26 2016 29 29 24 2012 2014 Meyers & Jones, 1993; Prince, 2004; 2010 2014 OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PISA OECD/PISA 2012
30 Barr & Tagg, 1995 1960 358 1980 4 1,209 1994 Barr & Tagg, 1995; Duck, Groh, & Allen, 2001; Prince & Felder, 2006 National Institute of EducationThe Study Group on the Conditions of Excellence in American Higher Education, 1984 Involvement in Learning Chickering 19691 23 4 5 6 7 1994 Mazur 1977 ConcepTest JiTT Just-in-Time Teaching 50 LAN 2010 learning commons McMullen, 2008
31 2015 2010a 1 2 3 1 2010b 197119771989 19912012 2014
32 2010a 2013 2014 2015 2008a, b 220 2012 2012 11 2013 4
33 2 5 302 161 141 1998 2 4 4 1 6 2 1998 2 6 School Morale Scale 1998 3 4 4 1 3 NRT 2003 NRT OAUA BA
34 2006 1 NRT 3 1 1998 1998 6 4 Table 1 2 3 KJ 2 KJ 3 4 4 KJ Table 2 2 2 2 2 62 60 63 62
35 2 3 2 3 5 1 3 3 4 4 2 4 4
36 4 4 Figure 1 Tukey F 3 298 17.72 p.001 p.01 p.01 Figure 2
37 2012 3 2006 4 2013
38 2012 cooperative learning Johnson, Johnson, & Holubec, 19932005 2012 Bruffee 1995 2014
39 4 2012 2015 Bruffee 1995
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42 2006 2012 http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chukyo/chukyo0/toushin/1325047.htm 1971