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131 6ﾑ800apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 040209 03000ｷ3036ｧ9 02 06 020907 06040208036ｧ9 1.1 05 閨00 02 ﾇ 0001 閨03060109, 08 03fi03080ｹ0 02 06 09 03000ｷ3036ｧ9 02090ｹ0 06000307086ｦ00ｹ0 00apple06040006030900 0206026ｧ80ｹ0 03 0402090306fi- 020902 0ｹ0 04020807 020800 陦 020ｷ307 0ｸ7apple09030004060607 0001 020803080ｸ703086ｦ007 07 000907 閨04080ｸ707 07 apple020ｸ70403006ｧ9 00apple 0302060ｹ0 0400 046ｦ0090203060409 0000 020907 apple03080408046ｧ8 apple080ｸ7 閨040006 0803006ｧ9 040209 000002 apple086ｧ9090409. ｦ 08 0900090807fi0ｹ0 0ｸ702fi 0702 07 020307, 0007 00 閨030006, 0209 040900 046ｧ9 apple080ｸ7 006ｧ90400 09 000002 apple086ｧ9090409 04020907 apple 0902fi040006 080602080708006ｧ9 00000207 020807 ｦﾌ07 09 0902fi04000608 09fi03000008, fi02 07 07 apple026ｦ004030902 07 0906 apple03060209 08080307 0806 03000ｷ3036ｧ9000ｹ0 apple080ｸ7 00010909086ｦ004 07 020907 00apple08030ｸ700030706026ｧ8 00apple0604006ｧ90309040903 02 06 fi02 07 0806 06040208030602086ｧ9 006ｧ904 07 03046ｧ9040006 07 0003000ｸ707086ｦ007 02060ｹ0 apple 0304 閨0ｹ0 02090ｹ0. 030402fi0408, 09 0004026ｧ9 0409 040209 000002 apple086ｧ9090409 0808000603fi02 07, 02 0207 閨07 00 閨03080ｹ0, 02 06 040208 0900090807fi0ｹ0 fi0206 08 0407030ｸ76 5 0ｹ0 02 06 0806 09030002020308070602086ｧ9 0ｸ7apple08030809060402 閨0ｹ0 006ｧ907 06 09 0307 apple08036ｦ0 apple0003060404fi02000308 apple0207 applefi 02060ｹ0 0ｸ7apple090300046ｧ9000ｹ0. 6ｾ402060ｹ0 0304 閨0ｹ0 02080ｸ7 21080ｸ7 060607, fi000ｷ30ｹ0, 0806 0ｸ7apple090300046ｧ9000ｹ0 ｨC04030900 0208 fi02090409, 0000applefi030608 02 06 06 0708006ｧ8, 00apple06020806070ｷ3076ｧ9000ｹ0 02 06 apple080303 閨0ｹ0 070303000ｹ0ｨC 006ｧ9-07 06 0002006ｧ907000ｹ0 apple080ｸ7 fi0406 00fi070807 apple08020003086ｦ007 02o 000009 036ｦ002000308 040ｸ70402 020602fi 0402080604006ｧ908 020ｷ307 01 閨070ｷ307 070000040ｷ307 00apple0007 6ｦ004000ｷ307 (foreign direst investment) 040208 046ｦ007080308 02090ｹ0 apple - 0902fi040006 0ｹ0 080602080708006ｧ9 0ｹ0, 030307 02 06 0208 apple0608 0ｸ707 000602fi. ｦ 08 0707 04006ｧ903 0ｹ0 6 5066 5036ｧ908 0007 06 08 閨030002 06 0906 020907 0001 閨03060109 0006 0ｹ0 040900 070206026ｧ80ｹ0 040ｸ7-070604020604 0ｹ0 02090ｹ0 06000307086ｦ00ｹ0 00apple06040006030900 0206026ｧ80ｹ0 03 0402090306fi020902 0ｹ0 04020807 020800 陦 020ｷ307 0ｸ7apple09030004060607 ｨC 020ｷ307 apple08030ｸ700030706020607 0000apple080306020607 0002 060300060607. O06 apple08030ｸ70003070602 閨0ｹ0 0000apple08-030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 