1 22 22.1 atomic line spectrum emission line absorption line atom proton neutronnuclei electron Z atomic number A mass number neutral atom ion energy level ground stateexcited state ionized state 22.2 22.1 transition E 2 E 1 h = E 2 ; E 1 (22.1)
2 E 1 E 2 bound-bound transition bound-free transition free-free transition 22.1 H He Fe Z A 22.2 24 Rydberg formula 1 = c = Z 2 R y 1 n 2 ; 1 n 02 (22.2) Z n n 0 n<n 0 R y 10 ;27 erg s 22.3 n =1 n 0 >n Lyman series n =2 n 0 >n Balmer series n =3 n 0 >npaschen series L L L H H H P P P R y =1:09737 10 7 m ;1 (22.3) R y = 1 2 2 me 4 (22.4) 1+m=M ch 3 M m = 9:1094 10 ;28 g m=m e = 4:803210 ;10 esu c = 2:9979 10 10 cm s ;1 h = 6:6261 22.4 22.3 M = M = 4 m=m =0
3 22.4 22.5 n =1 n 0 = 1 ev ionization energy 22.6 K n = 1 n 0 =2 n =1 n 0 = 1 kev 22.2 22.5 19 A B spectral type 20 O B A F G K M 22.1 [K] O 50000-30000 B 30000-10000 A 9700-7500 F 7300-6000 H K G 6000-5300 K 5300-4000 M 4000-3000
4 1 10 B O B0 A B9 A B B B Be star Be e emission line e 22.6 B 22.3 22.7 1 v v r v t proper motion r r t v t v t = r (22.5) t 1 Oh! Be A Fine Girl, Kiss Me, Right Now, Sweet! R N S 22.8
5 radial velocity 0 redshift z 13 2021 z ; 0 0 (22.6) v r c z = v r c v r (22.7) v r = cz = ; 0 0 c (22.8) 22.7-0.00004667 22.8-8km/s 22.4 X X 19 X 1 21 5 15 accretion disk 22.9 5 15 cataclysmic variable L1 accretion disk X X X X-ray
6 star 19 21 2 2 2 22.10 EX Cowley et al. 1981 X EX EX 0:7M 0:16M 98 X 22.11 2
7 22.13 22.12 2 22.9 EX 22.10 2 22.11 EX 22.5 SS 433 X astrophysical jet 20 22 1 100 10 km 23
8 22.14 SS433 SS433 SS433 3.5kpc 14 1977 SS 433 SS433 W50 A1909 04 X SS433 R H 656.3nm 715.4nm B H 643.8nm SS433 22.12 R B 22.15 SS433 Margon et al. 1979 1978 SS433 H H R B R' B' 22.16 Margon 1980 H R B
9 164 R B 22.13 22.14 0 0 km 22.17 SS433 SS433 SS433 80 20 164 78000km 26 R B B B R R R B R B 12000km SS433 SS433 26 SS433 SS433 22.6 20
10 10 22.15 1 22.18 normal galaxy active galaxy 1 100 1 2 3 4 5 supermassive black hole 13 22.19 3C273 Seyfert galaxy1943 1 2 radio galaxy 2 20 1 2
11 20 21 22.20 3C273 quasar 1963 BLLac BL Lac object BLLac blazar 22.16 A NGC5128 10 z =0:0009 pc X 22.21 Blandford et al. 1990 H H HeI 2 [OIII] 1 2 1 10000km/s 500km/s 1 2 500km/s 0.1
12 BLR broad line region NLR narrow line region 22.18 Z = 26 1 ev 1:6 10 ;12 erg s ;1 22.17 X X X h 7keV 6.39keV uorescence line 26 26 X X X X X 22.22 1 BLR NLR 2 NLR 2 BLR 10 BLR NLR 1 BLR 2 1 2
