56 178 2014 291-297 Journal of the Combustion Society of Japan Vol.56 No.178 (2014) 291-297 FEATURE /Issues and Solutions for Engine Combustion φ-t マップとエンジン燃焼コンセプトの接点 A Point of Contact between a φ-t Map and Engine Combustion Concepts * AKIHAMA, Kazuhiro* 275-8575 1-2-1 Nihon University, 1-2-1 Izumi-cho, Narashino, Chiba 275-8575, Japan Abstract : This article is an overview of a φ (equivalence ratio) - T (temperature) map and its applications for studying engine combustion concepts. The φ-t map gives visual image of in-cylinder condition of engine combustion and is utilized to study various engine combustion concepts in the last ten years. In the first part, the background and calculation method of the map are described. In addition, 6 combustion regions, namely, CDC (Conventional Diesel Combustion), LTC (Low Temperature Combustion), HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition), SLRC (Smokeless Rich Combustion), SI (Spark Ignition) and DP (Desirable Path) are defined on the map. In the second part, several combustion concepts and those combustion regions on the map are discussed to show the point of contact between the φ-t map and engine combustion concepts. Key Words : Soot, NOx, CI engine, SI engine, Combustion, Low Temperature Combustion, HCCI, φ-t map 1. はじめに φ T (φ) (T) 2 LTC Combustion φ T φ T 10 3 CFD φ T 3 CFD φ T * Corresponding author. E-mail: akihama.kazuhiro@nihon-u.ac.jp 2. 初期の φ-t マップを用いた燃焼コンセプト検討 φ T 1988 Kamimoto Bae [1] NOx 1 NOx φ T [2] NOx NOx NOx 3. φ-t マップの計算 ( φ T) (1)
292 56 178 2014 3 [2,3] 1 φ T [1] 0 φ T [2,3] 2 3 (C6 ) (PAH) PAH 3 (1) 1 2 PAH (2) PAH 1 2 PAH 6 PAH (3) (1) (2) PAH 292 2189 CHEMKIN II (1) (3) [2,4] 2 [5] 4. 3 次元 CFD との組み合わせと燃焼領域 φ T 3 CFD 4 2 φ T [2,3] (2)
φ T 293 4 3 CFD ( ) [3] 5 φ T ( ) [3] ( ) NOx NOx ( ) NOx φ T [6] 5. φ-t マップ上の燃焼領域 Web φ T [7-15] 5 6 (a) CDC (Conventional Diesel Combustion) NOx EGR (b) LTC (Low Temperature Combustion) NOx 1400 K (c) HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) LTC (d) SLRC (Smokeless Rich Combustion) (e) SI (Spark Ignition) (f) DP (Desirable Path) NOx A B 6. φ-t マップと様々なエンジン燃焼コンセプトとの接点 6.1. HCCI 燃焼 HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) [16] 5 HCCI NOx HC CO 6.2. UNIBUS 燃焼 UNIBUS (Uniform Bulky Combustion System) [17-19] 5 LTC 6 (3)
294 56 178 2014 7 MK [22] 6 UNBUS [19] ( 5 A ) ( 5 B) EGR ( ) LTC 6.3. MK 燃焼 MK (Modulated Kinetics) [20-22] 7 ( ) 5 LTC 5 B EGR EGR 8 HC 6.4. PCCI/PCI 燃焼 PCCI (Premixed Charge Compression Ignition) [23] 5 A, B LTC HCCI NOx () PREDIC (Premixed Lean Diesel Combustion) [24] 9 PREDIC [24] LTC PCCI 8 MK [22] 9 PREDIC [24] [23] PCI (Premixed Compression Ignition) EGR [25,26]. 6.5. 無煙低温燃焼 10 [2,3,27-31] EGR 10 EGR (4)
φ T 295 10 EGR [3] 12 ITIC-PCI [32] 11 [3] High-Smoke Smokeless φ T 11 Smokeless High-Smoke Smokeless High-Smoke 200 K Smokeless EGR NOx 5 B SLRC HC, CO NOx NOx NOx NOx [30] 6.6. ITIC-PCI 燃焼 ITIC-PCI (Intake Temperature and Injection Controlled- Premixed Compression Ignition) 5 LTC 12 [32,33] φ T EGR 2000 K ( 5 B ) 5 A ( ) LTC CO/HC LTC DP 6.7. 高過給 高 EGR 燃焼 5 CDC LTC NOx EGR 13 EGR [19] EGR ( 5 B) ( 5 A) EGR φ T [19,34] 14 5 CDC LTC 7. CO の φ-t マップ NOx HC CO Miles (5)
296 56 178 2014 13 EGR (2.2 L, 2000 rpm, Pme: 1.05 MPa) [19] 15 CO φ T [36] 14 EGR [19] [35] 15 CO φ T [36] CO (φ 1 1500 K ) CO CO, HC LTC CO 1400 K CO 1500 K CO CO CO 2 LIF CO φ T CO [36] 8. おわりに φ T φ T LTC LTC SANDIA [37] LTC References 1. T. Kamimoto and M. Bae, SAE Paper 880423 (1988). 2. K. Akihama, Y. Takatori, K. Inagaki, S. Sasaki, et al., SAE Paper 2001-01-0655 (2001). 3. 46-136: 82-89 (2004). 4. 122: 21-34 (2000). 5. 34-1: 39-45 (2003). 6. V. Golovichev, Private communication. 7. 34-1: 33-38 (2003). 8. http://ccrc.kaust.edu.sa/pages/researchprojects.aspx (6)
φ T 297 9. G.D.Neely, et.al., SAE Paper 2005-01-1091 (2005). 10. V.Soloiu, et.al., Energy 52: 143-154 (2013). 11. I.Ekoto, et.al., SAE paper 2009-24-0043 (2009). 12. http://www2.mech.unsw.edu.au/content/labs_computing/ Engine_Research.cfm?ss=5 13. Overview of the DOE Advanced Combustion Engine R&D: http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/03/f10/ace00a_ singh_2012_o.pdf 14. http://www.nedo.go.jp/hyoukabu/articles/201301mazda/ index.html 15. S. Kook, et.al., SAE paper 2005-01-3837 (2005). 16. 51-155: 9-22 (2009). 17. 107, 61-74 (1997). 18. 34-1: 47-52 (2003). 19. 51-155: 23-30 (2009). 20. 7-2: 15-20 (2005). 21. 52-7: 56-62 (1998). 22. https://www.jsae.or.jp/~dat1/mr/motor21/ mr20052104.pdf 23. 47-6: 82-87 (2012). 24. (B ) 62-599: 2887-2894 (1996). 25. 7-2: 45-50 (2005). 26. K. Okude, et.al., SAE paper 2004-01-1907 (2004). 27. S. Sasaki, et.al., 9th Aachen Colloquium Automobile and Engine Technology 2000, 767 (2000). 28. 34: 65-70 (2003). 29. 34: 71-76 (2003). 30. 34: 77-82 (2003). 31. https://www.jsae.or.jp/~dat1/mr/motor21/ mr20052105.pdf 32. 86-07: 1-4 (2007). 33. 25: 146-151 (2007). 34. 37-6: 139-145 (2006). 35. P. Miles, U.S. Department of Energy FY2008 Annual Progress Report, Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies: 39-44 (2008). (http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/03/f8/2008_ adv_combustion_engine.pdf) 36. 44-2: 237-243 (2013). 37. http://www.sandia.gov/ecn/tutorials/visualization/rcci.php (7)