X 20, 1 1 HETE-2 Swift CCD GRB CCD CCD CCD

CCD 04RP019 20 3 7

X 20, 1 1 HETE-2 Swift CCD GRB CCD CCD CCD

1 6 1.1................... 6 1.2................... 8 1.3....................... 10 1.4............. 10 1.5................. 13 2 15 2.1.......................... 15 2.1.1................. 15 2.1.2.................... 15 2.2 GRB..................... 17 2.2.1 GRB................. 17 2.2.2 WIDGET....................... 17 2.3.................. 18 2.4.................... 20 3 CCD 21 3.1 CCD....................... 21 3.1.1 CCD.............. 21 3.1.2.................... 22 3.1.3........................ 23 3.2 CCD...................... 24 3.3............................. 25 3.4 CCD ST-9XE.............. 26 4 CCD 27 4.1 CCD............... 27 4.1.1 CCD............... 27 4.1.2 CCD............... 28 4.2 dark frame...................... 32 4.2.1 dark count............... 32 1

4.2.2 dark count............ 34 4.2.3 dark count................. 37 4.3 hot pixel dead pixel................. 39 4.3.1 hot pixel........................ 39 4.3.2 dead pixel....................... 40 4.4 light count linearity..................... 41 4.5 CCD................ 44 4.5.1..................... 44 4.5.2..................... 44 4.5.3 CCD................. 45 4.5.4............... 45 4.6............. 46 5 49 2

1.1 BATSE.. 7 1.2 GRB030329/SN2003dh GRB030329 SN2003dh.................. 8 1.3 BeppoSAX GRB970228 X 8 3.................. 9 1.4 GRB970228 8 10 1.5 ROTSE.............. 11 1.6 CGRO BATSE 1234 GRB (T 90 ) 2 2............................ 12 1.7 GRB050709 ( )...................... 12 1.8 TAROT( 25cm) GRB050904 ( ) GRB(z=6.3)[14]................ 13 1.9 GRB050904 (I-band ) X (0.5-10ev ) light curve prompt emission afterglow [14].......................... 13 1.10 ROTSE-III( 45cm) 19 VLT( 8m) 2.6 15.5......................... 14 1.11 GRB060927 X light curve X.......... 14 3

2.1 X ( )............ 16 2.2 GRB 1....... 16 2.3 WIDGET........................... 18 2.4 105cm Schmidt.................... 18 2.5 GCN........................ 19 2.6 WIDGET Shnidt follow-up follow-up............... 19 2.7 CCD ST-9XE..................... 20 2.8 MEADE LX90-30....................... 20 3.1 ST-9XE................. 22 3.2 Interline.......................... 23 3.3 Frame transfer....................... 24 3.4 Full frame transfer..................... 24 4.1..................... 28 4.2 CCD CCDOPS.......... 28 4.3................... 30 4.4.............................. 31 4.5 dark frame...................... 32 4.6 60 dark count...... 33 4.7 log(adu) 1/T............ 34 4.8 dark count................... 36 4.9 dark count..................... 37 4.10 10 dark frame dark count...... 38 4.11 hot pixel.......................... 39 4.12 10[ ] 60[sec]........................ 40 4.13 hot pixel........................ 40 4.14-10[ ] 2[sec]............................. 41 4

4.15 light count linearity..................... 42 4.16 CCD.................... 44 4.17 CCD.............................. 44 4.18.......................... 46 4.19 CCD.................... 48 5

1 (GRB) 10 51 10 53 erg 10 1000 40 1.1 1967 VELA 1 1990 1991 BATSE 1 GRB 2 - X BeppoSAX 1997 2 28 GRB970228 GRB GRB GRB 6

1.1: BATSE 2000 10 9 HETE-2 HETE-2 GRB HETE-2 GRB030329 73 X GRB030329 GRB 2004 Swift 20 70 1 4 GRB Swift 2005 5 9 Short GRB GRB 1 GLAST MAXI 7

GRB 20 GRB 1.2: GRB030329/SN2003dh GRB030329 SN2003dh 1.2 GRB X BeppoSAX GRB970228 GRB970228 BeppoSAX X X X (t 1 ) 8

