No.432008pp.23 42 Old Order Anabaptist Hutterites, Mennonites, Amish, Brethren The Cultural Transformation of Old Order Anabaptist, North America Case Study of Hutterites, Mennonites, Amish, Brethren Yukio NAGANO Received September 30, 2007 The four groups in this paperhutterites, Mennonites, Amish, and Brethrentrace their lineage to the Anabaptists of sixteenth-century Europe. The Anabaptist movement emerged in southern Germany and Switzerland in the wake of the Protestant Reformation in 1517. The first Anabaptists were young radicals who were chafing at the pace of the Reformation. They wanted religious reforms to move faster and to break more sharply with established Catholic patterns. In 1525 in Zurich, Switzerland, impatient students of the Protestant pastor Ulrich Zwingli baptized each other as adults, This defiant act laid the foundation for an independent church, free of state control, and issued a bold challenge to Catholic, Protestant, and civil authorities alike. Keywords : Anabaptist, Old Order, Religious Group 1980 Edge City Pennsylvania Dutch Amish 300 1950 1 2 1984 3 2001 4 : 156 8550 325 40 Department of Geography, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University: 32540 Sakurajosui Setagaya ku, Tokyo, 1568550 Japan 23 23
1990 5 6 D.B.Kraybill 1 Old Order 16Anabaptist 4 Hutterites MennonitesAmish Brethren 1Old Order Amish 1955 5 1Anabaptist1990 Andy Weaver Amish 1950 Jakob Ammann Erlenbach1690 J.A.Hotetler 7 1692 1713 1730 1960 1966 New Order Amish100 1960 Beachy Amish 10 24 24
Old Order Anabaptist 1960 1920 1951 1967 1970 1974 Old Order New Order 1977 Old Order Amish New Order Amish Beachy Amish Chaco 1977 1978 Old Order Amish 1971 1991 17 102 2 1 22 Old Order Amish 282417 3 2Old Order 2 1 2 2 25 25
1925 194346 1975 1994 1980 1 2 21 1940 1960 1953 1961 1940 2 22 1881 1940 Old Order 2 2 3 Old Order 14 YN N 1 N N N N 1 N N N Y N N Y? N N Y N N N Y N N Y Y Y N Y Y Y N 2 Y Y 12 D.B.Kraybill2001 2 26 26
Old Order Anabaptist 100 1 4 Old Order Ordnung Old Order 1 3Old Order 1998 Lancaster 27 27
8 Old Order 50 4 1525 100 48 50 4 2 21 4 16 1517 16 3 3 1 Ordnung 34 28 28
Old Order Anabaptist Old Order Gelassenheit Gelassenheit Old Order 2 3 Old Order 2 3 29 29
Old Order 3 2 4 Old Order Old Order 4 4 4Old Order D.B.Kraybill 30 30
Old Order Anabaptist 3 3 4 24 D.B.Kraybill2001 2 1880 Old Order Old Order 1693 4 1528 1870 1,200 SchmiedleutDariusleutLehrerleutleut Schmiedleut 9 1870 425 5 5 31 31
4 1 90 5 6 8 18 25 Huttrish 5 1 3 Klein Schul 6 3 Dariusleut Lehrerleut Schmiedleut Hofer 32 16 26 WaldnerWeldner 4 19 28 WipfWiph 3 19 9 Stahl 17 0 4 WurzWurtz 10 9 3 Kleinsasser 0 14 5 Tschetter 15 0 2 MaendelMandel 0 6 7 Walter 11 0 0 Entz 0 13 0 Six other names 8 4 16 100 100 100 269 222 322 2000 16 15 17 18 25 2 Schmiedleut 70 4 Hofer WaldnerWipfWollman 90 10 10 3 42 15 3 65 25 61 6 4 2 1870 3 21 425 11 1980 7 20 10 6 199045 8 5 6 1950 32 32
Old Order Anabaptist 4 3 8 6 1900 2000 JHostetler1997 199023 4 100130 150 15 20 5 3 2 4 10 5 1 41950 1990 1,000 1950 45.9 23.4 1970 43.0 14.7 1990 35.2 12.1 18Schmildleut 33 33
5 5 1 16 Menno Simons1536 18 12 40 2,000 Old Order Mennonites Old Order 7 1872 1913 10 1860 Old Order 1872 1889 1893 1901 5 51990 Pennsylvania 9,650 Ontario 6,900 New York 1,800 Virginia 1,550 Missouri 1,000 Ohio 800 Wisconsin 800 Indiana 700 Kentucky 400 Iowa 300 Michigan 100 24,000 D.B.Kraybill2001 5 2 Pennsylvania GermanPennsylvania Dutch 19 8 7 1999 Groffdale Confereuce Calender of Meetings 8 34 34
Old Order Anabaptist 20 1907 1927 1939 Old OrderBlackbumper 13 20 Old Order Mennonites Team Mennonites1890 1920 4 5 3 2.4 70 15 2 1968 1998 30 45 4 3 Groffdale 3 140 57 8 10 12 50 18 Ordnung 200 95 80 20 1950 1972 8 1 1 2 1 8 35 35
14 17 19 18 5 4 1990 4 3 10 Ordnung 6 6 1Old Order Amish Old Order 9 36 36
Old Order Anabaptist Old Order Mennonites1525 1693 9 2 Shunning 1693 10 2 1700 1800 1937 Old Order 19 Amish-Mennonites Old Order Amish 2025 6 Old Onder Amish2000 Ohio 328 24,600 49,200 Pennsylvania 278 20,850 41,700 Indiana 219 16,425 32,850 Wisconsin 69 5,175 10,350 Michigan 58 4,350 8,700 Missouri 40 3,000 6,000 New York 34 2,550 5,100 Kentucky 33 2,475 4,950 Iowa 32 2,400 4,800 Illinois 29 2,175 4,350 Ontario 22 1,650 3,300 Minnesota 13 975 1,950 Tennessee 11 825 1,650 Dalaware 8 600 1,200 Kansas 8 600 1,200 Maryland 6 450 900 Oklahoma 5 375 750 Montana 3 225 450 Virginia 2 150 300 7 7 525 1,050 1,204 90,375 180,750 Raber 5,000 18 4 3 6 25 40 1,200 10 11 1900 2000The Mennonite Yearbook 37 37
20 2 1991 96 5 13.5 16.5 199 11 6 2 8 6 3 7 10 50 18 1972 8 1,200 9 1 25 35 3 5 25 35 250 16 1 5 Blackboard Bulletin 14 1 3 4 2 15 5 10 12 1 150 350 8 1 2 5 8 38 38
Old Order Anabaptist 16 6 4 1970 5 10 3 20 5 4 7Old Order 1946 47 7 1 1950 1952 2 1960 1969 1960 1955 8 1967 1947 1971 7 2 39 39
D.B.Kraybell 1967 Geographical Magazine 1 195520FOX1984 1946 1950 1955 100 7 3 20 F.D.Roosevelts 1940 50 1950 1955 20 1958 130 1961 1966 1988 1970 1972 1953 1988 43 37 40 40
Old Order Anabaptist 8 4 19 20 Old Order 4 41 41
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