00apple0803086ｦ007 07 0803060402086ｦ007 0ｷ30ｹ0 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 apple080ｸ7 07 03 006 50707080ｸ707 03fi0308 0000apple080306026ｧ80ｹ0 06 0000040803076 50904090ｹ0 (trade intermediation) 000002 016ｦ0 040ｷ3030607, 000706 閨04080ｸ707 apple000306080ｸ70406 0207 0402080604006ｧ9 0400 apple0003060404fi020003000ｹ0 applefi 006ｧ9 040603000ｹ0. 6ｾ4020907 apple0307-0109, 0806 000000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ003 006ｧ907 06 apple08036ｦ0 0700080308000ｹ0 02 06 09 02 0ｸ702fi02090207 02080ｸ70ｹ0 0007 apple030804 0608036ｧ9ｨB0002 06 apple070702080200 006ｦ0020803, 0906 apple080303086ｦ00ｹ0 03fi09080ｸ70ｹ0. 6ｾ40ｸ7040707 04040803086ｦ00702 06 0000 020907 apple 0308046ｧ8 04030900 02080806020807080006020607 02 06 000002 08080306020607 0ｸ7apple09030004060607, 02 06 00apple08-03006ｧ9 07 006ｧ907 06 020003006ｧ90ｷ30ｹ0 0ｸ703 6ｧ903000208 07 02 01060708000903006ｧ9 0006 0002 0603006ｧ9 0ｷ30ｹ0 0000apple080306026ｧ8 6ｧ8 02070206 07030308, fiapple0ｷ30ｹ0, 03fi09080ｸ7 0407030607, 0000apple080306026ｧ8 020307apple00ｨB 00apple0007 6ｦ004000ｷ307 (merchant bank) 6ｧ8 07 0ｸ702060306 026ｧ8 0002 0603006ｧ9. 6ﾑ8apple06apple03 閨0807, 06 020306020602fi 09070603060400 020ｷ307 0000apple080306-020607 0002 060300060607 0400 fi0308 020807 02fi040008 006ｧ907 06 09 02070409 02080ｸ70ｹ0 07 03 040209030608apple0806086ｦ00702 06 02fi0408 0400 040ｸ707 08006ｧ90ｹ0 fi0408 02 06 0400 0704040002000ｹ0 03 0402090306fi020902000ｹ0. 03020406, apple080303 閨0ｹ0 0002 03-03 閨0ｹ003 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 000002 0203 鐶pple080702 06, 0000 020907 apple070308 08 02080ｸ7 0403fi07080ｸ7, 0400

1316 ﾞ09O ｦ O086ｾ4 6ﾑ80909O06O086ｾ4 6ｾ4ｦ ｦﾐ6ｾ4 09O 086ﾑ80503ｦﾐ ﾒ6ﾑ86ｾ4 000ｸ76 50306 0602 閨0ｹ003 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 02 06, 0000030602 閨0ｹ0 080803 閨0ｹ0, 000100036ｧ90404080702 06 apple0003 0602-030ｷ3 0400 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 apple0002030003 6ｧ9080ｸ7, 04090006020607 6ｧ8 0400 070303080ｸ70ｹ0 026ｦ0apple080ｸ70ｹ0 00apple0604006ｧ9030904090ｹ0. 1 ﾞ0702060000020ｷ3apple6ｧ9ｨB080ｸ70000, 00apple6ｧ904090ｹ0, 040900 0702060207 apple03086 5036ｧ800 02 0803060400086ｦ0, apple080ｸ7 07 026ｦ0- apple02080ｸ707 applefi 02060ｹ0 040900 07020602 閨0ｹ0 06 080803 閨0ｹ0 03000602080ｸ703096ｧ9 0ｹ0 000002 016ｦ0 0000apple080306020607 0002 06030006-0607. O06 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 00apple0803006ｧ9 07 00010006 0602006ｦ0080702 06 02 0207 apple03080ｸ8fi07, fiapple0ｷ30ｹ0 08 09 0607070303 02 0ｹ0, 02 040602090307 6ｧ8 09 ｨB0704 0309. 