1.3: BeppoSAX GRB970228 X 8 3 GRB GRB Swift X X Swift 100 GRB 50 25 3 9

図 1.4: GRB970228 の可視光残光 左はバースト当日 右は 8 日後 1.3 可視光フラッシュ 可視光フラッシュは GRB990123 で初めて捉えられた これはバースト 発生後 急激に明るくなる現象である GRB990123 では バースト発生 後 22 秒から観測が始まり その約 50 秒後に約 9 等級に増光し その後急 激に減光した その後の観測からこの GRB は z = 1.6 という高赤方偏 移で起こったことが明らかとなった この可視光フラッシュは 観測例が 少なく どのバーストでも起きることなのかは はっきりとしていない GRB990123 は バーストの中でも明るい方であったが バーストの明る さと可視光フラッシュの相関も不明である 観測データが少ないため こ の現象については 発生直後からの連続した観測が重要であり 今後の観 測体制の充実に期待される 1.4 ガンマ線バーストの種類と起源天体 ガンマ線バーストの継続時間は 図 1.6 で示されるように 2 つに種類 に分けられる 一般に 継続時間 2 秒以上のものを Long GRB 2 秒以下 のものを Short GRB と呼んでいる この中で詳細な観測が進んでいるのは Long GRB である Short GRB は 継続時間が 2 秒と短く 検出される光子数も Long GRB に比べ 相 対的に少ないからである このため 残光が捉えにくく 起源や母銀河も 分からなかった また BeppoSAX は Short GRB を検出しにくい装置 であったため Short GRB の研究が進むには 観測装置の進歩を待たね ばならなかった Short GRB の残光は Swift 衛星により GRB050509B で初めて捉えら 10

1.5: ROTSE GRB050709 GRB050724 3 Long GRB 1 Ic (hypernova) Long GRB GRB 1 Short GRB 100 Short GRB 11

1.6: CGRO BATSE 1234 GRB (T 90 ) 2 2 X (X-Ray Flash) (X (X-Ray Rich GRB) ) X 1.7: GRB050709 ( ) 12

1.5 1.1 GRB GRB 2 GRB GRB050904 2005 9 4 01:51:44(UT) Swift/BAT TAROT(25cm) 5 z = 6.29 GRB 1.8: TAROT( 25cm) GRB050904 ( 1.9: GRB050904 (Iband ) X (0.5-10ev ) ) light curve prompt emission GRB(z=6.3)[14] afterglow [14] GRB060927 z = 5.47 2 GRB 20 GRB Schmidt (105cm) 1214 19 13

1.10: ROTSE-III( 45cm) 19 1.11: GRB060927 X VLT( 8m) light curve X 2.6 15.5 GRB GRB GRB 14

2 2.1 WIDGET 105cm Schmidt GRB X Swift X 2 2.1.1 GRB X GRB X GRB 2.1.2 HETE-2 BeppoSAX 5 6 HETE-2 Swift 15

2.1: X ( ) 2.2: GRB 1 0.1 X Swift GRB 16

2.2 GRB 2.2.1 GRB GRB 2.1 GRB 1.5 GRB ( ) GRB TAROT ( ) 25cm 1.86 1.86 GRB050904,GRB060111B ROTSE-III ( ) 45cm 1.85 1.85 GRB050401,GRB060927 MASTER ( ) 20cm 40 25 GRB030329 RAPTOR ( ) 40cm 4 4 GRB041219A,GRB050820A REM ( ) 60cm 10 10 GRB060115 2.1: GRB 2.2.2 WIDGET WIDGET(WIDefild telescope for GRB Early Timing) 2004 6 2005 11 WIDGET 62 62 10 1 Swift/BAT 90 120 1/6 WIDGET follow-up 17

2.3: WIDGET 2.4: 105cm Schmidt 2.3 GRB GCN(The Gamma-ray bursts Coordination Network) 3 GRB GRB WIDGET Schmidt GRB precursor BAT GRB GCN Swift 3 35 35 Schmidt 18

2.5: GCN 2.6: WIDGET Shnidt follow-up follow-up 10 10 17.5. 19

2.4 MEADE LX90-30 CCD SBIG ST-9XE PC CCD GRB CCD PC WIDGET [mm] [mm] 304.8 3048 f/10 0.38 4.5 /sec 2.2: MEADE LX90-30 2.7: CCD ST-9XE 2.8: MEADE LX90-30 20

3 CCD CCD CCD 3.1 CCD CCD Charge Coupled Device (pixel) 1 2 CCD CCD 3.1.1 CCD CCD 1 ST-9XE 600[nm] 67 CCD ST-9XE 3.1 CCD Si Si 1.14[eV] (1.1 1.4[eV],300 1100[nm]) 3.1 2.5 10 3 700[nm] CCD CCD pn p n n p 21

3.1: ST-9XE CCD 3.1.2 CCD 1. 2. 1 1 3. ( ) 4. 22

( ) CCD 1 1 3.1.3 CCD Interline (IL ) 30 3.2: Interline Frame trnsfer(ft ) 100 23

