Ni PLD GdBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 x 2 6

Ni PLD GdBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 x 2 6

1 1 1.1.................................. 1 1.2................................ 2 1.2.1......................... 3 1.3 RE 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7 x...................... 3 1.3.1............................... 4 1.3.2.......................... 5 1.3.3 GdBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 x................... 6 1.4................................ 7 1.4.1 IBAD............................... 7 1.4.2 RABiTS............................. 7 1.5 PLD................................... 8 1.6......................... 9 1.6.1........................... 9 1.6.2...................... 10 1.6.3........................ 13 1.6.4.......................... 13 1.6.5.................... 17 1.7................................ 18 2 19 2.1..................................... 19 2.1.1 GdBCO......................... 19 2.1.2 Ni........................ 19 2.2.................................. 21 2.2.1............................ 21 i

2.3................................ 23 2.4.................................. 23 2.5 TEM..................... 25 3 26 3.1 TEM........................... 26 3.2 J c -d.................................. 27 3.3 J c -B (c-axis ab-plane)....................... 27 3.4 J c -θ.................................. 29 3.5 J c -B (IBAD )........................... 31 4 32 4.1.................. 32 4.2 E-J.................................. 33 4.3 J c -B.................................. 34 4.4............................ 36 4.5 IBAD GdBCO....... 37 5 39 5.1 J c................ 39 5.2 J c................... 39 5.3 IBAD................ 40 ii

2.1....................... 20 4.1.............. 32 4.2.............. 37 iii

1.1 YBCO J c................. 4 1.2 YBCO []..................... 5 1.3 θ J c [].......................... 5 1.4 GdBCO YBCO J c []........... 6 1.5 IBAD []..................... 8 1.6 RABiTS []................ 9 1.7.................. 11 1.8............................ 14 1.9......... 15 1.10............................ 15 2.1 GdBCO................... 20 2.2............................... 24 2.3.... 25 3.1 CeO 2 (a) Y 2 O 3 (b) GdBCO........................... 26 3.2 77.3 K J c -d (a) I c -d (b)......................... 28 3.3 77.3 K c-axis J c -B............................... 28 3.4 77.3 K ab-plane J c -B............................ 29 3.5 77.3 K ab-plane J c -θ............................. 30 iv

3.6 77.3 K 3 T J c -θ (a)(b) CeO 2 Y 2 O 3............................. 30 3.7 IBAD 77.3 K J c -B..... 31 3.8 IBAD 77.3 K I c -B..... 31 4.1 E=1.0 10 4 V/m g 2....... 33 4.2 E=1.0 10 4 V/m g 2....... 33 4.3 Y1 77.3 K 1 6 T E-J..... 34 4.4 Y2 77.3 K 1 6 T E-J..... 34 4.5 Y3 77.3 K 1 6 T E-J..... 34 4.6 C1 77.3 K 1 6 T E-J..... 34 4.7 C2 77.3 K 1 6 T E-J..... 35 4.8 C3 77.3 K 1 6 T E-J..... 35 4.9 CeO 2 77.3 K J c -B................................... 35 4.10 Y 2 O 3 77.3 K J c -B................................... 35 4.11 CeO 2 77.3 K L... 36 4.12 Y 2 O 3 77.3 K L... 36 4.13 IBAD 77.3 K E-J................................. 38 v

1 1.1 1908 Kamerling-Onnes 1911 4.2 K ( ) T c B c 1957 Badeen Cooper Scherieffer BCS T c 30 K 1986 Johannes G.Bendnortz Karl Alex Muller (La 2 x Ba x CuO 4 ) 30K YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 x (YBCO) Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 10+δ (Bi2223) Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) 1

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Strage (SMES) 1 2 1 B c B c B c B c B c1 B c2 2 B c2 1 B c 2 B c1 B c2 Lorentz J Loretz F L B F L =J B F L v E E=B v F L F p F L F p F p = J c B J c J c T c B c2 J c T c B c2 J c F p J c 1.2 (JISh7005) 25 K MgB 2 2

