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- June R

- June

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- June

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NHK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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self-fulfilling prophecy Bouhris & Giles. social identity Tajfel, p.. culture conflict

- June NHK

W. B. Bourhis, R. Y. and Giles, H. ( ) The language of intergroup distinctiveness. In H. Giles (ed.), Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations, London: Academic Press. Brzezinski, Z. K. ( ) The Fragile Blossom: Crisis and Change in Japan, New York: Harper and Row. Reischauer, E. O. ( ) The Japanese, Cambridge, Mass. : Belknap Press. ( ) Tajfel, H. ( ), Social categorization, social identity and social comparison. In H. Tajfel (ed.), Differentiation between Social Groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations, London: Academic Press. -. Vogel, E. F. ( ) Japan as Number One: Lessons for America, Cambridge, Mass., London: Harvard University Press. TBS

- June The Japanese uniqueness tendencies in the essays about cosmopolitan Japanese In this paper I examined the tendencies of the Japanese uniqueness in the essays which are about how Japanese can be cosmopolitans. Japanese have found themselves unique, and explained by themselves how unique they were in the essays about the Japanese culture which are called Nihonjin-ron. The strong beliefs were also reflected in the essays about cosmopolitan Japanese which are called Kokusai-ka essays. First, I examined the background of the Japanese uniqueness tendencies in Nihonjin-ron. They stressed the uniqueness of the Japanese culture, social structures in Japan, and Japanese people to explain the different development of Japan from America and Europe. These explanations are criticized by some Japanologists because of their lack of demonstration, and the Japanologists also pointed nationalistic tendencies of these explanations out. However, the tendencies of the Japanese uniqueness were obviously used in the Kokusai-ka essays to explain how inexperienced Japanese were when they went abroad or when they met people from foreign countries. There we can see how the Japanese have criticized the Japanese themselves. Through these examples I demonstrated an aspect in which the Japanese uniqueness beliefs function negatively against Japanese themselves. KIMURA, Arinobu, Doctoral Research Student, Graduate School of International Relations, Ritsumeikan University