Full frame transfer(fft ) FT FT CCD Full frame transfer CCD AD 16bit ADU(Analog to Degital Unit) 3.3: Frame transfer 3.4: Full frame transfer 3.2 CCD CCD 3.1.1 Boltzmann exp( E g /2k B T ) CCD CCD 24

1 3.3 CCD CCD CCD 5 1. CCD CCD 2. 3.2 3. 4. CCD 5. 5 1 4 5 25

3.4 CCD ST-9XE CCD ST-9XE ST-9XE CCD Kodak KAF-0261E-NABG TI TC-237 10.2 10.2mm 262,144 pixel 20 20 µ 4e/pixel 0 A/D 16bit A/D Gain 2.2e /ADU 15e RMS AD 420,000 pixel/sec FFT 1[sec] 1 35 3.1: ST-9XE 26

4 CCD CCD CCD CCD 4.1 CCD 3.2 CCD 4.1.1 CCD CCD ST-9XE 4.1 CCD USB CCDOPS Windows ( 4.2) 15 9 11 12 25 CCD 22.24 CCD 15 13.12 4.1 15 13.12 CCD 35.12 ( 3.1) 27

4.1: 4.2: CCD CC- DOPS [ ] [ ] [ ] 9 8.96 9.37 81 84 11 10.62 11.03 90 97 12 11.87 11.03 94 97 4.1: 35 90 100 90 90 35 100 32 CCD 22.24 11 10 4.1 11 90 4.1.2 CCD CCD 28

5 10 15 20 4.1.1 35 5 10 15 20 CCD 15 5 0 CCD CCD 4.2 4.3 [ ] [ ] 5 5.23 4.82 10 10.20 9.79 15 15.23 14.81 20 20.42 19.98 4.2: 4.3 5 CCD 100 5 4.4 4.3 29

30 20 temperature vs time -5-10 -5-10 temperature [ 10 0-10 -20 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 time [sec] 0-5 temperature vs time -15-20 -15-20 temperature [ -10-15 -20-25 -30 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 time [min] 4.3: 30

1000 log(time) vs 1/T (set point -5[ -5 1000 log(time) vs 1/T (set point -10[ -10 log(time) [sec] 100 log(time) [sec] 100 10 0.002 0.0022 0.0024 0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 1/T [/K] 10 0.0018 0.002 0.0022 0.0024 0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 1/T [/K] 1000 log(time) vs 1/T (set point -15[ -15 1000 log(time) vs 1/T (set point -20[ -20 log(time) [sec] 100 10 log(time) [sec] 100 10 1 0.0024 0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036 1/T [/K] 1 0.0022 0.0024 0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034 0.0036 1/T [/K] 4.4: [ ] [sec 1 ] 5 1346 ± 99.32 10 1244 ± 152.4 15 1513 ± 665.9 20 1269 ± 587.9 4.3: 31

4.5: dark frame 4.2 dark frame dark frame dark frame dark frame dark count bias frame 0 bias bias AD 0 bais bias count light frame light count dark frame dark count bias count light frame dark frame bias frame bias dark count light frame dark frame 4.2.1 dark count dark count CCD 32

dark count [ADU] 700 600 500 400 300 200 dark count vs temperature (integral time 60) f(x)=4442.697exp(0.060x) g(x)=311.154exp(0.071x) mean stddev 100 0-25 -20-15 -10-5 0 5 10 temperature [ 4.6: 60 dark count dark count 60 5 0 5 10 15 20 10 dark frame IRAF imcombain 10 dark count 60 dark count 4.6 4.6 dark count CCD Boltzmann exp( E g /2k B T ) 15 20 CCD 15 15 CCD 3.3 15 dark count 33

logadu vs 1/T (integral time 60[sec]) mean stddv log(dark count) [ADU] 1000 100 10 0.0035 0.0036 0.0037 0.0038 0.0039 0.004 1/T [/K] 4.7: log(adu) 1/T log(adu) 4.7 1.87 10 6 E g 1.6[eV] 4.2.2 dark count CCD 1 1 count 5 10 15 60,90,120,180,300 dark frame dark count 15 1 10 1 count 4.2.1 IRAF dark count 4.8 5, 10, 15 60 90 120 180 300 dark count 15 1 10 dark count 4.8 dark count 34

dark count 1 dark count count 4.2.1 [ADU/sec] Gain 2.2 [e /ADU] 4.4. [ ] dark current [e /sec/pixel] 5 6.983 ± 0.129 10 4.006 ± 0.211 15 2.427 ± 0.081 4.4: 35

dark count vs integral time dark count [ADU] 1000 800 600 400-5 -10-15 f(x)=3.073x+115.3 g(x)=1.821x+131.0 h(x)=1.103x+108.8 200 200 180 50 100 150 200 250 300 dark count f(x)=1.811x+107.9 integral time [sec] dark count vs integral time (-15 160 dark count [ADU] 140 120 100 80 60 0 2 4 6 8 10 integral time [sec] 4.8: dark count 36

