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2009/01/08 (1) (2) (3) 1947 60 7 2007 Finger Plan 2007 34 Kommune Plan 2009 2008 Danmarks Transportinfrastruktur 2030 60 2006 2007 8 2005 Trial + Referendum (1) Legitimacy (2) (3) (4)

3 コペンハーゲン フィンガープランを取り巻く今日の状況 The 1947 Finger Plan: Non governmental strategy Urban finger structure Monocentric structure from city served by trams to introducing trains Housing built along new suburban railways (Stog) Green wedges between the fingers Housing max. 1 km from stations デンマークの社会 政治 経済 総人口約 550 万. 欧州の小国 商人の国 ( スウェーデン人が作りデンマーク人が売る ) 幾つかの世界的企業 (Lego, Mærsk, Carlsberg ) 高負担高福祉 高負担 高福祉 付加価値税 25%, 所得税約 50%. 物価は日本の約 2 倍 学校は全て無料, 市民登録後は病院も無料 年金や社会保障が充実, 貯蓄率は極めて低い 高い国際競争力 グローバル化の積極的な受入 1990 年代以降安定した経済成長 女性の社会進出と, 柔軟 安心な雇用環境 議会選挙への高い投票率 (8-9 割 ) 多種多様なローカルアソシエーションが活発. 高い加入率. 2 From the Finger Plan 1947 to Regionplan 2005 4

The Reform of Local Authority in 2007 271 の小自治体 ( コムーネ ) 98 14 の中自治体 ( アムト コムーネ ) と大コペンハーゲン 5 つの地方 ( レジオン ) 5 Kommune Region Municipal Planning 2009 (PLAN09) Before: After: 7 6 8 Reform of the Planning Act in 2007 Before: After: Greater Copenhagen The rest of Zealand Eastern Jutland Town regions Small town regions Denmark s New Planning System

9 11 セクター間の役割分担 道路, 公共交通計画 自治体 コムーネ地方 レギオン国 自治体 コムーネ (Municipality) 地元の道路の管理 レギオンの交通会社へ の参加 地元のバス交通への融 地方 レギオン (County/Region) 交通会社の設立と管理 ( バス交通, 料金設定, 運行表, コーディネーション, 私鉄監督, 障 国 (Country) 全般の道路網 殆どの鉄道と鉄道網の 整備 管理 ( 所により地方鉄道を引き継ぐ ) 首都圏地下鉄の整備と 資 害者の移動への配慮 ) 首都圏地下鉄の整備と 管理 自然と環境法 に関する殆どの規制, 並びに, 市民が関わる業務 上下水道 ゴミ処理 自然, 環境, 空間計画 河川の維持 地区空間計画の準備 地方開発計画の準備 土壌汚染対策 環境目標法に準じるその他の課題対応 全国的関心のある国際的な空間計画 技術的に複雑な計画 環境目標法に準じた自然と水計画の準備 自然環境の監視 全国空間計画 首都圏の改良計画 Greater Copenhagen Region: Increasing commuting & changing patterns Increasing commuting: from the rest of Zealand (65,000) and Sweden (11,000) between urban fingers (33%) car dependency congestion Lack in quality of public transport between urban fingers: New ring line and new metro Cityring in central cities No decision as yet to build a new light rail system outside the palm of the hand Cycling is the most important mode of transportation in central cities (35 40%) 10 12 Regional Spatial Development Plan in the Greater Copenhagen Region The Regionplan 2005 is replaced by the Finger Plan 2007 + 34 municipal plans. Ørestad: New Urban Development along a New Metro Line

13 15 Copenhagen Metro 34 trains, Driverless, 100 second headway Neighborhood Consolidation in the Øresund Region Sweden Denmark 14 16 Ørestad Development Infrastructure financed by income p from surrounding areas Øresund Vision 2040 1. Aiming at a Bi-centric scenario (Oresund Region and Stockholm) in Scandinavian Countries. An increased number of head offices will be located near the Oresund Bridge and labour migration to the region will increase. 2. Many Danish will move to Sweden due to lower house prices and cost of living. i 75,000 Danish, including offspring will live in Sweden by 2040. 3. The number of inhabitants aged 65 or more will remarkably increase on Zealand Island in Denmark. This will create a permanent need for Swedish labour in Copenhagen. 4. The proximity to Copenhagen Airport will also be an important incentive.

