ADPAMP (Cr) β (beta oxidation) (fatty acid) CoA (Acetyl-CoA) CoA (pyruvate) TCA NAD NADH NADH ADP ATP ATP Cr PCr ADP ATP PCr ADP ATP

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1 a) Construction of Myocardial Cell Model Including Glycolysis Model for Reproducing Hypoxic Reaction Akira AMANO a), Sachiko TOMITA, Satoshi MATSUOKA, Takao SHIMAYOSHI, Jianyin LU, and Tetsuya MATSUDA 1 Kyoto model 1. (ATP) ATP Ritsumeikan University, College of Life Sciences, Kusatsushi, Japan Kyoto University, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyotoshi, Japan Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto-shi, Japan ASTEM Research Institute of Kyoto, Kyoto-shi, Japan Kyoto University, Cell/Biodynamics Simulation Project, Kyoto-shi, Japan a) a-amano@fc.ritsumei.ac.jp ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP 398 D Vol. J93 D No. 3 pp c 2010

2 ATP (PCr) ADPAMP (Cr) β (beta oxidation) (fatty acid) CoA (Acetyl-CoA) CoA (pyruvate) TCA NAD NADH NADH ADP ATP ATP Cr PCr ADP ATP PCr ADP ATP PCr ATP (glucose) (glycogen) (lactate) Embden-Meyerhof [1] 1 1 Fig. 1 Energy production and consumption systems in cardiac cell. A (CoA-SH) TCA ATP 9095% ATP NAD NADH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) NADH NAD NADH (lactate dehydrogenase) NAD [2] 2. 3 Kyoto model [3] Kyoto model Kyoto model Kyoto model 399

3 2010/3 Vol. J93 D No. 3 Kyoto model 3. Kyoto model ATP Kyoto model Kyoto model Kyoto model Kyoto model ATP ATP Na + /K + Ca 2+ (SERCA) Ca 2+ (PMCA) ATP 1 Kyoto model [4]Kyoto model Korzeniewski [5] [4]Kyoto model NADH [6] 6.7% 23% Kyoto model NADH TCA β Kyoto model ([Pi] total ) 46.0 (mm) [7] Lambeth Lambeth (GLY) (LAC) [8] Lambeth Table 1 Reaction processes in Lambeth model. Glycogen Phosphorylase (GP) GLY n + Pi GLY n 1 + G1P (GLY) 1- (G1P) Phosphoglucomutase (PGLM) G1P G6P G1P 6- (G6P) Phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) G6P F 6P G6P 6- (F6P) Phosphofructokinase (PFK) F 6P + AT P FBP + ADP F6P ATP 16- (FBP) Aldolase (ALD)Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TPI) FBP GAP + DHAP FBP 3- (GAP) (DHAP) GAP DHAP GAP DHAP Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) GAP + NAD + Pi 13BPG + NADH GAP NAD 13- (13BPG) Phophoglycerate Kinase (PGK) 13BPG + ADP 3PG+ AT P 13BPG ADP ATP 3- (3PG) Phosphoglyceromutase (PGM)Enolase (EN) 3PG 2PG 3PG 2- (2PG) 2PG PEP 2PG (PEP) Pyruvate Kinase (PK) PEP + ADP PYR+ AT P PEP ADP (PYR) Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) PYR+ NADH LAC + NAD PYR NADH (LAC) (Hexokinase) Lueck Hexokinase ATP 1 (GLU) 1 6- (G6P) Lambeth Lueck [9] Kyoto model Lambeth Hexok- 400

4 2 Lambeth [8] Fig. 2 Lambeth model [8]. 3 Lueck Hexokinase [9] Fig. 3 Lueck model [9]. 2 Table 2 Substrate concentration parameters in each model. Metabolite Kyoto model GLU GLY G1P G6P F6P FBP HAP GAP 13BPG 3PG 2PG PEP PYR LAC NAD+NADH (mitochondria) Pi (cell/mitochondria) ATP (cell/mitochondria) ADP (cell/mitochondria) AMP (cell) inase Kyoto model 1 ATP TCA β TCA β Anoxia 2 ATP ATP Anoxia Lambeth Lueck Lambeth Lueck G6PATPADP Kyoto model Kyoto model ATP 3 Table 3 Parameters for adjusting balances among elementary models. (k) 0.05 (k ) mm [11], [12] (Cr + P PCr) (k fck ) (Cr + P PCr) (k bck ) ADPAMP NADH NAD Kyoto model Kyoto model NADHNAD 2 401

