1

2

3

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 4

(2007) 1 (1) 2 (2) (3) 3 (1)(3) 1 Gautama, A.K., Kumarb, S., and Sabumon, P.C. (2007). Preliminary Study of Physico-chemical Treatment Options for Hospital Wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management. 83: 298-306. 2 (2000). 3 2007 10 3. 5

2 3 4 5 6 3,000 5 7 8 6

2-1-1 7

3 7 8

1 2 (RI) 2 1 Web http://law.e-gov.go.jp/cgi-bin/idxsearch.cgi 2 9

3 4 3 4 10

300 300 2 5 2 6 3-1-1 12 3-1-213 5 6 11

12

13

1970 BODCOD 7 8 7 (2004). 8 14

15

3 1 1 (1999). 16

(Fewtrell and Bartram, 2003) 4-1-1 2 3 2 Fewtrell, L. and Bartram, J. eds.(2003) WHO. 3 (2000). 17

5 6 2004 2006 4 160 5 6 4 NHK 2007 3 6 5 DNA (2006) 18 11 14. 6 NHK 4 18

( 0.00000110.025%)( 0.5840%) 33.3 14.6 7 8 2003 SARS (WHO) SARS E SARS 7 Chitnis, V., Chitnis, S., Vaidya, K., Ravikant, S., Patil, S. and Chitnis, D.S. (2004). Bacterial Population Changes in Hosipital Effluent Treatment Plant in Central India. Water Research. 38: 441-447. 8 (2004)6.,, 16. 19

, 2006 9 SARS SARS 2003 12 10 10 2003 12 2005 7 27 2006 1 1 11 500 MPN/L 100 MPN/L 12 9 (2006). 10 [2003]197. 2003 12 10. 11 GB18466-2005, 2005 7 27. 12 MPN (most probable number)mpn/l1 20

SARS 13 14 19 15 16 1996 8,800 24 1992 MRSA 60 13 SARS 14 (1999). 15 (2006). 16 (1993). 21

20 17 18 (1) (2) (3) 3 19 17 1999 8 19 3. 18 (2003). 2005 No. 150 19 (1979). 22

20 21 (1) (2) (3), 1997 22 23 24 25 20 (2001). 21 Gleick, J. (1997). Chaos: Making a New Science. New edition. London: Vintage. 1 22 (1997). 23 Ueki, Y., Akiyama, K., Watanabe, T. and Omura, T. (2004). Genetic Analysis of Noroviruses Taken from Gastroenteritis Patients, River Water and Oysters. Water Science and Technology. 50(1): 51-56. 24 (2005) 52 4, 23-32. 25 Ueki, Y., Sano, D., Watanabe, T., Akiyama, K. and Omura, T. (2005). Norovirus Pathway in Water Environment Estimated by Genetic Analysis of Strains from Patients of Gastroenterisis, Sewage, Treated Wastewater, River Water and Oysters. Water Research. 39: 4271-4280. 23

(RNA) 96% 26 26 5 24

27 28 29 27 (2004). 28 Knight (uncertainty)(risk) Knight, F. (1921). Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 29 Perrings, C. and Pearce, D.W. (1994) Threshold Effects and Incentives for The Conservation of Biodiversity. Environmental and Resource Economics. 4(1): 13-28. 25

30 Dorman(2005) 30 Dorman, P. (2005). Evolving Knowledge and The Precautionary Principle. Ecological Economics. 53: 169-176. 26

Dorman 27

6 28

15 300 15 29

5-3-1 3 A B C 3 5-3-1 A 30

3 15 300 5-3-1 C 121 121 121 31

121 80 2008 1 1 32

2 2 33

ph ph 3 CT C T 4 1000 ppm 5 5-5-1 3 EPA. (1999). Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants: Guidance Manual. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 815-R-99-014. 4 EPA. (1999). Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants: Guidance Manual. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 815-R-99-014. 5 http://www.cv.titech.ac.jp/~turase/research/haa.html 34

6 7 8 9 6 (2006). 7 WHO. (2000). Disinfectants and Disinfectant By-Products. Environmental Health Criteria 216. World Health Organization (WHO). 8 4 40 40 1267 9 35

10 15 300 10 60 30300 36

5-6-1 37

11 2 5-6-1 11 38

5-3-1 3 39

4 12 13 15 14 12 1999 8 19 3. 13 (1999). 14 23 2 40

3,000 58 9 3,067 2003-2004 200 6-1-1 2 31.63,0009,199100(%) 6-1-2 3 1 2007 7 2 () (2003)2003-2004 3 RAND() 41

2003-2004 WAM NET 4 9,199 5 6-1-2 2007 1112 2007 11 2007 11 30 2007 12 21 2007 1112 4 http://www.wam.go.jp/iryo/ 5 WAM NET 8,8902007 12 31 42