70 00apple0803006ｧ9 07 00010006 0602006ｦ0080702 06 02 0207 apple00-030608046ｧ8, apple03080ｷ303060702 0ｹ0 04020907 09080307 apple08030307 apple03080ｸ8fi0702 6ｧ8 0ｸ7apple090300046ｧ9000ｹ0, 030307 00fi0708 00-04 0400 006ｧ9 0803060400 閨0709 apple00030608046ｧ8. O06 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 0900070602086ｦ0 0000apple08036ｧ9080ｸ7 040ｸ707 0ｸ707ｨB080ｸ707 02fi- 0408 apple0003060800030006 0207 fi0408 02 06 0006 060207 0000 0208 apple03080ｸ8fi07 04 03 02020903060402060207, 02 08apple086ｧ9 02080ｸ70ｹ0 00apple060203 鐶pple080ｸ707 07 0000apple0803006ｦ0080702 06 apple08030307 apple03080ｸ8fi0702 0400 apple080303 閨0ｹ0 apple0003060804 閨0ｹ0. ｦﾐ04020803060207, 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 閨04080ｸ707 000002 6 507030006 03000602080ｸ703096ｧ9 00 閨04 0402060ｹ0 02 02090908036ｧ9000ｹ0 0ｸ702 閨0ｹ0. ﾇ 0000apple080306026ｧ8 06 0000040803076 5090409 00apple0803006ｧ9 07 0600070003090903006ｧ9 006ｧ90200 applefi 00000407ｨB08-0702000ｹ0 ｨCapple080ｸ7 0007 apple080202086ｦ007 020907 020ｸ70306fi020902 02080ｸ7 apple03080ｸ8fi0702080ｹ0 0208 08apple086ｧ908 0000apple0803006ｦ008-0702 06ｨC 006ｧ90200 applefi 000002 apple030702000ｹ0. 030402fi0408, 00apple0803086ｦ007 07 096ｧ907080ｸ707 02 06 070303000ｹ0 02 02090908-030608apple08066ｧ80400060ｹ0 000002 016ｦ0 020ｷ307 0000apple080306020607 0002 060300060607, fiapple0ｷ30ｹ0 000002 016ｦ0 0002006ｧ9070ｷ307 apple080ｸ7 006ｧ9-07 06 0ｸ70208020003006ｧ90ｹ0 080702fi020902000ｹ0 02 06 0002006ｧ9070ｷ307 apple080ｸ7 006ｧ907 06 apple03060ｹ0 030ｸ709 02030602 閨0ｹ0 00apple06040006036ｧ8-0400060ｹ0, 6ｧ8 apple08020003086ｦ007 02006ｧ800 02 6 50608000904 0706020607 00apple06040006036ｧ804000ｷ307 6ｧ8 00apple06040006036ｧ804000ｷ307 0002-000002070303000ｸ704090ｹ0 080ｸ70406020607 applefi030ｷ307 (resource firms), fiapple0ｷ30ｹ0 0806 maker-shosha 2 apple080ｸ7 06 036ｦ0030902 07 applefi 06 apple0ｷ3070602 閨0ｹ0 6 50608000904 070602 閨0ｹ0 apple08030ｸ70003070602 閨0ｹ0 02 020003000ｸ702 6ｧ9 0403fi0706. 0908030807fi0206 006ｧ907 06 6ｦ00402080308 07 0803006ｧ9 08 0803060400fi0ｹ0 02080ｸ70ｹ0, 0806 apple08030ｸ70003070602 閨0ｹ0 0000apple08-030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 6ｧ802 07 02 06 apple 03 00 閨07080ｸ707 040900 07020602 閨0ｹ0 0402060ｹ0 06000307006ｧ90ｹ0 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0. ﾇ 0000apple080306026ｧ8 00apple0604006ｧ903090409 (merchant enterprise), apple080ｸ7 0000apple0803000ｸ7fi02 07 09 0307 02 06 0ｸ7apple090300046ｧ9000ｹ0 000002 016ｦ0 0208060708026ｧ8020ｷ307, 006ｧ907 06 09 0304 06fi02000309 000803086ｧ8 06000307086ｦ00ｹ0 00apple06040006-030900 0206026ｧ80ｹ0 030704090ｹ0. 