首都圏直下の地震と強震動―安政江戸地震と明治東京地震―

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Journal of Geography 116 3/4 431 450 2007 Large Earthquakes Occurring beneath Tokyo Metropolitan Area and Strong Ground Motions: Ansei Edo Earthquake and Meiji Tokyo Earthquake Takashi FURUMURA and Hiroyuki TAKEUCHI Abstract The Tokyo metropolitan area is known to have been struck by large earthquakes due to the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate and the Pacific Plate beneath the North American plate. Recent damaging earthquakes that occurred beneath Tokyo include the 1855 Ansei Edo earthquake, the 1894 Meiji Tokyo earthquake, and the 1923 Kanto earthquake. Whereas the Kanto earthquake is known to have occurred at the top of the subducting Philippine Sea Plate, the other events are considered to have occurred in Tokyo bay, but their source depths are unknown. Many researchers have attempted to determine the source mechanisms of these earthquakes through analyses of patterns of seismic intensity distribution in the Kanto area, but the intensity pattern at the center of Tokyo would be considerably affected by the site amplification effect of the shallow, localized structure rather than be related directly to the source itself. In the present paper, we summarize the characteristics of strong ground motions and damage caused by the earthquakes. We then compare the pattern of intensities on local and regional scales with those of recent earthquakes occurring in Tokyo and corresponding computer simulations using heterogeneous crust and upper-mantle structure models below Tokyo to find referable source models for the Ansei Edo and Meiji Tokyo earthquakes. Key words Ansei Edo earthquake, Meiji Tokyo earthquake, seismic intensity, computer simulation I 2 3 1703 M8.4 1923 M7.9 M8 200 400 80 1855 M7 Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo

1894 M7 100 2 3 30 70 SK-net K-NET KiK-net 2 II 1 1855 2 10 2 1855 11 11 10 7,000 14,000 6, 1996; 1 1996 2003 1 1855 1996, 2003 Fig. 1 Pattern of regional intensities of the Ansei Edo earthquake in 1855 after Usami, 1996 and local intensity distribution around the Kanto area after Nakamura et al., 2003. 1 6 20 km 6 5 5 2004 2004 6 5

400 km 4 4 6 139.8 35.65, 1976, 1996, 1976 6 M7 7.1, 1976 M7.2, 1972 1976 20 km 1972 6 1930 M7.0, h 0 5 km 6 30 km 1980 35 km 2003 40 50 km 2001 68 km M7.6 2006 60 km M7.6, 1972;, 1976 2003 1 Bakun 2005 30 km, 1934 S-P 1990 2 1894 1894 6 20 14 31, 1996 6, 1996;, 1972; 2, 1989;, 2004, 1899 6

2, 1996, 1972 Fig. 2 Pattern of regional intensities of the Meiji Tokyo earthquake after Usami, 1996 and local intensity distribution around the Kanto area after Hagiwara, 1972. 30 km 60 km 5 4 S-P, 1899 1899 S-P 6.8 40 km 1972 4 5 M6.4 M6.7 30 km 1979 35.7 139.8 3 M7.0 1979 2 M5 10 7 M6.7 10 7, 1999 1977 S-P 40 km 1999, 1899 M6.6 80 km 3 3, 2003 3c 2004, 2005 55 51 cm 1 4 6

3 a b c NS Fig. 3 a Ewing-type seismoscope photograph from National Museum of Nature and Science, Japan, b Seismogram observed at Tokyo Imperial University, Hongo, of the Meiji Tokyo earthquake in 1894, c Digitized seismogram of NS motion. 5 4a NS 4b c 4a S S-P 5.6 7.0 25 40 mm 35.7 139.8 S-P 40 52 km P

4 a b 2 c 1 Fig. 4 Strong motion seismograms of Meiji Tokyo earthquake, recorded at a 1F of Main building of Tokyo Imperial University solid and dashed lines illustrating ground motions before and after correcting for instrument response, b Department of Technology at 2F, and c Department of Technology at 1F. NS EW S-P 4 P S h 10 km 6 10, Koketsu and Kikuchi, 2000 3 10 7 M6.7 S-P 12 15 S, 2005 S-P

5 a 30 m S AVS 30, 2006 b V S 600 m/s Fig. 5 a Average shear-wave velocity of upper 30 m AVS 30 produced by borehole data Miyake et al., 2006, and b expected intensity amplification. 5.6 7.0 90 120 km III 1 2 1 0.2 2 Hz 1994 2006 30 m S AVS 30 5 78,500 S AVS 30, 2006 AVS 30 ARV 2006 log ARV 2.367 0.852 log AVS 30 0.166 1

ARV S V S 600 m/s PGV I 1999 I 2.68 1.72 log PGV 2 ARV I I I 2.68 1.72 log PGV ARV 3 I 1.72 log ARV 4 V S 600 m/s 5b 1.0 1.5 0.5 1.0 PGV 139.8 35.65 h 40 km M W6.8 V S 600 m/s PGV 1999 log PGV 0.58 M W 0.0038 h d 1.29 log X 0.00028 10 0.58 M W 0.002 5 6a PGV d d 0.02 X PGV 5 5a ARV 2 6b 6a 6b 1 2 0.2 40 km 6c d 5 5 6 1703 1923 6 7, 2003 2 2 60 80 km,, 1980;, 2006