6 6-1-3 5 6 43

6-1-4 3,067 35 35 1,659 54.71,659(3,06735)100(%) 6-2-1 9,199 1,645 44

N = 9,199 23.6% 18.4% 14.4% 14.2% 8.4% 7.8% 7.2% 5.9% N = 1,645 21.2% 19.4% 13.5% 15.1% 9.0% 8.0% 8.3% 5.5% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 6-2-2 6-1-2 200 6-2-3 9,199 1,638 100 45

98 76 129 228 520 587 21 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 N = 9,199 42.5% 28.4% 12.6% 7.6% 5.0% 3.9% N = 1,638 35.8% 31.7% 13.9% 7.9% 4.6% 6.0% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 46

7 2 241 184 164 179 121 316 219 235 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 6-2-4 5 30 7 47

5 10 10 15 1 219 48

Q5 Q6 6-3-1 49

53.5 26.9 13.5 8 N = 671 RI) 28 54 73 94 88 115 158 150 139 196 219 457 0 100 200 300 400 500 6-3-2 300 9 8 9 50

RI RI 10 6-3-3 8 RI 25.5 N = 1,659 10 51

6-3-4 5 21.0 25 N = 239) 8.8% 33.1% 49.4% 8.8% N = 184) 8.7% 23.9% 60.9% 6.5% N = 161) 15.5% 24.2% 57.1% 3.1% N = 178) 14.6% 29.8% 52.8% 2.8% N = 120) 18.3% 34.2% 44.2% 3.3% N = 316) 13.9% 22.8% 59.5% 3.8% N = 233) 21.0% 27.0% 49.4% 2.6% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 25 52

N = 98 44.9% 33.7% 21.4% 0.0% 401500 N = 76 32.9% 30.3% 36.8% 0.0% 301400 N = 128 25.0% 33.6% 39.8% 1.6% 201300 N = 227 13.7% 27.3% 55.9% 3.1% 101200 N = 516 10.1% 25.4% 59.7% 4.8% N = 584 6.7% 25.2% 58.9% 9.2% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 6-3-5 phph 7 ph 53

ph 6-4-1 20.0 67.3 54

6-4-2 RI) 66 62 57 50 39 38 34 22 17 14 20 113 108 143 0 50 100 150 200 6-4-1 100 N 2 55

100 900 40 11 6-4-3 25 15 11 56

N = 221) 14.0% 78.3% 7.7% N = 177) 14.1% 78.5% 7.3% N = 151) 25.8% 68.2% 6.0% N = 173) 17.3% 76.9% 5.8% N = 114) 36.8% 57.0% 6.1% N = 289) 21.1% 74.0% 4.8% N = 229) 30.1% 65.1% 4.8% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% N = 95 56.8% 42.1% 1.1% 401500 N = 71 42.3% 57.7% 0.0% 301400 N = 125 40.0% 58.4% 1.6% 201300 N = 212 27.8% 67.9% 4.2% 101200 N = 481 17.9% 74.8% 7.3% N = 549 8.9% 81.6% 9.5% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 6-4-4 57

N = 146 52.7% 46.6% 0.7% N = 1,202 18.2% 75.2% 6.6% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 6-4-5 15 300 15 300 52.7 18.2 6-4-6 15 300 58

N = 146 46.6% 52.7% 0.7% N = 1,202 11.0% 82.4% 6.6% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% N = 296 61.5% 35.1% 3.4% N = 1,124 2.9% 92.6% 4.4% N = 87 1.1% 58.6% 40.2% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 6-4-7 59

12 6-5-1 10.9 17.5 28.4 55.6 12 60

6.0 9.6 15.6 61

6-5-2 RI) 6 15 12 11 23 35 32 29 50 60 56 55 55 0 20 40 60 62

6-5-3 9.2 75.2 63

6-5-4 6-5-11 6-5-4 474 11.6 55 13 6-5-5 413 13.6 56 14 13 Q4 Q10 3 14 Q4 Q10 1 1 64

6-5-6 510 10.8 55 6-5-7 65

307 19.5 60 15 6-5-8 862 3.7 32 16 6-5-9 541 2.8 15 15 Q4 Q10 1 1 16 Q4 Q10 1 1 66

6-5-10 1,540 1.5 67

23 17 6-5-11 194 25.8 50 18 6-5-1 100 N 17 Q4 Q10 1 1 18 Q4 Q10 1 1 68

100 1,172 61 19 6-5-12 20 19 100 1,000 20 69

41 32.041128100(%) 128 135 58 15 11 41 58 24 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 9 8 6 5 2 1 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 6-5-13 6-5-12 11 9 70

