社団法人人工知能学会 Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence 人工知能学会研究会資料 JSAI Technical Report SIG-Challenge-B30 (5/5) A Method to Estimate Ball s State of

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社団法人人工知能学会 Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence 人工知能学会研究会資料 JSAI Technical Report SIG-Challenge-B30 (5/5) A Method to Estimate Ball s State of Spin by Image Processing for Strategic Learning in RoboCup Small-Size-robot League,,, Yuji Nunome, Kazuhito Murakami, Kunikazu Kobayashi and Tadashi Naruse Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Aichi Prefectural University im132007@cis.aichi-pu.ac.jp, murakami, kobayashi, naruse@ist.aichi-pu.ac.jp Abstract A spinned ball varies its speed after the ball bounced off the foor. It will be very useful to prevent disadvantageous situation if the ball s state of spin is estimated before the ball is kicked. This paper proposes a method to estimate the ball s state of spin by using inertia feature of co-occurrence matrix of the image sequences and shows the effectiveness of our proposed method by some experiments. Furthermore, this paper discusses the influences of partial occlusion and blur of the ball, and its application to the strategic learning for RoboCup small size robot league. 1 [1] 6 6 2 [2] 2 3 4 2 1 1(a) 1(b) 21

22 態の画像の一例である 回転状態では強く反射していた光 がぼやけたように見える この光の反射の分布の違いをと らえることにより ボールの回転状態を推定できると考え られる (a) static ball (b) spinning ball Figure 1 Differences of the images. (a) cameras layout ボールの回転状態を推定するため ボールの表面を確認 するカメラを追加する 図 2 にシステム構成の一例を示す 図 2(a) の Additional Camera は 例えば PTZ カメラ を使用する データの流れを図 2(b) に示す 現在のロボ カップ小型リーグでは SSL-Vision[3] と呼ばれるビジョ ンシステムが各チームのコンピュータにボールとロボット の位置情報を送っている これらに加えて Additional Camera からの画像を処理することにより ボールの回転 (b) data flow of vision system 情報を得る ボールとロボットの位置情報 および ボー Figure 2 System configuration. ルの回転情報をもとに ボールのイレギュラーなバウンド に対応した戦略が可能になる 3 ボールの回転状態推定手法 図 3 にボールの回転状態推定手法の流れを示す 本手法 は 3 つのステップに分けることができる Step1 で処理 領域を抽出する Step2 で濃度共起行列を作成し 慣性を 計算する Step3 で慣性の値を閾値処理し ボールの回転 状態を推定する 以降に 3 つのステップの詳細を記す Step1. ボール領域の抽出 映像の各フレーム (図 4(a)) を 2 値化する 2 値化 画像をラベリングし 2 番目に大きい領域をボールの 領域とする (図 4(b)) 領域の左上座標と右上座標か らボールの映っている範囲を抽出する (図.4(c)) 抽出 したものを処理領域とする Step2. 濃度共起行列を用いた特徴量の計算 処理領域の RGB 表色系の B チャネルの輝度値か ら濃度共起行列 Pδ (i, j) を作成する ここで δ は 2 Figure 3 Flowchart of image processing. つの画素の x 座標の差分 Dx と y 座標の差分 Dy を δ = (DX, DY ) のようにベクトル表示したものであ り i, j はそれら 2 つの画素のそれぞれの輝度値を表 22

23 (a) original image (b) extracted region of the ball 4 4.1 4 6 6(c) Figure 4 (c) enlarged image of the ball Extraction of ball s region. Ine P δ (i, j) Ine = n 1 n 1 i=0 j=0 (i j)2 P δ (i, j) (1) Step3. Ine { StaticState (Ine T hreshold) BallState = SpinningState (Ine < T hreshold) Ine 5 Ine Basler A601fc[4] δ = (D X, D Y ) δ = (3, 0) 4.2 7 7(c) 4.3 155 8(b) 155 Ine 4.4 Ine 1 9 Ine Figure 5 An example of the changes of the inertia feature for an image sequence (spin and stop is reperted). 23

24 (a) occluded scene (b) extracted ball region (a) energy (c) changes of inertia feature Figure 7 An example of occluded scene (b) inertia (c) entropy (a) blurred ball s image (d) correlation Figure 6 Examples of the changes of the features for an image sequence (spin and stop is reperted). (b) changes of inertia feature Figure 8 An example of the result for a blurred image sequence. 24

25 Table 1 The relation between the level and the rotation speed of dribble roller. (rps) Level1 0.6 Level2 1.0 Level3 3.1 Level4 4.0 Level5 5.1 Level6 6.0 Level7 6.9 Level8 14.6 Level9 20.0 Level10 22.9 Level11 23.8 Level12 28.2 Level13 31.8 [1] Small Size Robot League - start http://robocupssl.cpe.ku.ac.th/ [2] Inoue,T., Uematsu,Y., & Saito,H., Estimation of Rotational Velocity of Baseball Using High-Speed Camera Movies,The transactions of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. D, A publication of Industry Applications Society, Vol.131, No.4, pp.608-615(april 2011). [3] Small Size Robot League - sslvision: http://robocupssl.cpe.ku.ac.th/sslvision [4] Basler Industriekameras - A600 Serie - A601fc: http://www.baslerweb.com/products/a600. html?model=311 Figure 9 An experimental result of the inertia feature Ine and the rotation speed. 5 25