0903070900 0206, 0806 apple 0304 閨0ｹ0 02090ｹ0 070709080702 06 0400 0006 00apple08046ｧ8 apple080ｸ7 apple 閨040006 0406030607 000ｹ0 0403fi0706 applefi 0209 040900000306076ｧ8. 090002 016ｦ0 16080ｸ7 02 06 17080ｸ7 060607, 0000-090703000ｹ0 080308020309030ｷ300 閨07000ｹ0 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 09070ｷ30402 閨0ｹ0 0ｷ30ｹ0 00apple030807080006086ｦ004000ｹ0 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ003 (chartered trading companies) 060007000309086ｦ004 07 0000applefi030608 000002 016ｦ0 6ﾑ80ｸ7-0306apple090ｹ0 02 06 02080ｸ7 0ｸ7applefi030806apple080ｸ7 02fi0400080ｸ7, 040209 6 5070409 0203 0206020607 00080708apple0ｷ30306 020607 040ｸ700-6 50704000ｷ307. ﾇ ﾞ09090306026ｧ8 02 06 09 O0303 07 06026ｧ8 6ﾑ802 0603006ｧ9 ﾞ07 02080306020607 ｦﾐ07 060607 (English East India Company 02 06 Dutch East India Company), 02 06 09 6ﾑ802 0603006ｧ9 02080ｸ7 ﾒfi03apple080ｸ7 01070702040807 (Hudson ｯs Bay Company) 03000ｷ303086ｦ00702 06 applefi 0803060400 閨07080ｸ70ｹ0 0ｷ30ｹ0 0806 apple030602000ｹ0 00046ｦ00904030807000ｹ003 apple08030ｸ70003070602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0. 3 O06 000ｸ7030ｷ3apple 0ｸ802 閨0ｹ0 apple030807080006086ｦ0-1. Mark Casson, 00The Economic Analysis of Multinational Trading Companies03, 040208 Geoffrey Jones (00apple0600. 閨02.), The Multinational Traders ( 0807 6ｧ90708: Routledge, 1998), 04. 22-47. 2. (6ｾ4.02.09.) Maker shosha 0807080007ｨB0002 06 04020907 ｦﾐ apple0ｷ3076ｧ9 0006 0000apple080306026ｧ8 0002 0603006ｧ9 09 08apple086ｧ9 006ｧ907 06 040ｸ707 00 0000 閨0709 0000 閨07 07 apple 03 090ｷ309fi, 040ｸ7040707 00 閨04 0400 閨07 07 fi00060308 keiretsu. 3. ﾇ 080603080308096ｧ9 0906 02060ｹ0 apple030807080006086ｦ004000ｹ0 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 006ｧ907 06 0302000207 000009070309. 縺06 02060ｹ0 020003000ｸ702 6ｧ9000ｹ0 0002 00026ｧ9000ｹ0, 6 503. A. M. Carlos 02 06 S. Nicholas, 00 ｰGiants of an Earlier Capitalism ｱ: The Chartered Trading Companies as Modern Multinationals03, Business History Review, 62 (1988), 04. 398-41901 S. R. H. Jones 02 06 S. P. Ville, 00Efficient Transactions or Rent-Seeking Monopolists? The Rationale for Early Chartered Trading Companies03, Journal of Economic History, 56 (1996), 04. 818-915.