2 2 354 20 15 2 3 7 103 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 6-5-14 75.0354472100(%) 21 22 21 (1999). EPA. (1999). Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants: Guidance Manual. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 815-R-99-014. 22 (1995) 71

4 7 23 28 37 26 32 35 56 61 80 157 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 6-5-15 4 6-5-16 15 Journal of Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents. 23(7): 401-406. WHO. (2006). Disinfectants and Disinfection By-Products. WHO seminar pack for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization. WHO. (2000). Disinfectants and Disinfectant By-Products. Environmental Health Criteria 216. World Health Organization. 72

N = 217) 10.1% 11.5% 69.6% 8.8% N = 166) 5.4% 21.1% 66.9% 6.6% N = 140) 6.4% 22.1% 64.3% 7.1% N = 163) 9.8% 22.1% 63.8% 4.3% N = 111) 19.8% 22.5% 51.4% 6.3% N = 295) 13.9% 21.0% 60.7% 4.4% N = 219) 20.1% 20.1% 56.6% 3.2% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 6-5-17 6-5-16 15 N = 217) 8.8% 82.5% 8.8% N = 166) 4.2% 89.2% 6.6% N = 142) 5.6% 87.3% 7.0% N = 163) 8.6% 87.1% 4.3% N = 111) 18.0% 75.7% 6.3% N = 296) 11.5% 84.1% 4.4% N = 219) 16.9% 79.9% 3.2% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 73

N = 87 48.3% 11.5% 39.1% 1.1% 401500 N = 67 19.4% 19.4% 59.7% 1.5% 301400 N = 118 26.3% 15.3% 56.8% 1.7% 201300 N = 207 11.6% 28.0% 54.6% 5.8% 101200 N = 467 9.4% 24.0% 58.7% 7.9% N = 531 4.7% 14.5% 72.7% 8.1% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 6-5-18 300 300 N = 87 48.3% 50.6% 1.1% 401500 N = 68 17.6% 80.9% 1.5% 301400 N = 118 22.9% 75.4% 1.7% 201300 N = 207 9.7% 84.5% 5.8% 101200 N = 469 6.8% 85.3% 7.9% N = 534 3.4% 88.6% 8.1% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 74

6-5-19 6-5-18 300 300 N = 139 39.6% 12.9% 47.5% 0.0% N = 1,166 9.3% 20.5% 63.9% 6.3% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 6-5-20 15 300 15 300 75

N = 139 37.4% 62.6% 0.0% N = 1,169 7.4% 86.2% 6.3% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 6-5-21 15 300 6-5-20 6-5-22 46.4 9.2 6-5-3 50 76

N = 209 N = 1,413 8.8% 46.4% 84.8% 49.8% 3.8% 6.4% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% N = 1,072 12.8% 80.1% 7.1% N = 400 10.5% 85.0% 4.5% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 6-5-23 23 23 77

N = 1,072 10.6% 82.3% 7.1% N = 400 9.8% 85.8% 4.5% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 6-5-24 6-5-23 78

6-5-25 N = 224 31.7% 11.2% 53.6% 3.6% N = 447 14.1% 16.6% 62.4% 6.9% N = 887 4.4% 20.9% 71.8% 2.9% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 6-5-26 79

N = 382 29.8% 64.4% 5.8% N = 989 3.5% 92.4% 4.0% N = 83 2.4% 57.8% 39.8% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 800 600 400 200 0 6-5-27 80

ph 6-6-1 42.4 81

184 168 163 158 150 146 128 113 68 121 333 514 0 100 200 300 400 500 6-6-2 82

6-6-3 N = 645 19.7% 25.0% 50.4% 5.0% N = 770 6.4% 14.4% 74.7% 4.5% N = 52 5.8% 11.5% 30.8% 51.9% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 83

N = 420 22.9% 34.0% 43.1% N = 980 5.8% 15.3% 78.9% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 6-6-4 43.1 84

6-7-1 1 1 23 31 28 101 94 115 199 255 320 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 6-7-2 6-7-1 1 1 29.0 25.1 85

6-7-3 60.3 2.7% 1.1% 0.4% 60.3% 4.9% 5.2% 6.6% 8.1% 5.9% 4.8% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 86

516 446 306 81 19 18 205 0 100 200 300 400 500 6-7-4 205 22.5205910100(%) 6-8-1 20.0 71.9 20.0 87

116 121 40 45 22 9 55 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 6-8-2 6-8-1 88

9 9 N = 181 28.7% 64.6% 6.6% N = 291 15.5% 78.7% 5.8% N = 922 19.4% 73.6% 6.9% N = 99 22.2% 69.7% 8.1% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 6-8-3 6-8-4 6-8-3 89