1.2.1 CuO 2 77.3 K CuO 2 CuO 2 Bi2223 REBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 x (RE: Rare Earth) (REBCO) Bi2223 c ab ab CuO 2 km I c = 200 A 2 Km Bi2223 REBCO Bi2223 Bi2223 J c REBCO 1.3 RE 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7 x 1986 J. G. Bednortz K. A. Muller La 2 x Ba x CuO 4 1987 C. W. Chu T c YBCO (4.2 K) REBCO 1.1 Bi2223 J c Nb 3 Sn 3

REBCO J c [] REBCO 1.1 YBCO J c [] 1.3.1 REBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 x (RE: Rare Earth)(REBCO) RE:BA:Cu 1:2:3 1.2 REBCO YBCO [] REBCO CuO 2 RE CuO 2 2 BaO CuO REBCO CuO 4

1.2 YBCO [] 1.3 θ J c [] 1.3.2 REBCO km J c REBCO 5

J c Dimos [] Dimos 2 θ SrTiO 3 YBCO θ J c 1.3 Jc G gb Jc θ Jc gb θ=10 θ=0 10 1 J c REBCO J c 1.3.3 GdBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 x GdBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 x (GdBCO) YBCO Y Gd REBCO GdBCO 1.4 YBCO [] J c Gd Y T c Nd Y RE 1+x Ba 2 x Cu 3 O 7 δ Pulsed Laser Deposition(PLD) c c J c YBCO 1.4 GdBCO YBCO J c [] 6

1.4 REBCO J c REBCO REBCO Ion Beam Assisted Deposition(IBAD) Rolling Assisted Bi-axially Textured Substarte(RABiTS) 1.4.1 IBAD 1.5 IBAD IBAD REBCO REBCO J c [] IBAD Y stablized Zr(YSZ) Y 2 O 3 GdZr 2 O 7 (GZO) [] IBAD CeO 2 [] IBAD MgO [] 1.4.2 RABiTS 1.6 RABiTS IBAD 2 REBCO RABiTS Ni Ag Cu FCC(Face Center Cubic) [] 7

1.5 IBAD [] IBAD J c Ni Ni IBAD Hasteoy [] NI W [] RABiTS Cu SS316L IBAD 1.5 PLD PLD Phisical Vapor Deposition (PVD ) ( ) 2 PLD Chemical Vapor 8

1.6 RABiTS [] Deposition (CVD ) Metal Organic Deposition (MOD ) 1.6 1.6.1 I c J c J c J c Lorentz Lorentz Lorentz F p J c J c B Lorentz F p J c = F p B (1.1) 9

F p J c 1.6.2 J c 1.4 Lorentz 1.7 Lorentz Lorentz ( A C) B 1.7 J < J c0 k B T (k B Boltzmann ) U U Arrhenius exp ( U/k B T ) a f a f a f a f ν 0 Lorentz v + ( v + = a f ν 0 exp U ) k B T ν 0 (1.2) ν 0 = ζρ fj c0 2πa f B (1.3) 10

1.7 ζ ζ 2π a f ζ = 4 ρ f J c0 Lorentz v ( v = a f ν 0 [exp U ) )] exp ( U k B T k B T (1.4) U Lorentz Maxwell E = Bv ( E = Ba f ν 0 [exp U ) )] exp ( U k B T k B T (1.5) (1.5) 1.1 x F (x) = U 0 2 sin(kx) fx (1.6) 11