5 2010/3 Vol. J93 D No. 3 Kyoto model Kyoto model ATPADP Kyoto model ATPADP ATP ADPAMP Kyoto model AMP Kyoto model 2 (1) P glycolytic = G1P + G6P + F 6P +2 FBP + DHAP + GAP +2 13BPG +3PG+2PG+ PEP (1) Kyoto model 46.0 (mm) (1) Kyoto model (mm) 2 NAD NADH Kyoto model Kyoto model NAD NADH NAD NADH Kyoto model NAD NADH NAD NADH GAPDH LDH ATP Jo NADH 451 [6] NAD NADH 1/ Lambeth ATP Lambeth Lueck kk ATPPCr r s =710 [10] v r =35 r c =1/101/20 r s r c/v r =1/31/20 kk 0.05 ATP Lambeth k ATPPCr Lambeth Hexokinase 0 k ATP PCr 4(a), (b) k ATP k Anoxia ATP ATP k =1.0Anoxia Anoxia ATP k

6 4 k ATPPCr Fig. 4 Effect of k for ATP and PCr Anoxia PCr k Anoxia PCr k PCr Anoxia Anoxia 400 ATPPCr Hearse [13] k =0.05 Hexokinase k ATPPCr Hexokinase Hexokinase ATP ATP ATP Hexokinase 6- ATP ATP Hexokinase ATP /41/5 [11]Zhou 33 mm [12] Lambeth 112 mm Hearse 21 mm Lyon Zhou Anoxia ATP 112 mm 120 (7200 s) 21 mm 30 (1800 s) PCr Kyoto model ATP ATP ATP Kyoto model Anoxia ATP 403

7 2010/3 Vol. J93 D No. 3 Kyoto model 1/200 PCr PCr ATP Anoxia ATP ATP 1/200 5 Hearse Anoxia [13] mm Anoxia Fig. 5 Animal anoxia experiment with glucose by Hearse et al. [13] () and simulation results of model 3 (glucose 11.1 mm) (Anoxia) Hearse 30 Anoxia 5 6 [13] Anoxia [13] Fig Anoxia ATPPCr 30 ATPPCr 0 Anoxia ATP PCr Taylor Anoxia [14] 7PCr ATP PCr ATP 6 Hearse Anoxia [13] 2 0mM Anoxia Fig. 6 Animal anoxia experiment without glycolysis system by Hearse et al. [13] () andsimulation results of model 2 (glucose 0 mm) Anoxia 0(s) (0.146 mm) (0 mm) Anoxia Hexokinase kk 0 Taylor [14] 2 Hexokinase kk (mm) Hearse [13] Anoxia 404

8 8 Anoxia ATP PCr 1 Fig. 8 Simulation results of ATP and PCr under anoxia without glycolysis system (model 1). 7 Taylor Anoxia [14] ATP Anoxia PCr Fig. 7 Animal anoxia experimental data by Taylor et al. [14]. Upper panel: ATP, Lower panel: PCr. 4 Table 4 Experimental conditions. Parameter GLU (mm) k k Taylor Hearse Hearse GLU GLU Hexokinase (mm) Hearse Anoxia ATPPCr 8 PCr ATP ComplexIV ATP Anoxia ATP PCr Anoxia PCr ATP Anoxia ATP ATP Taylor 4 2 ATP PCr 6(a), (b)atp Anoxia PCr Anoxia ATP Anoxia PCr 2 Hearse 4 3 ATP PCr 5(a), (b) ATP PCr 2 PCr Hearse ATP PCr (μmol/g = mmol/1000 g) 20%M =mol/l= mol/1000 g 1/4 5(a) 6(a) 7mM 30 mmol PCr 8mM 15 mmol 5(b) 6(b) 405

