The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER :

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 1 4 2 41 : 2 42 14 43 17 44 25 45 27 46 3 47 31 48 32 49 34 41 35 411 36 maintex 23/11/28

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 2 4 41 : 2 1 σ 2 (21) (22) k I = I exp( σρ dz) (41) 6 λ σ R 3 σ R = 32π3 3N λ 4 ρ (n 1) 2 (42) N ρ n ( (42) λ 4 σ R ) 4 % 1 % ( 41 ) 13 % ( 42 ) 4 1 2 [m 2 /Kg] 3 Appendix 4 sec41tex 23/11/28( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 3 Appendix (42) 1871 Reyleigh 4 5 A1: 5 µm (a) 1 4 µm (b) 1 µm (c) 1 µm (a) (c) 5 ( ) sec41tex 23/11/28( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 4 (42) 1 (A3) 2 (A8) 3 2 (= ) 4 1 = E e ikct k c t P (t) P (t) = αe e ikct (A1) α ( ) 6 E(rt) E(r t) = 1 { ( )} 1 c 2 e e 2 P (t ) r t 2 = 1 c 2 1 r = 1 c 2 1 r { ( { } )} e e 2 P (t r/c) dt 2 t 2 d(t r/c) { ( )} e e 2 P (t r/c) t 2 r = re t t = t r/c (A2) 6 α P E CO 2 Appendix sec41tex 23/11/28( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 5 A2: (l) (r) ( γ 1 = π/2) (Liou 22 Figure 31 ) (A2) t 7 (A1) (A2) { ( )} E(r t) = 1 1 r c 2 α e e 2 (E e ik(r ct) ) t 2 = e ik(r ct) k 2 α {e (e E )} r (A3) (A3) (E l ) (E r ) E r //{e (e E r )} E l //{e (e E l )} e ik(r ct) E r = E r k 2 α r e ik(r ct) E l = E l k 2 α sin γ 2 r (A4a) (A4b) γ 8 sin γ 1 1 Θ( ) 7 (1993) 1 8 (A4b) γ 2 π/2 E l = sec41tex 23/11/28( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 6 γ 2 = π/2 Θ (A4b) ( A2 ) e ik(r ct) E l = E l k 2 α cos Θ r (A5) I = C E 2 (C: ) I = C E 2 I = C E 2 I r = I r k 4 α 2 /r 2 (A6a) I l = I l k 4 α 2 cos 2 Θ/r 2 (A6b) I r I l Θ I = I r + I l = (I r + I l cos 2 Θ)k 4 α 2 /r 2 (A7) I r = I l = I /2 k = 2π/λ (λ : ) I = I r 2 α2 ( ) 2π 4 1 + cos 2 Θ λ 2 (A8) r f I f = Ir 2 dω Ω = F α 2 128π5 3λ 4 (A9) 9 F I 9 Z Ω Ir 2 dω = σ s = f F = α 2 128π5 3λ 4 Z 2π Z π I 2π 4 1 + cos 2 Θ r 2 α2 r 2 sin Θ dθ dφ λ 2 4 2π Z π = F α 2 2π sin Θ + ( cos Θ) cos 2 Θ dθ γ 2 = F α 2 2π 4 2π 1 2 + 2 λ 2 3 = F α 2 128π 5 3γ 4 (A1) sec41tex 23/11/28( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 7 A3: : (1) (2) (3) (Liou 22 Figure 311) sec41tex 23/11/28( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 8 σ s 1 1 11 12 1 ( 3 n 2 ) 1 α = 4πN n 2 + 2 { } 3 2(n 1) 4πN 3 1 = (n 1) (A11) 2πN N n n 1 13 1 1 (ρ /N ) (A1) σ s = = { } 1 2 128π 5 N (n 1) 2πN 3γ 4 ρ 32π 3 3N γ 4 (n 1) 2 ρ (A12) (42) Liou K N 22 An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation Second Edition Academic Press 583pp 198 / http://wwwgfddennouorg 1986 II 397pp 1 (= ) 11 1? 