N = 331 28.1% 64.0% 7.9% N = 1,117 18.0% 74.8% 7.3% N = 101 20.8% 69.3% 9.9% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 6-8-5 N = 1,205 21.4% 69.8% 8.8% N = 427 16.6% 77.5% 5.9% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 90

N = 9 N = 5 N = 8 N = 6 N = 2 N = 1 88.9% 80.0% 75.0% 66.7% 50.0% 100.0% 11.1% 20.0% 25.0% 33.3% 50.0% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 6-8-6 6-9-1 (RI) 91

24 6-9-2 25 99.31000.7 24 25 92

N = 639 17.8% 82.2% N = 427 99.3% 0.7% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% (1) (13.5%)5 (53.5%) (2) (20.0%)7 (67.3%) (3) (10.9%)5 (55.6%) (4) 15 300 (5) (6) 2 (20.0%) 9 93

(7) 94

95

96

2 7-2-1 97

() 3 98

3 (1) (2) (3) 3 (1) (2) (3) 99

100

2007 10 3. (1999). (2000). (1999). (2006). () (2003)2003-2004. (2003). (2004)6.,, 16. (2000). (2006) 18 11 14. [2003]197, 2003 12 10. http://www.zhb.gov.cn/japan/env_info/3_2_2_032.htm GB18466-2005, 2005 7 27. http://www.sepa.gov.cn/tech/hjbz/bzwb/shjbh/swrwpfbz/200601/w02006102 7515070881519.pdf (2005) 52 4, 23-32. 101

http://law.e-gov.go.jp/cgi-bin/idxsearch.cgi (1979). (1995)Journal of Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents. 23(7): 401-406. http://www.cv.titech.ac.jp/~turase/research/haa.html 1999 8 19 3. (1993). (2004). (2001). (1997). (2006). Chitnis, V., Chitnis, S., Vaidya, K., Ravikant, S., Patil, S. and Chitnis, D.S. (2004). Bacterial Population Changes in Hosipital Effluent Treatment Plant in Central India. Water Research. 38: 441-447. Dorman, P. (2005). Evolving Knowledge and The Precautionary Principle. Ecological Economics. 53: 169-176. EPA. (1999). Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants: Guidance Manual. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 815-R-99-014. Fewtrell, L. and Bartram, J. eds.(2003) WHO. Gautama, A.K., Kumarb, S., and Sabumon, P.C. (2007). Preliminary Study of Physico-chemical Treatment Options for Hospital Wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management. 83: 298-306. Gleick, J. (1997). Chaos: Making a New Science. New edition. London: Vintage. 102

Knight, F. (1921). Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. NHK 2007 3 6 Perrings, C. and Pearce, D.W. (1994) Threshold Effects and Incentives for The Conservation of Biodiversity. Environmental and Resource Economics. 4(1): 13-28. Ueki, Y., Akiyama, K., Watanabe, T. and Omura, T. (2004). Genetic Analysis of Noroviruses Taken from Gastroenteritis Patients, River Water and Oysters. Water Science and Technology. 50(1): 51-56. Ueki, Y., Sano, D., Watanabe, T., Akiyama, K. and Omura, T. (2005). Norovirus Pathway in Water Environment Estimated by Genetic Analysis of Strains from Patients of Gastroenterisis, Sewage, Treated Wastewater, River Water and Oysters. Water Research. 39: 4271-4280. WAM NEThttp://www.wam.go.jp/iryo/ WHO. (2000). Disinfectants and Disinfectant By-Products. Environmental Health Criteria 216. World Health Organization. WHO. (2006). Disinfectants and Disinfection By-Products. WHO seminar pack for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization. 103

104

10 haisui@jmari.med.or.jp 03-3942-6141 ( 2204 105

106

107

Q1. (1) (2) (3) (4) Q2. (1) (2) (3) (4) Q3. (1) (2) (3) (4) 108

Q4. (1) (RI) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) Q5. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 109

Q6. (1) (RI) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) Q7. (RI) (1) (2) (3) (RI) (4) (5) 110

Q8. (1) (RI) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) 111

Q9. Q8 (1) (2) Q10. (1) (RI) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) 112

Q11. Q10 (1) (2) Q12. Q10 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 113

Q13. Q12 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Q14. 114

Q15. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) Q16. (1) (2) (3) (4) 115

Q17. A E Q18. 116

Q19. (1) (2) 3 1 (3) 1 3 1 (4) 1 1 (5) 1 1 (6) 1 1 1 (7) 1 1 (8) (9) Q20. Q1819 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Q21. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 117