9 2010/3 Vol. J93 D No. 3 ATP 2 3 Hearse Anoxia PCr 2 3 PCr 2 3 PCr 3 PCr 2 ATP 2 3 9(a), (b) ATP v AT P NaK Ca Ca ATP v AT P ATP v ANT v CKv AKv GLY ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP 9(a), (b) ATP ATP (v ANT ) Anoxia ATP ADP ATP ATP ADP/ATP (ANT) 10 (a) ATP F1F0-ATPase ATP (v SN) ATP (v ANT ) ATP ATP (v SN) Anoxia ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP 10 (b) Anoxia ATP ATP ADP/ATP ATP Anoxia ATP ATP 2 3 ATP (v GLY ) 11 3 ATP 2 ATP 6(a) 5(a) 2 3 ATP 11 Anoxia ATP 3 Anoxia 9 ATP 23 Fig. 9 ATP consumption and production rate of combined model (model 2, 3). 10 ATP (v SN) Fig. 10 ATP production rate by glucose (v SN) and mitochondrial membrane potential. 406

10 5. 11 ATP v GLY 2 3 Fig. 11 ATP production rate of glycolysis system v GLY (model 2, 3). 5 ATP Table 5 Average ATP production rate at stable condition. ATP ATP (%) (mm/ms) ATP 3 5(a) 2 6(a) 9(a) (b) Anoxia ATP v CK Anoxia ATP ATP 2 v CK 4. 4 ATP ATP 3 Kyoto model 2.5 Hz 5 ATP ATP ATP 95.4% ATP 4.63% 9095% ATP Kyoto model Lambeth Lueck Hexokinase Anoxia [1] [2] 19 [3] M. Kuzumoto, A. Takeuchi, H. Nakai, C. Oka, A. Noma, and S. Matsuoka, Simulation analysis of intracellular Na+ and Cl- homeostasis during beta 1- adrenergic stimulation of cardiac myocyte, Prog. Biophys Mol. Biol., vol.96, no.1-3, pp , [4] S. Matsuoka, H. Jo, N. Sarai, H. Jo, and A. Noma, Simulation of ATP metabolism in cardiac excitation-contraction coupling, Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, vol.85, pp , [5] B. Korzeniewski and J.A. Zoladz, A model of oxidative phosphorylation in mammalian skeletal muscle, Biophysical Chemistry, vol.92, pp.17 34, [6] H. Jo, A. Noma, S. Matsuoka, E.A. Robbins, and P.D. Boyer, Calcium-mediated coupling between mitochondrial substrate dehydrogenation and cardiac workload in single guinea-pig ventricular myocytes, J. Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, vol.40, pp , [7] β D vol.j91-d, no.8, pp , Aug [8] M.J. Lambeth and M.J. Kushmerick, A computational model for glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol.30, pp

2010/3 Vol. J93 D No. 3 827, 2002. [9] J.D. Lueck and H.J. Fromm, Kinetics, mechanism, and regulation of rate skeletal muscle hexokinase, J.

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Porter, The relation of phosphorylase to glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle and heart of mice, J.

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subdomain during ischemia, Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., vol.288, pp.h2400 H2411, 2005. [13] D.J. Hearse and E.

J., vol.128, pp.1125 1133, 1972. [14] D.J. Taylor, P.M. Matthews, and G.K.

11 2010/3 Vol. J93 D No , [9] J.D. Lueck and H.J. Fromm, Kinetics, mechanism, and regulation of rate skeletal muscle hexokinase, J. Biological Chemistry, vol.240, pp , [10] H.J. Green, I.G. Frasera, and D.A. Ranney, Male and female differences in enzyme activities of energy metabolism in vastus lateralis muscle, J. Neuro. Sci., vol.65, no.3, pp , [11] J.B. Lyon and J. Porter, The relation of phosphorylase to glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle and heart of mice, J. Biological Chemistry, vol.238, pp.1 11, [12] L. Zhou, J.E. Salem, G.M. Saidel, W.C. Stanley, and M.E. Cabrera, Mechanistic model of cardiac energy metabolism predicts localization of glycolysis to cytosolic subdomain during ischemia, Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., vol.288, pp.h2400 H2411, [13] D.J. Hearse and E.B. Chain, The role of glucose in the survival and recovery of the anoxia isolated perfused rate heart, Biochem. J., vol.128, pp , [14] D.J. Taylor, P.M. Matthews, and G.K. Radda, Myoglobin-dependent oxidative metabolism in the hypoxic rat heart, Respiration Physiology, vol.63, pp , IEEE BMECS ME SWMC 1993 UCLA Biophysical Society MRI ISMRMSCMRIEEE BME 2008 KDDI 408

15K00827 研究成果報告書

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