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1 implicit memory levels of processing Craik Lockhart
2 cf explicit memory implicit memory e.g., Graf & Schacter, 1985; Schacter, priming direct priming effect
3 2 1 2 transfer 2 word-fragment/stem completion; e.g., Tulving, Schacter, & Stark, 1982 fragment e.g., word-stem; e.g., e.g., Bowers & Schacter, 1990; Challis, Velichkovsky, & Craik, 1996, 1998; Graf & Mandler, ; Naito, 1990; Roediger, Weldon, Stadler, &
4 Riegler, 1992; Srinivas & Roediger, 1990 generation effect picture superiority effect divided attention 2001 Challis & Brodbeck
5 Challis & Brodbeck Challis & Brodbeck
6 Challis & Brodbeck 1992 Schacter, Bowers, & Booker 1989 retrieval intentionality criterion dissociation
7
8 / /
9 25 Figure F 2, p <.01 F 2, p <.05 F 1, , n.s. Tukey HSD 1
10 2 2 F 1, p <.01; F 1, p <.01 F 1, n.s. 2 3 F 2, p <.01 F 1, n.s. F 2, n.s. 2 2 F 1, p <.01 F 1, n.s. F 1, n.s.
11 1992 Challis & Brodbeck 1992 Schacter et al., 1989 Figure 1
12 Challis & Brodbeck Challis & Brodbeck Bowers & Schacter, 1990; Challis, Velichkovsky, & Craik, 1996;, 1998; Graf & Mandler, 1984; 1983; Naito, 1990; Roediger et al., 1992; Srinivas & Roediger, 1990 Jacoby & Dallas, 1981 Hamann, 1990; Srinivas & Roediger, 1990
13 e.g., Blaxton, 1989; Roediger, Challis & Brodbeck e.g., Jacoby,
14 1 1 Challis & Brodbeck
15 1988 measure Blaxton, T.A Investigation dissociations among memory measures: Support for a transferappropriate processing framework. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, Bowers, J.S., Schacter, D.L Implicit memory and test awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, Challis, B.H., Brodbeck, D.R Level of processing affects priming in word fragment
16 completion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, Challis, B.H., Velichkovsky, B.M., & Craik, F.I.M Levels-of-processing effects on a variety of memory tasks: New findings and theoretical implications. Consciousness and Cognition, 5, Craik, F.I.M., & Lockhart, R.S Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, , 63, , 65, , 35, , 42, , , Graf, P., & Mandler, G Activation makes words more accessible, but not necessarily more retrievable. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, Graf, P., Schacter, D.L Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, Hamann, S.B Level-of-processing effects in conceptually driven implicit tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, Pp priming 3 47, 309. Jacoby, L.L A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional use of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, Jacoby, L.L., & Dallas, M On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110, Naito, M Repetition priming in children and adults: Age-related dissociation between implicit and explicit memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 50, Roediger, H.L. 1990b Implicit memory: Retention without remembering. American Psychologist, 45, Roediger, H.L., Weldon, M.S., Stadler, M.A., & Riegler, G.L Direct comparison of word
17 fragment and word stem completion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, Schacter, D.L Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, Schacter, D.L., Bowers, J., & Booker, J Intention, awareness and implicit memory: The retrieval intentionality criterion. In S. Lewandowsky, J.C. Dunn, & K. Kirsner (Eds.), Implicit memory: Theoretical issues. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. pp Srinivas, K., & Roediger, H.L Classifying implicit memory tests: Category association and anagram solution. Journal of Memory and Language, 29,
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109
109 19 Ebbinghaus Ebbinghaus (1885) 1960 110 Schonfield & Robertson (1966) 20 75 24 24 Schonfield & Robertson (1966) (Botwinick, 1978; Burke & Light, 1981; Craik, 1977; Craik & McDowd, 1987) Schonfield
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