1 12 Appendix 13 n=1+δ (δ 1) n 2 1 (n + 1)(n 1) (1 + δ + 1)(n 1) (2 + δ)(n 1) 2(n 1) = = = n 2 + 2 n 2 + 2 (1 + 2δ + δ 2 ) + 2 3 + 2δ + δ 2 3 sec41tex 23/11/28( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 9 Appendix (A2) r 14 ( 1 c ( 1 c E = A t gradφ (A13a) B = rota (A13b) 2 ) t 2 φ = ρ/ε (A13c) ) A = µ i (A13d) 2 t 2 diva + 1 c 2 φ t = (A13e) E A φ B c ρ ε µ i φ(r t) = V ρ(r t r r /c) r r d 3 r (A14) 15 (A13c)(A13d) 1 i(r t r r /c) A(r t) = c 2 r r d 3 r V (A15) c 2 = 1/ε µ 16 r (r r) 17 r r r (1 r ) r (A16) r 2 14 maxwell (A13e) 15 φ(r) = Z V ρ(r ) r r d3 r ( ) ρ(r ) φ(r t) (*) r r r /c t r ρ(r t) ρ(r t r r /c) 16 (A13c)(A13d) sec41tex 23/11/28( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 1 ρ(r t r r /c) ) ρ(r t r r /c) ρ (r rc r r t + cr = ρ (r t + r ) r cr ( ) ρ(r t ) + dρ(r t ) r r dt cr (A17) 18 (A14) r r r 19 φ(r t) 1 ρ(r t ) d 3 r + r r V cr 2 V = Q r + r cr 2 dp (t ) dt dρ(r t ) dt r d 3 r (A18) Q P Q (A19) Q φ(t) = r cr 2 dp (t ) dt (A19) (A15) 2 A(r t) 1 c 2 i(r t ) dv r V = 1 dp (t ) c 2 (A2) r dt 17 r r = p (r r ) 2 = p r 2 2r r + r 2 r p 1 2r r /r 2 r 1 r r 18 3 r r /cr 1 19 1 1 r r = r(1 r r /r 2 ) (A14) r 2 r 3 r 2 2 P = qr r i i = 1 dq r s dt r s r V = sr q/v = ρ r i = dq r dt V = d(q/v ) r = dρ dt dt r = d(ρr ) dt P R = V ρr dv r 2 sec41tex 23/11/28( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 11 (A13a) 21 A(r t) E(r t) = { t 1 = t { 1 c 2 r gradφ(r t) dp (t ) c 2 r dt d 2 P (t ) dt 2 E(r t) = = 1 c 2 r 3 1 c 2 r 3 } + { r 2 d2 P (t ) { r dt 2 } grad ( r d2 P (t ) dt 2 { r cr 2 dp (t } ) dt )} { ( r c 2 r 3 r d2 P (t ) dt 2 ( + r r d2 P (t ) )} dt 2 )} (A21) (A23) 22 1993 2 148pp 21 gradφ(r t) r = (xe x ye y ze z ) x t = t r/c x r cr dp (t ) = ex 2 dt cr dp (t ) 2 r 2 dt cr dp (t ) + r 3 dt cr 2 d dp (t ) dx dt r ( ) r x 12 r 2 3 r 1 r x cr dp (t ) 2 dt = r cr d dp (t ) 2 dx dt r cr d2 P (t ) 2 dt 2 = xr c 2 r d2 P (t ) 3 dt 2 d(t r/c) dx = r cr d2 P (t ) x 2 dt 2 cr x y z gradφ r grad cr dp (t ) = r r d2 P (t ) 2 dt c 2 r 3 dt 2 (A22) 22 1 2 A = B = r C = P d2 (t ) A (B C) = B(A C) C(A B) (A (B C)) x = A y (B x C y B y C x ) A z (B z C x B