A Conceptual Analysis of Hyperactivity from a View Point of Behavioral Variability: Some Implications of Supports for Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (Part III) MUTO Takashi This article examined hyperactivity from a view point of Behavioral Variability (or Operant Variability), which is proposed by Neuringer (2002), and pursued some implications of supports for children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. This paper was constituted of (1) hyperactivity in DSM-IV-TR, (2)what is Behavioral Variability, (3)some implications of supports for children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder from Behavioral Variability. These considerations suggested that hyperactivity of ADHD was possible to analyze and support with Behavioral Variability. Key words hyperactivity, ADHD, behavioral variability, operant variability, reinforcement schedule ADHD ADHD stimulus control topography; SCT behavioral momentum; negative
reinforcementescape ADHD ADHD e i DSM- -TR American Psychiatry Association, Table b g e i d behavioral variability Neuringer, (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
ADHD ADHD durationtopography force functional relation pp. - UU U = [(p) i* log (p i )]/ log (N) U U i p i N p i N U. pi= U=. Hunziker, Saldara, and Neuringer, RLLR percentile lag N
lag LLLR RLLL RLRL LRLR LLRR RRLL N ADHD spontaneously hypertensive ratshr Sagvolden,, SHR Wistar-Kyoto WKY Sagvolden () WKY WK/HA WKY (WK/HT)WKY SHR ADHD ADHD SHR ADHD Mook, Jeffrey, and Neuringer (1993) SHR WKY. SHR WKY SHR WKY WKY SHR SHR WKY ABA A lag
ADHD B yoke A SHR WKY A B A B A SHR WKY B WKY SHR WKY SHR WKY WKY SHR SHR WKY SHR WKY RRRR RRRL RRLR RRLL lag WKY SHR SHR WKY SHR WKY WKY SHR SHR WKY SHR WKY
Mook and Neuringer (1994) Mook et al. () d -Amphetamine Dexedrine SHR WKY lag d- Amphetamine SHR SHR-AMPH d-amphetamine WKY WKY-AMPH SHRSHR-SAL WKY WKY-SAL SHR WKY d-amphetamine SHR-SAL WKY-SAL SHR-AMPH WKY-SAL d - Amphetamine SHR d- Amphetamine WKY Mook et al. () RRRR RRRL RRLR RRLL LLLL LLLR LLRL LLRR a b Mook et al. () a b WKY SHR d- Amphetamine WKY-SAL SHR-SAL SHR-AMPH WKY-SAL ab SHR WKY d-amphetamine SHR WKY SHR-SAL WKY-SAL SHR- AMPH WKY-SAL ab d-amphetamineshr WKY Mook et al. () d- Amphetamine Hunziker, Saldana, and Neuringer (1996) ADHD ADHD SHR WKY SHR WKY SHR WKY
ADHD cm cm cm cm cm cm U FR lag FR lag Mook et al. () SHR WKY FR SHR WKY Saldana and Neuringer (1998) ADHD ADHD.. ADHD ADHD Markov prediction task IND VARY IND VARY IND VARY VARY IND
ADHD DSM- Table e b g DSM- DSM- h d SHR ADHD Wultz and Sagvolden ADHD - ADHD ADHD SHR ADHD d-amphetamine
ADHD, ADHD Browder, Mook and Neuringer () d-amphetamine ADHD a reinforcement deficit disorder Sagvolden, Michael, ;, ADHD ADHD
ADHD American Psychiatry Association () Quick reference to the diagnostic criteria from DSM- - TR. American Psychiatry Association: Washington D.C. Browder, D. M. () Curriculum and assessment for students with moderate and severe disabilities. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Hunziker, M. H. L., Saldana, R. L., and Neuringer, A. () Behavioral variability in SHR and WKY rats as a function of rearing environment and reinforcement contingency. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,, -. pp. - Michael, J. () Establishing operations. The Behavior Analyst,, -. pp. - Mook, D. M. and Neuringer, A. () Different effects of amphetamine on reinforced variations versus repetitions in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Physiology and Behavior,, -. Mook, D. M., Jeffrey, J., and Neuringer, A. () Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) readily learn to vary but not repeat instrumental responses. Behavioral and Neural Biology,, -. (, May) SHR (Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat). http://www.anim.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ model/mori/ratmodel-shr.html. ADHD - ADHD -,, -. Neuringer, A. () Operant variability: Evidence, functions, and theory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, ( ), -. Sagvolden, T. () The attention deficit disorder might be a reinforcement deficit disorder. In J. Georgas, M. Mauthouli, E. Besevegis, and A. Kokkevi (Eds.), Contemporary psychology in Europe: Theory, research, and application (pp. - ). Gottengen: Hogrefe and Huber. Sagvolden, T. () Behavioral validation of spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,, -. Sagvolden, T. () The spontaneously hypertensive rat as an animal model of ADHD. In M. V. Solanto, A. F. T. Arnsten, and F. X. Castellanos (Eds.), Stimulant drugs and ADHD: Basic and clinical neuroscience (pp. - ). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Saldana, L. and Neuringer, A. () Is instrumental variability abnormally high in children exhibiting ADHD and aggressive behavior? Behavioral Brain Research,, -.
ADHD Wultz, B. and Sagvolden, T. () The hyperactive spontaneously hypertensive rat learns to sit still, but not to stop bursts of responses with short interresponse times. Behavior Genetics,, -. - -...