図 6 a 距離減衰式から求めた深さ東京湾北部の地震の震度分布 b 表層地盤 の増幅率を考慮した震度分布 c d 震 央 印 が 移 動 し た 場 合 Fig. 6 a Pattern of intensity distribution of an earthquake occurring in eastern Tokyo star mark, b expected intensity pattern due to the amplification of ground motions in a shallow structure, c d same as b but for different hypocenter star marks. 図 7a は 2005 年 7 月 23 日に千葉県北西部の や伊豆の震度が大きくなっていることがわかる 深さ 73 km で発生した M 6.0 の地震の震度分 このような千葉県北西部の地震に伴う震度分布の 布を示したものである 震度 4 5 の範囲が 一方 異常はしばしば観測されており 図 7a c 震央より 40 km 以上も西方に大きくずれ 横浜 千葉県北東部 図 7d や東京東部の地震ではこ 439

7 a c d Fig. 7 a c Anomalous pattern of intensities observed for an earthquake occurring below northwest of Chiba prefecture, and d normal intensity pattern of an earthquake occurring below northeast of Chiba. Star indicates hypocenter of the earthquake.

8 1996 2006, 2000 Fig. 8 Hypocentral distribution of man-felt earthquake occurring beneath Kanto region. Solid circle denotes earthquake that shows anomalous pattern of intensities. Hypocentral data is obtained from the JMA Intensity Database (Ishigaki and Takagi, 2000)., 2000 1996 2006 579 7 a c 23, 2006 140 140.25 35.5 35.8 60 80 km 8,, 2006 Q S 2005 2006 High-Q; Q S 1000 20

40 km Low-Q; Q S 250 Low-Q Kamiya and Kobayashi, 2000;, 2005 S High-Q S Low-Q 180 180 80 km 0.25 km FDM iasp91; Kennett and Engdahl., 1991 High-Q Q S 1000 High-V 5 Ishida, 1992 Kosuga et al., 1996 30 km 80 km, 2006 S V S 1 km/s 1 F-net 2005 7 23 73 km T 1 1 Hz 9a V S 1 1.7 km/ s 9b 1 2 6 9c High-Q Q S 1000 Low-Q Q S 150 9d 7 1 2 2 60 80 km

図 9 千 葉 県 北 西 部 の 地 震 の 数 値 シ ミュ レー ショ ン 最 大 地 動 速 度 分 布 a 標 準 地 球 水 平 成 層 モ デ ル b 堆 積 層 を 加 え た モ デ ル c 表 層 地 盤 の 増 幅 効 果 を 補 正 し た モ デ ル d High-Q プ レー ト と Low-Q 物 体 を 加 え た モ デ ル Fig. 9 Simulated peak ground velocity for the Northwestern Chiba earthquake, using a standard Earth model, b including sedimentary layer, c including superficial layer, and d including High-Q Plate, Low-Q body. 443

10 a b Fig. 10 Comparison of intensity patterns of earthquakes occurring a in the Philippine-Sea plate and b in the Pacific plate. 3 Utsu, 1966 10 2 K-NET 10a 10b 2 10 2004 2003 11

図 11 地 殻 内 地 震 の 震 度 分 布 の 例 a 2004 年 新 潟 県 中 越 地 震 b 2003 年 宮 城 県 北 部 の 地 震 Fig. 11 Example of intensity patterns of shallow crustal earthquakes a Niigata-ken Chuetsu earthquake in 2004 and b Miyagi-ken Hokubu earthquake in 2003. に震度が急減した後に 震央距離が 150 km を越 数 3 Hz までの地震波の伝播を計算した ただし えると距離減衰が緩く変化することがわかる こ 本計算で用いる粗い格子モデルでは 表層地盤に れは 震源距離が 150 km を越え S 波が地表と おける地震動の増幅特性を正しく評価することが モホ面との間で全反射を繰り返し起こすようにな できないなど 求められた震度分布と観測とを直 ると 地殻内をトラップ S 波 Lg 波 として伝 接比較することは難しい 本計算では 震度の絶 わるために 距離減衰が小さくなるためである 対値や詳細なパターンを比較するかわりに 震源 たとえば Furumura and Kennett, 2001 の深さの変化 地震が発生するプレートの違い このように 地震の起きる深さ プレート に による広域の震度分布のパターンの変化を確認 よって 日本列島全域にわたる広域震度分布が大 し 観測された震度分布の傾向を比較することを きく変化する様子を 地震波動伝播の FDM シ 目的とする ミュレーションにより以下確認する こ こ で は 東 京 湾 北 部 の 北 緯 35.7 度 東 経 図 12 に 示 さ れ る 中 部 日 本 東 北 日 本 の 140.0 度を震央とする a 深さ 10 km 北米プ 1000 600 460 km の範囲の地殻 マントル レート内 地殻内 b 50 km フィリピン海 直方向に 0.2 km の格子間隔でモデル化し 周波 ト内 の位置に 逆断層型のメカニズムを持つ点 プレート構造を 水平方向に 0.4 0.4 km 鉛 プレート内 および c 100 km 太平洋プレー 445