136ﾑ80909O06ｦﾐ ﾒ6ﾑ86ｾ4 6ﾑ8ｦ ﾞｦﾐ066ﾑ8ｦﾐ6ﾑ86ｾ4 6ｾ4ｦ ﾇ 056ﾑ80306ｦﾐ ﾞ ﾒ ﾞｦﾐ ｦ ﾇ03 ｦﾐ6ｾ4ｦ O06ｦﾐ ﾞ 17 04000ｹ0 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 006ｧ904 07, 0400 000009070308 6 5 0300fi, 0001 08 07060402006ｧ9 apple030607 applefi 02 00 閨04 02080ｸ7 19080ｸ7 060607, 0000 020907 02 02070309090409 020ｷ307 0203 0206020607 00080708apple0ｷ3036ｧ90ｷ307, 030307 000009070308 00 閨03080ｹ0 02080ｸ7 0000apple08036ｧ9080ｸ7 000002 016ｦ0 6ﾑ80ｸ70306apple090ｹ0 02 06 ｦﾐ apple0ｷ3076ｧ9 0ｹ0 0001 020803080ｸ703086ｦ0-0400 07 060007000309006ｧ902 06 0000 0209 06 0000040803076 5090409 0000apple080306020607 00apple06040006036ｧ804000ｷ307. 030402fi- 0408, 0806 06 apple0ｷ3070602 閨0ｹ0 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 ｨC0006 060207 0806 0000apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 0900070602086ｦ0 0000apple08036ｧ9080ｸ703 6ｧ8 sogo shoshaｨc apple 03 閨000007 07 apple08036ｦ0 040900 0702060207 0402080604006ｧ9 02080ｸ7 06000307086ｦ00ｹ0 0000apple08036ｧ9080ｸ7 02090ｹ0 ｦﾐ apple0ｷ3076ｧ9 0ｹ0 00000207 020807 ｦﾌ07 09 0902fi04000608 09fi03000008 02 06 00 閨040306 0209 0002 00-026ｧ9 02080ｸ7 1990, 040209 060703020006 02090ｹ0 08apple086ｧ9 0ｹ0 0001 020803080ｸ703086ｦ004 07 07 0003 閨0904080ｸ707 apple00030604-04fi02000308 applefi 0208 6ｧ80006040ｸ7 020ｷ307 000604 090ｷ3090607 02090ｹ0 ｦﾐ apple0ｷ3076ｧ9 0ｹ0. 4 ｦﾐ04020803060207, 0806 06000307006ｧ90ｹ0 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 08 6ｧ9070002 06 fi0206 6ｧ802 07 030609fi02000308 040900 07020602 閨0ｹ0 04020907 apple00036ｧ9apple020ｷ30409 020ｷ307 ﾇ070ｷ300 閨070ｷ307 090803060200060607, 000706 閨00apple08030806 04030900 02060402090306 020607 0000apple0803000ｸ70007020ｷ307 (commodity traders) fiapple0ｷ30ｹ0 08 Cargill, apple080ｸ7 006ｧ904 07 0209 6 5070409 02080ｸ70ｹ0 0402060ｹ0 ﾇ09 ﾞ, 000100-036ｧ904030902 07 0400 02000307040206000ｹ0 apple08030ｸ70003070602 閨0ｹ0 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 02 020003000ｸ702 6ｧ9 0403fi0706. 5 ｦ 08 ﾇ070ｷ300 閨0708 ｦﾌ 046ｧ903000608 0ｸ7apple6ｧ8030100 040900 070206026ｧ8 0004026ｧ9 020ｷ307 0002 060300060607 apple08030ｸ700030706-02086ｦ0 0000apple08036ｧ9080ｸ7. ﾇ 03 閨0409 02090ｹ0 ｦﾌ030002 076ｧ9 0ｹ0 0ｷ30ｹ0 090007 閨030306080ｸ7 02fiapple080ｸ7 02090ｹ0 ｦﾌ0608000904 0706026ｧ80ｹ0 6ﾑ8apple 07070402 04090ｹ0 02090ｹ0 00apple 閨0203006 700 07 07 00060403006ｧ9 04020907 080602080708006ｧ9 0000 0208 000ｸ7036ｦ002000308 00010ｷ30200030602fi 0000applefi030608 020807 1908 060607. 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J. C. McManus, 00The Theory of the Multinational Firm03, 040208 G. Paquet (00apple0600. 閨02.), The Multinational Firm and the Nation State (03020807 0906030ｹ0, O0702.: Collier-Macmillan, 1972)01 Peter J. Buckley 02 06 Mark Casson, The Future of the Multinational Enterprise ( 0807 6ｧ90708: Macmillan, 1976)01 J. F. Hennart, A Theory of Multinational Enterprise (A0707 090300apple0803: University of Michigan Press, 1982)01 02080ｸ7 6ｧ9 06080ｸ7, 00The Transactions Cost Theory of the Multinational Enterprise03, 040208 Christos N. Pitelis 02 06 Roger Sugden (00apple0600. 閨02.), The Nature of the Transnational Firm ( 0807-6ｧ90708: Routledge, 1991).