17 Danmarks Transportinfrastruktur 2030 近年の好景気と相俟って, 国全体の自動車交通量は 2030 年までに現状の約 1.7 倍 ( 年平均成長率約 2.2%) に増加すると予想 コペンハーゲン都市圏では, 道路 交通のわずかな増加によっても大きな混雑が引き起こされることが 危惧される一方, 鉄道輸送力は既に容量限界に達しており, これ以上の改善は見込めないと指摘 ストックホルム道路混雑課金恒久実施までの計画 施策調整プロセス施策 Danmarks Transportinfrastruktur 2030 堅固な H ネットワークの確立 : 1. コペンハーゲン都市圏における環状道路及び環状鉄道の完成 2. 東ユトランド都市部におけるインフラ整備プランの策定 3. デンマーク各地域から交通ハブ拠点へのアクセス利便性強化 4. 国外へのゲートウェイ機能強化を通じた効率的な交通ネットワークの形成 5. 情報通信技術 (IT) 導入によるインフラの最適利用 6. 環境や気候変動に対する交通からのインパクトの抑制 18 北欧では古くからあるロード プライシング 20

21 23 ストックホルムの Congestion Charge 都市圏面積 : 6500km 2 課金面積 : 47km 2 市の人口 : 770,000 課金地区人口 : 280,000 都市圏人口 : 1,900,000 Cordon for Congestion Charge 2km Timeline 22 Trial + Referendum Strategy Vehicle Identification 24 Logo mark 時間変動型課金 時刻課金額 00:00 06:29 0 SEK 06:30 06:59 10 SEK 07:00 07:29 15 SEK 07:30 08:29 20 SEK 08:30 08:59 15 SEK 09:00 15:29 10 SEK 15:30 15:59 15 SEK 16:00 17:29 20 SEK 17:30 17:59 15 SEK 18:00 18:29 10 SEK 18:30 23:59 0 SEK 1 SEK 18 円

25 27 The full-scale trial in Stockholm Traffic reduction Spring of 2006 compared to spring of 2005 Source: The City of Stockholm Cost-benefit analysis of the permanent Implementation 1 SEK: 約 18 円 Source: Eliasson (forthcoming) Key elements for supporting decisions in the Trial Stage Model assessments, intermediate t reports (before trial) Specific studies to design elements (before trial) Monthly Indicator report (during trial) Car travel flows and travel times Public transit passengers Cyclists Parking space utilization Retail trade effects Ex post full evaluation (after trial) More than 30 different evaluation tasks (traffic, environment, economy, etc) Scientifically designed and carried out by experts (with independent panels) 26 Referendum in 15 of the 26 municipalities in the County of Stockholm (17 September 2006) Majority for the charges in Stockholm city Majority against the charges in Stockholm county One third of population lives in municipalites with no referendum 100.0% 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 0% 10.0% 51.3% YES 45.5% NO Ja Nej 60.2% 39.8% NO YES 28 0.0% Stockholm Stockholms city Stockholm Övriga kommune county kommun

Governmental Proposal April 2007: The government submits a Bill to the Parliament proposing the reintroduction of a congestion tax effective from 1 August 2007. The Bill contains a proposal on how the Congestion Tax Act should be formalised in connection with a reintroduction. June 2007:The Parliament decides that the congestion tax shall be reintroduced starting ti 1 August 2007. Similar concept as trial, EXCEPT that: All net revenue to be used for investments, mainly Stockholm bypass road No extra bus services Tax is now deductable from income More limited exception for environmental cars 29 30 Changes in Traffic Volume after the permanent implementation