12 b Fig. 12 a Structural model of regional seismic wave propagation simulation and b vertical slice of model and source positions. Hypocenter distribution is based on the JMA earthquake catalog. 3 6.5 a M W 6.9 b M W 7.0 c M W 7.2 128 1920 CPU Furumura and Chen, 2004 120 1 TB 40 3 13a c, 2003 h 100 km High-Q S Low-Q

447 Fig. 13 Simulated intensity patterns of three events at source depths of a 10 km, b 50 km, and c 100 km, and pattern of intensity during A Ansei Edo earthquake, B Meiji Tokyo earthquake, and C earthquake of 7 Oct. 1894. 図 13 シ ミュ レー ショ ン に よ り 求 め ら れ た 震 度 分 布 a 深 さ 10 km, b 50 km, c 100 km の 地 震 の 計 測 震 度 分 布 観 測 さ れ た 震 度 分 布 A 安 政 江 戸 地 震 B 明 治 東 京 地 震 C 1894 年 10 月 7 日 の 地 震

13c h 50 km 13b h 10 km 6 5 4 400 km 150 km S Lg 13 13B 13b 1894 10 7 13C 13c S-P 12 15 13A 4 13a IV,, 2005 h 50 km M7 h 40 km h 60 km 0.5 1 Hz 2 3 Hz 100 m, Furumura and Kennett, 2005

10 7 M6.7 S-P 12 15 100 km 3 M6.7 3 1895 1 18 M7.2 1, 2005 K-NET KiKnet F-net SK-net 3 Q I 3 JST-CREST Bakun, W.H. 2005 : Magnitude and location of historical earthquakes in Japan and implications for the 1855 Ansei Edo earthquake. J. Geophys. Res., 110, B02304, doi:10.1029/2004jb003329. 2004 : 1855 2006 : S 6 11 22 2003 : 1855 2003 B052 Furumura, T. and Chen, L. 2004 : Large scale parallel simulation and visualization of 3D seismic wavefield using the Earth Simulator. Comput. Model. Eng. Sci., 6, 153 168. Furumura, T. and Kennett, B.L.N. 2001 : Variation in regional phase propagation in the area around Japan. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 91, 667 682. Furumura, T. and Kennett, B.L.N. 2005 : Subduction zone guided waves and the heterogeneity structure of the subducted plate: Intensity anomalies in northern Japan. J. Geophys. Res., 110, B10202, doi:10.1029/2004jb003486. 2005 : 1894 2005 B097 1972 : 27 2 16 7 27 31 1990 : 10 1 6 2006 : 2006 D006 2001 : 1855 546 63

70 Ishida, M. 1992 : Geometry and relative motion of the Philippine Sea plate and Pacific plate beneath the Kanto-Tokai district, Japan. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 489 513. 2000 : 63 75 92 2003 : 9, 31 55 1999 : 127p. Kamiya, A. and Kobayashi, Y. 2000 : Seismological evidence for the existence of serpentinized wedge mantle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 819 822. 1999 : 1894 2 52 81 89 1989 : 27 1894 6 20 8 30 37 Kennett, B.L.N. and Engdahl, E.R. 1991 : Traveltimes for global earthquake location and phase identification. Geophys. J. Int., 105, 429 465. Koketsu, K. and Kikuchi, M. 2000 : Propagation of seismic ground motion in the Kanto basin, Japan. Science, 288, 5469, 1237 1239. 2006 : 2005 2006 S204 P007. Kosuga, M., Sato, T., Hasegawa, A., Matsuzawa, T., Suzuki, S. and Motoya, Y. 1996 : Spatial distribution of intermediate-depth earthquake with horizontal of vertical nodal planes beneath northeastern Japan. Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 93, 63 89. 2003 : 2 56 21 37 1994 : 22 23 34 1999 : 1 51 56 2006 : 12 214 217 1934 : 1 3 19 27 2005 : 22 31 2003 : 1855/11/11 18 77 96 2005 : 2005 334 335 2004 : 1899 : 28 71 78 2004 : 1894 E 27 9 19 1980 : 41 1 7 2006 : Hi-net Q 2006 167 1899 : 28 97 99 1977 : 27 6 1 144 2006 : 2006 D030 2006 : 2 S116 P014 Bakun, B. Stein, Ross 2005 : 22 34 2003 : 1703 2003 41 55 1999 : 523 53 70 1976 : 51 209 230 1996 : Utsu, T. 1966 : Regional difference in absorption of seismic waves in the upper mantle as inferred from abnormal distribution of seismic intensities, J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ., Ser. 7, 2, 359 374. 1979 : 1885 1925 M6 54 253 308 2004 : 2004 565 2006 12 6 2007 2 21