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O Dunning 00apple06046ｧ800 0700 0209 040ｸ707000406ｨBfi00000709 6ｦ0apple 030109 0000apple080306020607 0002 060300060607, 0006 060207 020ｷ307 06 apple0ｷ3-0706020607 0002 060300060607, 030307 apple6ｧ90402000ｸ700, fiapple0ｷ30ｹ0 08 6ｧ9070002 06, fi0206 apple030ｷ302 03040602fi0ｹ0 040208applefi0ｹ0 02080ｸ70ｹ0 6ｧ802 07, applefi 02fi0200, 09 apple030804apple 閨03 0409 0402060ｹ0 apple0909 閨0ｹ0 apple0306020ｷ307 0ｸ7030607. 10 0908030807fi0206 09 026ｦ00306 02070409 02090ｹ0 03000ｷ303090206026ｧ80ｹ0 6 5066 50306080903 086ｧ9 0ｹ0 04040002060207 0000 0209 060003076ｧ8 00apple06040006030900 0206026ｧ8 03070409 006ｧ907 06 07 0ｸ7apple08 000602076ｦ00006 020807 080306 02fi 03fi0308 020ｷ307 0000apple08-0306020607 0002 060300060607 04020907 0000apple08046ｧ8 02080ｸ7 6 50608000904 070602086ｦ0 02 apple0602 03060400086ｦ003, 0806 06 閨000ｹ0 9. John H. Dunning, The Globalization of Business ( 0807 6ｧ90708: Routledge, 1993). ｦ 08 00020300-02020602fi 0003000907000ｸ7020602fi apple03fi020ｸ7apple08 apple080202086ｦ00400 0402 03000307 fi0308 02 06 000009 036ｦ002000308 006ｦ003080ｹ0 0000 0208 apple 閨03 0400 020ｷ307 0002 0002060607. 縺06 0006 000ｸ7036ｦ002000309 0003000907006ｧ9, fi000ｷ30ｹ0, 6 503. John H. Dunning, 00The Eclectic Paradigm as an Envelope for Economic and Business Theories of MNE Activity03, University of Reading, Department of Economics Discussion Papers in International Investment and Management, 02fi00080ｹ0 2 (1998/99), 04. 1-43. 10. J. H. Dunning, Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy ( 縺080ｸ7fi02060904 00: Addison-Wesley, 1992), 020008. 5.

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O Roehl 0ｸ7apple08040209036ｧ9ｨB0006 fi0206 0ｸ7apple070304080ｸ707 0803060400 閨07 020ｸ7apple08apple08060900 閨07 09 0307 02 06 apple03080ｸ8fi0702 apple080ｸ7 000002 08 閨03080702 06 046ｦ0 0907, 0402 08apple086ｧ9 09 0702 0303 096ｧ8 04020907 09080307 006ｧ9-07 06 apple0308020600fi02000309 applefi 020907 00040ｷ30200036ｧ902000ｸ70409, 00apple0006 6ｧ8 0806 00010006 0602000ｸ700 閨070806 0000apple08030602086ｧ9 14. Mark Casson, 00The Organisation and Evolution of the Multinational Enterprise: An Information Cost Approach03, Management International Review, 39 (1999), 04. 77-12101 02080ｸ7 6ｧ9 06080ｸ7, Information and Organisation: A New Perspective on the Theory of the Firm (O0108fi03 09: Clarendon Press, 1997).

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Thomas Roehl, 00A Transactions Cost Approach to International Trading Structures: The Case of the Japanese General Trading Companies03, Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 24 (1983), 04. 119-135. 16. Jean-Fran04ois Hennart 02 06 Georgine M. Kryda, 00Why do Traders Invest in Manufacturing?03, 040208 Jones (00apple0600. 閨02.), The Multinational Traders, 04. 214-216.