U 0 /2 k = 2πa f f = JBV (V ) Lorentz x = x 0 x = x 0 F (x) = 0 x 0 = a ( ) f faf 2π cos 1 U 0 π (1.7)?? U U = F (x 0 ) F ( x 0 ) [ ( )] U = U 0 sin cos 1 faf fa ( ) f faf U 0 π π cos 1 U 0 π { ( ) } 1 2 2 = U 0 2f 1 2f ( ) 2f U 0 k U 0 k cos 1 (1.8) U 0 k sin(cos 1 (x)) = 1 x 2 k = a f /2π U = 0 2f/U 0 k = 2J c0 BV/U 0 k = 1 J = J c0 ( ) 2f = J j (1.9) U 0 k J c0 j J c0 J c0 ) m ( J c0 = A (1 TTc B γ 1 1 B ) 2 (1.10) B c2 A γ m (1.8) (1.9) k = 2πa f U(j) = U 0 [(1 j 2 ) 1/2 j cos 1 j] (1.11) U (j) U + fa f = U + πu 0 j (1.12) (1.5) [ E = Ba f ν 0 exp U(j) ] [ ( 1 exp πu )] 0j (1.13) k B T k B T 12

1.6.3 Lorentz 1.8 U = 0 J c0 Lorentz J B Lorentz Lorentz δ = v/ v J B δf p = 0 (1.14) (1.1) J = J c0 J > J c0 J B δf p B ηv = 0 (1.15) φ 0 φ 0 η (1.1) E = B v J J = J c0 + E ρ f (1.16) Bφ 0 /η = ρ f ρ f E E = ρ f (J J c0 ) (1.17) 1.6.4 13

1.8 Û0 V U 0 = Û0V (1.18) Û0 Labusch α L d i Û 0 = α Ld 2 i 2 (1.19) F p F p = J c0 B = α L d i (1.20) 1.9 d i d i 1.10 1.10(a) L d d d L L ( ) 1/2 C44 L = α L ( ) 1/2 Baf = (1.21) ζµ 0 J c0 14

1.9 L L d d R R R R (a) d < L (b) d > L 1.10 R R = ( C66 α L ) 1/2 (1.22) C 44 C 66 C 44 = B2 µ 0 (1.23) C 66 = B2 c2b 4µ 0 B c2 ( 1 B B c2 ) 2 C 0 66 (1.24) 15

C 66 C 66 0 C 66 C66 0 d i a f ζ d i = a f ζ (1.25) d L V = LR 2 (1.26) U 0 = a f 2ζ J c0br 2 L (1.27) R a f R a f R = ga f (1.28) g 2 g 2 (1.22) (1.28) g 2 = C 66 ζj c0 Ba f (1.29) 3 g 2 e = C0 66 ζj c0 Ba f (1.30) g 2 C 66 g 2 g 2 g 2 = g 2 e [ 5kB T 2U e ( )] Baf ν 0 log E c (1.31) 16

(1.27) U 0 = 0.835k Bg 2 J 1/2 c0 (1.32) ζ 3/2 B 1/4 1.10(a) d L V V = dr 2 (1.33) U 0 = 4.23g2 k B J c0 d ζb 1/2 (1.34) ζ = 2π 1.6.5 1.3.3 1.3.4 [ E cr = Ba f ν 0 exp U(j) ] [ 1 exp K B T ( πu 0j k B T )] ; j < 1 ( = Ba f ν 0 [1 exp πu )] 0 ; j 1 k B T (1.35) E ff = 0; j < 1 = ρ f (J J c0 ); j 1 (1.36) E = (Ecr 2 + Eff) 2 1/2 (1.37) (1.10) U 0 T c (1.10) A f(a) = K exp [ (loga loga m) 2 ] 2σ 2 (1.38) 17

K σ 2 A m A A E(J) = 0 Ef(A)dA (1.39) E J J c B 1.7 PLD GdBCO c [] YBCO PLD REBCO I c [] PLD Y Hastelloy Ni [] PLD GdBCO IBAD GdBCO GdBCO 18

2 2.1 PLD GdBCO 2.1.1 GdBCO PLD GdBCO Ni CeO 2 (60 nm) YSZ(260 nm) CeO 2 (170 nm) Y 2 O 3 (120 nm) PLD GdBCO 2.1 d 0.52 3.12 µm T c d d T c 2.1 2.1.2 Ni REBCO J c J c 2 PLD RE123 Hastelloy Hastelloy 2 2 IBAD IBAD 19