13 22.7 3K 18 22.24 22.23 HST 7 9 Hubble's law recession velocity v r v = Hr (22.9) H Hubble constant 1Mpc [km/s] Ia
14 H =71 4km=s=Mpc (22.10) v z z 0.1 v = cz (22.11) v c = 2z + z2 (22.12) 2+2z + z 2 z 22.19 v z 1+z = s 1+v=c 1 ; v=c (22.13) 22.12 z v = cz 5
15 23 23.1 molecular line interstellar molecular line 3 H2O NH3 23.2 2 23.1 2 CO CO 10 K 50 K H H 2
16 23.4 23.3 2 2 CO CS HCO HCN 1 1 2.6 mm 1 1 2.6 mm 23.2 1968 1970 interstellar molecule HC 1 1 OH C 60 C60- fullerene 1995
17 23.1 [GHz] H 2 O 22.235 CO 115.271 CS 48.991 SiO 86.243 1930 SiS 90.772 HNO 81.447 19 H 2 S 168.763 OCS 97.301 SO 2 104.029 NH 3 23.694 HCN 88.632 HNC 90.664 CCCO 48.108 HNCO 87.925 HNCS 129.013 HCCCN 81.881 CH 3 CN 110.381 CH 3 CCH 102.548 CH 2 CHCN 1.374 bipolar jet CH 3 CCCN CH 3 CH2CN 105.469 HC 5 N 23.964 HC 7 N 24.816 HC 9 N 14.526 HC 11 N 23.698 H 2 CO 4.830 H 2 CS 104.617 CH 2 NH 5.290 NH 2 CN 80.505 CH 3 OH 36.169 NH 2 CHO 1.539 CH 3 SH 101.139 CH 3 NH 2 73.044 CH 3 CHO 79.150 HCOOCH 3 100.482 CH 3 CH 2 OH 90.118 CH 3 OCH 3 86.224 C 3 H 2 HCO + 89.189 HN + 2 93.174 HCS + 128.021 CH 3.335 CN 113.491 NO 150.547 NS 215.571 OH 1.667 SO 86.094 CCH 87.317 HCO 86.671 CCCH CCCN 98.940 C 4 H 28.532 23.3 1970 1980 SS433 20 21 23.5 L1551 L1551 CO CO IRS5 5 30
18 L1551 L1551 3 15 km 0.3 2 0.1 L1551 km 100 km 10 km km CO 0.1 100 10 K 50 K 1000 10 1 23.6
19 (microwave amplication by stimulated emission of radiation) (maser) H2O OH CH3OH SiO Sbc NGC4258 M106 4000 LINER NGC3079 2003 2 30 megamaser 24 21cm 21 cm 24.1 21cm 1 1 spin 2 24.1
20 =21:106114 cm = 1420:40575 MHz 21 cm 21 cm 21 cm 24.3 M31 M31 M31 24.2 21 cm 24.3 M31 24.2 24.4 M31 2
21 galactic rotation rotation curve 7 iso-velocity contour M31 M31 24.5
22 25 25.1 e ; e + pair annihilate 2 1 511 kev 511 kev pair annihilation line + T = m e c 2 =k 60 p e ; e + e ; pair 25.1 pe pee + e ; ee eee + e ; p pe + e ; e ee + e ; e + e ; e e + e ; 25.2 pe pe ee ee e + e ; e + e ; e e e e e + e ; e + e ; e + e ; e e + e ; 25.1 Cyg X-1 25.2 1E 1740.7{ 2942 X X Sgr A X Sgr A X 21
23 Sgr A X 1E 1740.7{ 2942 1970 511 kev 10 ;3 s ;1 cm ;2 100 10 43 1 1 X 1E 1740.7{2942 Sgr A 1E 1740.7{2942 1E 1740.7{2942 X 17 41 ;29 42 0 Sgr A 48 2 :32 :3 X Sgr A X 1E 1740.7{2942 35{120 kev X 8 :2 8 :2 X X 1E 1740.7{2942 GRS 1758{258 2 25.3 X 1E 1740.7{2942 X 1E 1740.7{2942 kev X X 1990 3 4 1990 10 511 kev X 1E 1740.7{2942 25.2 GRANAT X 1E 1740.7{2942 X X 3{15 kev X
24 25.4 VLA X 1E 1740.7{ 2942 VLA X 1E 1740.7{2942 6cm 1 2pc 3 pc 510 4 M 1E 1740.7{2942 10 100 X Cyg X-1 3