4.2.3 dark count dark count 4.2.1 dark frame dark count 10 5[sec] 100 dark count 1 4.9 dark count 90 180 124.3[ADU] 100 9.78 1 4.10 4.9 124.3[ADU] +40, 30 count count 300 250 stability (-10[ dark count mean 200 dark count 150 100 50 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 number of frame 4.9: dark count 37

4.10 1 CCD dark count 4.9 3 count dark count 300 dark coumt vs number of frame (-10[ dark count 250 dark count [ADU] 200 150 100 50 0 2 4 6 8 10 number of frame temperature vs number of frame (-10[ -8 dark count -8.5 temperature [ -9-9.5-10 -10.5-11 0 2 4 6 8 10 number of frame 4.10: 10 dark frame dark count dark frame 38

4.3 hot pixel dead pixel CCD hot pixel,dead pixel hot pixel dead pixel CCD 1pixel 4.3.1 hot pixel 4.11: hot pixel hot pixel dark frame 10 60[sec] dark frame fits 199.7[ADU] 2 4.12 10 6 count 10000[ADU] pixel pixel 1 (x,y)=(433,80) 56455[ADU] 4.13 pixel hot pixel 39

100000 pixel histgram (-10[ 10000 number of pixel 1000 100 10 1 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 dark count [ADU] 4.12: 10[ ] 60[sec] ST9XE hot pixel 500 pixel 400 y pixel 300 200 100 (433,80) 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 x pixel 4.13: hot pixel 4.3.2 dead pixel dead pixel light frame 10 2[sec] hot pixel fit 4.14 count 28224 19146 67 dead pixel dead pixel 40

1e+06 pixel histgram (-10[ 100000 number of pixel 10000 1000 100 10 1 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 30000 32000 light count [ADU] 4.14: -10[ ] 2[sec] 4.4 light count linearity CCD CCD 16bit linearity linearity 10 1 light frame CCD 2 1 count 10000[ADU] 1 pixel 2 count 1000[ADU] light frame dark frame 1 4.15 2 4.15 65000[ADU] linearity count 64000[ADU] linearity 4.15 count 5000[ADU] 41

80000 70000 light count linearity light count f(x)=9279x+266 65535 60000 light count [ADU] 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 0 5 10 15 20 integral time [sec] 30000 25000 light count f(x)=899.6x+156.2 light linearity date 12/14 light count [ADU] 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 integral time [sec] 4.15: light count linearity 42

light frame (LED) linearity 5000 64000[ADU] count 50000[ADU] linearity. 43

4.5 CCD CCD CCD 4.5.1 ST-9XE CCD CCD CCD 4.17: CCD 4.16: CCD 4.5.2 44

960W 10 15 CCD CCD CCD CCD 4.5.3 CCD CCD CCD CCD 4.5.4 CCD 4.18 1, 45

4.18: 10 4.6 CCD CCD 32 5 dark count 15 dark count Linearity 46

dark count light count pixel hot pixel 1 daed pixel CCD : 10 : 20 CCD 0 5 4 10 dark frame 5 10 12 ( ) CCD 4.19 CCD CCD 3 12 CCD dark frame light frame WIDGET 47

CCD : temp= : temp=10 no -12 yes no yes : 5 : -5 15[min] later : 0 : -10 15[min] later : -5 : -15 15[min] later light frame 5[sec], 10 yes : -5 : -15 : 0 : -10 no : -10 : - 20 5[min] later : 5 : -5? -10.2 temp -9.8-20.4 temp -19.9 no : 10 : 0 yes dark frame 5[sec], 10 4.19: CCD 48

5 CCD 1. 2. 3. 1 GRB 2 CCD 3 49

GRB WIDGET 5 50

[1] (2001 ) [2] WIDGET (2004 ) [3] CCD GRB050408 (2005 ) [4] (2007 ) [5] GRB061121 (2006 ) [6] [7] CCD 1995 12 1996 1 4 5 9 [8] 2006 10 [9] Steve B. Howell Handbook of CCD Astronomy [10] M.Boer at al 2006,ApJ [11] A.E.RuIZ-VELASCO at el. 2007,ApJ [12] http://hete2.riken.jp:611/widget/ [13] http://cosmic.riken.jp/grb/widget/ [14] http://tarot.ops-hp.fr/ 51