x C z ) = B x (A C) C x (A B) = B(A C) C(A B) x dt 2 sec41tex 23/11/28( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 12 Appendix (A11) Appendix (A11) Lorentz-Lorenz α = 3 4πN ( n 2 1 n 2 + 2 ) (A11) D ε D/E D E + 4πP (A24) ε ε = 1 + 4πP E/E 2 (A25) ε ε µ c = (µε) 1/2 n n 1 = c µε c = ε = 1 + 4πP E µ ε E 2 (A26) c o ε o 1 µ µ µ P (A26) N P E P = NαE (A27) A A 1 A 2 E s E o E = E o + E s (A28) E E o E A A4 E s = sec41tex 23/11/28( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 13 A4: A ( (1986a) 116) E o = E s = 4πP 3 (A28) (A29) E o = E + 4πP (A3) 3 E (A27) P P = NαE o = Nα P = NαE 1 4πNα/3 ( E + 4πP ) 3 (A26) α (A11) n 2 4πNα = 1 + 1 4πNα/3 ( 3 n 2 ) 1 α = 4πN n 2 + 2 (A31) (A32) Liou K N 22 An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation Second Edition Academic Press 583pp 1986a III ( 11 ) 1986b IV ( 11 ) sec41tex 23/11/28( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 14 42 21 A81 41 ( ) (1 15km) (5 8km) ( 56 ) 25 km (2 3nm) ; 7 km k ν ν 23 24 z F S ν (z) 25 26 F S ν (z) = F S ν ( ) exp ( z ) k ν ρ z sec θdz ρ z z θ (43) F S ν ν 23 O 3 O( 3 D)+O 2 (Liou(22) eq(3214a)) 24 ( 128 ) 25 22 I ( ) ( ) 26 θ dz sec θ dz (44) sec dθ ( ) ( ) sec θ dzc dt pρ dt Zband = F S ν d ν sec42tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 15 z c p ρ dt dt = cos θ df S ν d ν (44) dz band k ν ρ z (43) (44) ( Appendix 89 ) 5 km ; 8 K day 1 ( 46) Appendix 3 : 2 3 nm (UV-B/C) 2553 nm O 3 O( 1 D) : 3 36 nm (UV-A/B) O 3 O( 3 P) : 44 118 nm 6 nm 41: ( ) ( ) (Liou(22) fig35) sec42tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 16 / ν 1 ν 2 ν 3 ν 1 ν 2 ν 3 27 42: ( (2) 58) 27 ν 1( )ν 2( ) ν 3( ) (Liou(22) fig 33) sec42tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 17 43 / ; ( 41 ) ; 28 ( ) 2 6 km ( 47) 41: McCatchey & Selby (1972) (a) (b) 12 km 1 km 32 38 cm 1 ( 31 26 µm) 68 74 cm 1 ( 15 13 µm) CO 2 42 28 : : 4 km sec43tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 18 29 ν k ν ν (Houghton and Smith 1966 ; Eisberg 1961 ) sγ k ν = π{( ν ν ) 2 + γ 2 (45) } 3 31 s = k ν d ν (46) γ = (2πtc) 1 32 t ( ) γ 33 γ = γ p/p (47) γ p STP 34 γ 1cm 1 5 km 1 kpa γ 1 4 cm 1 ρ l τ ν τ ν = exp( k ν ρl) (48) 42 W 35 W = = d ν(1 τ ν ) d ν{1 exp( k ν ρl)} (49) 29 3 (45) ( ν ν ) 31 Appndix 32 k ν ( ν = ν ) (S/πγ) ( ν ν ) = γ (S/2πγ) 1/2 33 r γ 1 t N v P 3kT RT m P P T T T N: v: R: k: m: 34 Standard Temperature and Pressure: 35 sec43tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 19 W : (1) (49) 2 (46) k ν 36 W = sρl (41) (2) ( ) k ν γ 2 (45) (49) ( 49) W = 2(sγρl) 1/2 (411) W l ( 42) ν τ i τ = 1 W i (412) ν W i i 36 (41) k ν ρl 1 exp( k ν ρl) exp( k ν ρl) = 1 k ν ρl + 1 2 (k νρl) 2 1 k νρl (46) (49) W = Z d ν{1 exp( k νρl)} Z d ν{1 (1 k νρl)} = Z Z d ν(k νρl) = ρl d νk ν = sρl sec43tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 2 42: (s=1 4 cm 1 (g cm 2 ) 1 γ =6 cm 1 ) (b)ρl (a) sec43tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 21 Appendix (45) (45) k ν T T T T f(t) = A cos 2π ν o ct (A1) A ν o c t T T ν o T/2 T/2 37 1 g( ν) = f(t) cos 2π νct dt 2π 1 T/2 = A cos 2π ν o ct cos 2π νct dt 2π T/2 2 T/2 = A cos 2π ν o ct cos 2π νct dt π = = A T/2 {cos 2π( ν o + ν)ct + cos 2π( ν o ν)ct} dt 2π { A sin π( νo + ν)ct (2π) 3/2 + sin π( ν } o ν)ct c ( ν o + ν) ( ν o ν) (A2) ν o ν ν o 1 2 g( ν) A sin π( ν o ν)ct (2π) 3/2 c ( ν o ν) (A3) g( ν) g( ν) 2 k ν {g( ν)} 2 37 4 cos A cos B = 1 (cos(a + B) + cos(a B)) 2 (A4) sec43tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 22 T T P (T ) T k ν = A {g( ν)} 2 P (T ) dt (A5) A k ν d ν = S (A6) S T P (T ) 38 P (T ) dt = 1 τ exp( T/τ) (A8) 38 T p(t ) p(t + dt ) = p(t ) + (1 p(t )) dt τ dt dt/τ T + dt T ( 1 ) T T + dt ( 2 ) T (1 p(t )) dt dt/τ p(t + dt ) = p(t ) + (1 p(t )) dt τ dp(t ) 1 p(t ) = dt τ p(t ) = 1 exp( T/τ) (A7) T T + dt P (T ) dt Z P (T ) dt = p(t + dt ) p(t ) = dp(t ) = T P (T ) = T dp(t ) = Z Z T dp(t ) dt dt = Z T τ exp( T/τ) dt = τ τ T P (T ) dt = dp(t ) = exp( T/τ) dt τ sec43tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 23 τ k ν = sγ π{( ν o ν) 2 + γ 2 } 39 (A11) 39 Z k ν = A {g( ν)} 2 P (T ) dt = A Z = = = = = A sin 2 π( ν o ν)ct ( ν o ν) 2 exp( T/τ) dt Z sin 2 π( ν ( ν o ν) 2 o ν)ct exp( T/τ) dt Z A 1 cos 2π( νo ν)ct ( ν o ν) 2 2 Z A τ 2( ν o ν) 2 exp( T/τ) dt {cos 2π( ν o ν)ct } exp( T/τ) dt A τ τ 2( ν o ν) 2 1 + ( ν o ν) 2 /γ 2 τa ( νo ν) 2 /γ 2 2( ν o ν) 2 1 + ( ν o ν) 2 /γ 2 1 = A 1 γ 2 + ( ν o ν) 2 γ 2 + ( ν o ν) 2 = τa 2 (A9) 5 Z {cos 2π( ν o ν)ct } exp( T/τ) dt = τ [{cos 2π( ν o ν)ct } exp( T/τ)] 2π( ν o ν)cτ Z {sin 2π( ν o ν)ct } exp( T/τ) dt Z {cos 2π( ν o ν)ct } exp( T/τ) dt = = τ + 2π( ν o ν)cτ 2 [{sin 2π( ν o ν)ct } exp( T/τ)] Z {2π( ν o ν)cτ} 2 {cos 2π( ν o ν)ct } exp( T/τ) dt = τ + 2π( ν o ν)cτ 2 = Z {2π( ν o ν)cτ} 2 {cos 2π( ν o ν)ct } exp( T/τ) dt τ 1 + {2π( ν o ν)cτ} 2 τ (A1) 1 + {( ν o ν)/γ} 2 (46) A ν < k ν = sec43tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 24 Z S = k ν d ν = A Z = A Z = A γ = A γ = A γ t = A γ = A π γ Z Z Z π/2 π/2 Z π/2 π/2 1 d ν γ 2 + ( ν o ν) 2 γ dx γ 2 (1 + x 2 ) dx (1 + x 2 ) d(tan θ) (1 + tan 2 θ) 1 d(tan θ) dθ (1 + tan 2 θ) dθ dθ A = Sγ π Sγ k ν = π{γ 2 + ( ν o ν) 2 } x = ( ν o ν)/γ d ν = γ dx x = tan θ sec43tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 25 44 p 1 p 2 (p 1 > p 2 ) W = s cρdz (413) path c ρ (??) c W = sc(p 1 p 2 )/g (414) ( γ ) p Curtis-Godson p = pcρ dz cρ dz (415) ( 413); 4 p = 1 2 (p 1 + p 2 ) (411) (47) (415) 1 4 sec44tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 26 41 { } sγ c 1/2 W = 2 (p 2 1 p 2 2 ) (416) 2gp (412) (416) τ = 1 1 { } 2c 1/2 (p 2 1 p 2 2 ) (s i γ i ) 1/2 (417) ν gp i i (s iγ i ) 1/2 42 (417) ( 415) 49 41 ρ (411) ρ cρ (411) l z W = 2 W = 2(sγρl) 1/2 2(sγcρl) 1/2 (411) Z z2 z 1 sγcρ dz γ = γp p (47) 1/2 = 2 s γc Z z2 z 1 1/2 ρ dz (*) z γ ρ γ (47) (415) z Z dp z2 dz = ρg (*) Z z2 W = 2 s γc ρ dz z 1 1/2 = 2 γ = γ p p = γ p 1 2 (p 1 + p 2 ) z 1 s γ p 1 2 (p 1 + p 2 ) Z p2 ρ dz = p 1 dp g = p 1 p 2 g c p1 1/2 p 2 sγ 1/2 c = 2 (p 2 1 p 2 2) g 2gp 42 (417) Σ Σ sec44tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 27 45 2 22 Schwarzschild (??) 43 exp( χ) ( 416) ( ) ν I ν I ν [W] 43: z z 1 I ν I ν1 z (z < z < z 1 ) T (z) k ν ρdzb ν (z) ( 22 ) k ν ν 43 di = Ikρ dz + Bkρ dz or di dχ = I B (23) sec45tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 28 B ν = 2 ν 2 hc 2 ν exp(hc ν/kt ) 1 (418) ν (Appendix 7 ) ( 22 ) 44 z 1 (22 ) ( z1 ) τ ν (z z 1 ) = exp k ν ρ dz (419) z dz I ν1 ( z1 ) di ν1 = k ν ρ dzb ν (z) exp k ν ρ dz z = B ν (z) dτ ν (z z 1 ) (42) (419) 45 z 1 1 I ν1 = I ν τ ν (z z 1 ) + B ν (z) dτ ν (z z 1 ) (421) τ ν (z z 1 ) z (421) ( 126 ) 46 44 B ν = 2 ν 2 hc ν exp(hc ν/kt ) 1 (418) h[js] c[m/s] 45 τ z (42) Z dτ ν(z z z1 1) = k ν ρ exp k ν ρ dz dz 46 Appendix z sec45tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 29 Appendix A1: 4 (a) (b) (c) (fig127) A1 (a) 32 K ( > B(T ) B(T ) ) H 2 O 6 7 /cm CO 2 1 /cm O 3 sec45tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 3 46 (421) I 1 = I ν τ ν (z z 1 ) d ν + 1 τ ν (z z 1 ) B ν (z) dτ ν (z z 1 ) d ν (422) (422) B ν τ ν ( 41 ) (422) 43 ; 49 419 sec46tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 31 47 (24) 47 22 (422) τ τ ( 5/3 ) 48 B πb 49 z 1 F = F ν τ ν (z z 1 ) d ν + 1 τ ν (z z 1 ) πb ν (z) dτ ν (z z 1 ) d ν (423) F 47 48 d F dt F = ρc p dz dt Z z1 τ = exp τ = exp = exp 5 3 z Z z1 zz z1 z k νρ dz 5 k ν ρ d k ν ρ dz 3 z (24) 49 π sec47tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 32 48 2 6 km 15µm ν 5 2 ( 42 ) (cooling to space) 51 (24) 52 df / dz 53 dt dt ρc p = ν dτ ν (z ) πb ν (T ) d ν (424) dz (423) 15 µm ν B ν (T ) (417) ν 54 ν ( ) 1c 1/2 τ ν (z ) d ν = ν p (s i γ i ) 1/2 (425) 3gp i (slab transmission) τ 5/3 5 ν 1 ν 2 ν 3 (liou(22) fig 33) 51 τ (z ) = 1 χ 1 τ (z ) = τ (z ) = 1 52 d F dt F = ρc p dz dt 53 (24) F = dt dt ρc p dz = F F = Z ν πb ν(t ) 5 3 k νρ dzτ (z ) d ν = Z ν dt ρc p dt Z ν dz = πb ν (T ) dτ (z ) d ν 54 z p 2 = πb ν(t ) dτ (z ) d ν (24) sec48tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 33 ; 42 (424) (12) 55 dt dt = gπb ν(t ( ) ) 1c 1/2 (s i γ i ) 1/2 (426) c p 3gp i C p = 15 Jkg 1 c = 55 1 4 (36 ppm) i (s iγ i ) 1/2 = 16 cm 1 (g cm 2 ) 1/2 (Appendix 1 ) 56 57 dt dt = 216πB ν(t ) [Ks 1 ] (427) πb ν W cm 2 (cm 1 ) 1 B ν 5 km ( 42) 46 (88 K hr 1 ) (427) 5 km πb ν (T ) 38 1 5 W cm 2 (cm 1 ) 1 28 K 4 K 5 km 55 (424) πb ν(t ) z (425) z dt dt = 1 πb ν (T ) ρc p Z ν dτ ν (z ) d ν dz Z πb ν(t ) d τ ν (z ) d ν ρc p dz = πb ν(t ) ρc p d dz ( 1c ν p ν 3gp 1/2 X i (s iγ i) 1/2 ) = πb ν(t ) dp ρc p dz = gπb ν(t ) c p 1c 3gp 1/2 X i 1c 3gp 1/2 X i (s i γ i ) 1/2 (s i γ i ) 1/2 56 dt (427) -? 57 dt dt = 98[ms 2 ] πb ν(t ) 1 55 1 4 1/2 dt 15[J kg 1 K 1 ] 3 98[ms 2 ] 113 1 5 [Nm 2 16[(1 3 kg) 1/2 ] ] = 212 πb ν(t )[Ks 1 ] sec48tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 34 49 43 3 km : Elsasser : Goody ν τ τ = exp( W i / ν) (428) W i 419 Appendix 1 sec49tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 35 41 8 13 µm 58 96 µm (fig 21 ) 59 ( ) ; ; 5 % A1: H 2 O (STP) 1 24 43 cm 1 1 cm 1 (2) 58 (3K ) 1 µm 59 sec41tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 36 411 64 6 44 61 44: (Kiehl and Trenberth 1997) 342 Wm 2 ; 49 % ( ) 6 61 3 ( ) 1/5 ( ) 1/5 thermals ( ) evapotranspiration sec411tex 23/1/21 ( )

The Physics of Atmospheres CAPTER 4 37 (fig127 ) 45 1 45: Haar and Suomi(1971)) 1962 66 (Vonder sec411tex 23/1/21 ( )