2.1 GdBCO 2.1 Specimen Seed layer d [µm] T c [K] Y0.5 0.52 92.4 Y1 1.04 92.6 Y1.5 Y 2 O 3 1.56 92.2 Y2 2.08 92.2 Y3 3.12 92.3 C0.5 0.52 92.5 C1 1.04 92.4 C1.5 CeO 2 1.56 92.2 C2 2.08 92.4 C3 3.12 92.9 IBAD 2.60 91.4 20

IBAD 2 FCC FCC Ni Cu Ag Ni Ni Ni W % RABiTS Cu SL316 Ni 2.2 PLD Ni GdBCO GdBCO 2.2.1 PLD GdBCO Cu Cu Cu Cu : : =2:1:10 5 10 21

Ag Ag Ag Ag : : =6:1:20 2 3 posi 4000 rpm 20 90 C 2 90 C =1:500 22

2.3 2.1.1 E J 2.2 2.2 R S R S R 2 I 2 I 3 I 1 I 1 = I 2 + I 3 (2.1) V V = R S I 2 + (R V + R 2 + R 3 )I 3 (2.2) R S R 2 + R 3 I 2 0 (2.3) I 1 I 2 (2.4) V V = R S I 2 (2.5) R 1 R 4 V I 2.4 2.2.1 V I 100 µm 1.0 mm In 23

RS R1 R3 R2 R4 V A RV RA 2.2 OXford Instrument 14 T Bi2223 1 T 0 T 6 T 0 1 T 1 6 T He 77.3 K 0.3 K J c E c = 1.0 10 4 V/m J c θ φ 2.3 n E J E J n (2.6) n 2.0 10 4 E 2.0 10 3 [V/m] n 24

2.3 2.5 TEM Transmission Electron Micrescope(TEM) GdBCO High- Angle Annular Dark-Field transition electron microscopy(haadf) TEM HAADF nm TEM Japan Fine Ceramic Center(JFCC) 25

第3章 実験結果 3.1 TEM による断面観察 図 3.1(a)(b) に それぞれ種層として CeO2 を用いた試料の断面画像 (a) と Y2 O3 を用 いた試料の断面画像を示す 図 3.1 種層として CeO2 層 (a) 及び Y2 O3 層 (b) を用いて作製した GdBCO コー ト線材の断面画像 図 3.1(a) に示すように 種層として CeO2 を用いた試料では 種層である CeO2 層に 無数の亀裂が発生しているのが確認でき 直上の GdBCO 超伝導層には Gd がリッチに なっているポイントが形成されている また CeO2 層に生じた亀裂には NiO が形成さ 26

CeO 2 Gd 2 O 3 CeO 2 CeO 2 Ni CeO 2 CeO 2 3.1(b) 3.1(a) CeO 2 GdBCO Gd Y 2 O 3 Ni Y 2 O 3 Y 2 O 3 CeO 2 J c 3.2 J c -d 3.2(a) J c 3.2(b) I c 3.2(a) Y 2 O 3 J c Y 2 O 3 CeO 2 J c 1 µm J c J c CeO 2 3.2(b) Y 2 O 3 I c 3 µm CeO 2 1 µm 3.3 J c -B (c-axis ab-plane) 3.3(a)(b) c-axis J c -B d Y 2 O 3 J c C1 C2 C3 d J c 27

40 400 30 Y 2 O 3 Y 2 O 3 20 J c [GA/m 2 ] CeO 2 300 I c [A/cm w] 200 CeO 2 10 9 8 7 6 77.3 K 100 77.3 K 5 0 1 2 3 d [µm] 0 0 1 2 3 d [µm] 3.2 77.3 K J c -d (a) I c -d (b) J c Y1 Y2 Y3 Y1 Y2 6 T J c d 10 11 (a) CeO 2 B//c 10 11 (b) B//c 10 10 C1 C2 C3 10 10 Y1 Y2 Y3 J c [A/m 2 ] 10 9 J c [A/m 2 ] 10 9 77.3 K 10 8 0 2 4 6 B [T] 77.3 K 10 8 0 2 4 6 B [T] 3.3 77.3 K c-axis J c -B 3.4(a)(b) ab-plane J c -B 28

3.4(a) J c 100 µm 3.4(b) Y1 Y3 CeO 2 10 11 (a) CeO 2 B//ab 10 11 (b) B//ab 10 10 C1 C2 C3 10 10 Y1 Y2 Y3 J c [A/m 2 ] 10 9 J c [A/m 2 ] 10 9 77.3 K 77.3 K 10 8 0 2 4 6 10 8 0 2 4 6 B [T] B [T] 3.4 J c -B 77.3 K ab-plane 3.4 J c -θ 3.5 C1 Y1 1 T 3 T J c 3.5 Y1 C1 J c θ=0 90 J c C1 Y1 c-axis ab-plane C1 C1 Y1 J c 3.6(a) CeO 2 J c 3.6(b) Y 2 O 3 J c 3 T 3.6(a) d θ=0 90 29

10 10 1 T 3 T C1 Y1 J c [GA/m 2 ] 10 9 77.3 K 0 100 θ [degree] 3.5 77.3 K ab-plane J c -θ 3.6(b) Y1 Y3 CeO 2 d θ=0 90 6 5 4 (a) 77.3 K 3T CeO 2 6 5 4 (b) 3 3 Y1 J c [GA/m 2 ] 2 0.9 1 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 C3 C1 J c [GA/m 2 ] 2 0.9 1 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 Y3 77.3 K 3 T Y 2 O 3 0.3 0 30 60 90 0.3 0 30 60 90 θ [degree] d [µm] 3.6 77.3 K 3 T J c -θ (a)(b) CeO 2 Y 2 O 3 30

3.5 J c -B (IBAD ) 3.7 IBAD GdBCO J c -B (a) I c -B 3.7 IBAD GdBCO J c Y1 c-axis 1 T J c ab-plane Y1 J c ab-plane 40 20 IBAD Y1 c axis ab plane 1000 800 600 400 IBAD Y3 c axis ab plane J c [GA/m 2 ] 10 I c [A/cm w] 200 8 6 100 90 70 4 0 0.5 1 B [T] 3.7 IBAD 77.3 K J c -B 50 0 0.5 1 B [T] 3.8 IBAD 77.3 K I c -B 3.8 I c I c Y3 2 J c c-axis ab-plane IBAD Y3 I c 31

4 4.1 77.3 K A m σ 2 γ g 2 c-axis E-J J c -B 4.1 g 2 4.2 E=1.0 10 4 V/m g 2 g 2 g 2 A 4.1 A m σ 2 γ Y1 5.38 10 11 2.87 10 2 0.64 Y2 3.00 10 11 2.97 10 2 0.71 Y3 2.34 10 11 3.07 10 2 0.54 C1 3.21 10 11 2.87 10 2 0.71 C2 1.60 10 11 3.36 10 2 0.72 C3 1.06 10 11 3.56 10 2 0.72 Y 2 O 3 A m Y1 Y2 Y3 d 32

3 3 C1 C2 C3 exp theo exp theo Y1 Y2 Y3 g 2 2 g 2 2 1 1 0 2 4 6 B [T] 0 2 4 6 B [T] 4.1 E=1.0 10 4 V/m g 2 4.2 E=1.0 10 4 V/m g 2 σ 2 Y1 Y2 Y3 d CeO 2 A m σ 2 Y 2 O 3 Y 2 O 3 Y1 C1 σ 2 A m Y1 CeO 2 Y 2 O 3 J c 4.2 E-J 4.3 4.8 E-J g 2 [] 33

10 2 Y 1 E [V/m] 10 3 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T 6 T exp Theory E [V/m] 10 3 10 2 Y2 77.3 K exp theo 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T 6 T 10 4 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10 4.3 J [A/m 2 ] Y1 77.3 K 1 6 T E-J 10 4 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10 4.4 J [A/m 2 ] Y2 77.3 K 1 6 T E-J E [V/m] 10 2 10 3 Y3 77.3 K exp theo 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T 6 T 10 2 10 3 C1 77.3 K exp theo 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T 6 T 10 4 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10 4.5 J [A/m 2 ] Y3 77.3 K 1 6 T E-J 10 4 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10 4.6 J [A/m 2 ] C1 77.3 K 1 6 T E-J 4.3 J c -B 4.9 4.10 J c -B 34

E [V/m] 10 2 10 3 C2 77.3 K exp theo 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T 6 T E [V/m] 10 2 C3 77.3 K 10 3 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 T 6 T 10 4 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10 4.7 J [A/m 2 ] C2 77.3 K 1 6 T E-J 10 4 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10 4.8 J [A/m 2 ] C3 77.3 K 1 6 T E-J E-J J c -B 10 11 10 10 CeO 2 C1 C2 C3 exp theo 10 11 10 10 Y 2 O 3 Y1 Y2 Y3 exp theo J c [A/m 2 ] J c [A/m 2 ] 10 9 10 9 10 8 0 2 4 6 B [T] 4.9 CeO 2 77.3 K J c -B 77.3 K 10 8 0 2 4 6 B [T] 4.10 Y 2 O 3 77.3 K J c -B 35

4.4 4.11 4.12 L 4.11 C1 L 3 T C1 d 1.04 µm C2 5 T C3 6 T L d C1 C2 3 T 5 T 3 2 C1 3 T C1 J c C2 C3 C1 C2 C3 J c J c 4.12 Y1 d L 4.5 T L d Y2 Y3 6 T d L Y1 4.5 T 2 Y2 Y3 6 T Y1 Y1 J c Y2 Y3 J c 6 T Y1 Y2 J c 3 3.12µm C1 C2 C3 2.08µm 3 3.12µm Y1 Y2 Y3 2.08µm L [µm] 2 L [µm] 2 1 1.04µm 1 1.04µm 0 2 4 6 B [T] 4.11 CeO 2 77.3 K L 0 2 4 6 B [T] 4.12 Y 2 O 3 77.3 K L 36

4.5 IBAD GdBCO 4.2 IBAD PLD GdBCO Y1 Y3 g 2 IBAD g 2 1 4.13 IBAD E-J 4.13 IBAD Y1 d σ 2 IBAD Y1 Y3 IBAD Y1 Y3 Y1 IBAD d Y1 d σ 2 d IABD I c I c 4.2 A m σ 2 γ IBAD 2.9 10 11 1.05 10 2 0.59 Y1 5.38 10 11 2.87 10 2 0.64 Y3 2.34 10 11 3.07 10 2 0.54 37

E [V/m] 10 2 10 3 IBAD 77.3 K exp theo 0.3 T 0.5 T 0.7 T 1.0 T 10 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 20 J [A/m 2 ] 4.13 IBAD 77.3 K E-J 38

5 Ni PLD GdBCO E-J 5.1 J c CeO 2 Gd 2 O 3 Y 2 O 3 Y 2 O 3 CeO 2 J c σ 2 Y 2 O 3 CeO 2 CeO 2 TEM CeO 2 Gd 2 O 3 CeO 2 GdBCO 5.2 J c 1 µm J c J c 39

1 µm J c J c J c A m σ 2 J c 5.3 IBAD IBAD 2.5 µm J/c 30 GA/m 2 Y1 J c I c -B I c Y3 2 I c IBAD GdBCO σ 2 σ 2 Y1 Y1 IBAD 40

41