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Chandler 08 0700fi020003080ｹ0 閨040006 0ｸ7apple080903 00006ｧ9040006 0209 040900 046ｧ9 020ｷ307 00000907030ｷ307 00apple06040006036ｧ804000ｷ307, 02090ｹ0 090006080ｸ703096ｧ9 0ｹ0 080309 070ｷ30206020607 08000607 02 06 02090ｹ0 00apple 0909000300 0206-026ｧ80ｹ0 06086ｧ9020904090ｹ0. 縺06 020807 Chandler, 0806 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 0806 08apple086ｧ9000ｹ0 閨090607 07 0806 026ｦ003060806 040ｸ700000002 閨04080702000ｹ0 0402080ｸ70ｹ0 020307 080ｸ70ｹ0 02090ｹ0 000002 apple086ｧ90904090ｹ0 apple080ｸ7 07 apple026ｦ004030902 07 applefi 02 02 閨0309 02080ｸ7 19080ｸ7 060607 02 06 00000207 006ｧ907 06 0002006ｧ907000ｹ0 apple080ｸ7 apple03 0900 0208apple086ｧ90904 07 040900 070206-02 閨0ｹ0 00apple0007 6ｦ00400060ｹ0 0400 020300060ｹ0 020800006ｧ90ｹ0: 020907 apple 03 090ｷ3096ｧ8, 0209 06 0708006ｧ8 02 06 020907 0707apple020ｸ7-0109, 040208 02036ｧ904060008, apple0306060008 040207 0608, fi02 07 0806 090803 閨0ｹ0 07 apple026ｦ00404080702 07 0000 09036ｧ809080308 030ｸ70300fi 02 06 0806 07 0ｸ7fi000007000ｹ0 02000407080308096ｧ9000ｹ0 apple030804 閨080003 07 000ｸ702 06036ｧ9000ｹ0 0906 020907 apple08-02fi00060409 08060208070800060607 02036ｧ900 02 0ｹ0 02 06 006ｦ003080ｸ70ｹ0. 20 ﾇ 060003076ｧ80ｹ0 0707apple020ｸ70109 0ｸ7020607 020306-6 5060ｹ0 020ｷ307 00apple06040006036ｧ804000ｷ307 006ｧ907 06 0002006ｧ90709 apple080ｸ7 apple000306090307080002 06 applefi 02060ｹ0 apple030602000ｹ0 03000ｷ3-036ｧ9000ｹ0 02090ｹ0 apple08030ｸ700030706026ｧ80ｹ0 00apple0604006ｧ9030904090ｹ0, 0806 08apple086ｧ9000ｹ0 07 apple026ｦ004030902 07 0209 0002 00026ｧ9 02080ｸ7 1960. 0002 07 0806 06040208030602086ｧ9 020ｷ307 00apple06040006036ｧ804000ｷ307 0703040604 07 07 00010909086ｦ007 020907 06040208036ｧ9 0ｸ7020607 020ｷ307 00apple06040006036ｧ804000ｷ307, 02 0ｸ7apple08 006ｧ90900 02 02080ｸ7 0002030002020602086ｦ0 0003000907000ｸ7020602086ｦ0 apple0308-026ｦ0apple080ｸ7 02 06 02080ｸ7 02fi0402080ｸ70ｹ0 040ｸ707 0303 090607 06 apple0604020603090200, 0ｷ30ｹ0 apple0802 閨03000400, fi0206 006ｧ907 06 04036ｧ8040600. ﾒ 06, 閨020406, 0008 0300fi04020902 07 040ｸ7040707. 21 030402fi0408, fiapple0ｷ30ｹ0 閨040006 apple03 閨0807 apple08 00060403006ｧ9, 0ｸ7apple6ｧ80304 07 02 06 0703030806 026ｦ0apple0806 03 040209-030608apple086ｧ90904090ｹ0 020ｷ307 00apple06040006036ｧ804000ｷ307 0402060ｹ0 06000307006ｧ90ｹ0 00apple06040006030900 020602 閨0ｹ0 000309 046ｧ9000ｹ0 020807 1908 060607 02 06 00000207. O06 000ｸ7030ｷ3apple 0ｸ802 閨0ｹ0 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 040ｸ7040707 040ｸ70700030907ｨB080702 07 0000-02 016ｦ0 02080ｸ70ｹ0 040208 00010ｷ30200030602fi 00 閨04 applefi 0208060708apple03 02020602 閨0ｹ0 0007060400060ｹ0 00apple06040006036ｧ804000ｷ307, 6ｧ8 040ｸ7070002000002 0303006ｦ00400060ｹ0, 02 06 0007 6ｧ802 07 02 03fi03080ｸ7 04 08 閨0ｹ0 07 0006 00apple 閨07 0ｸ70409 000702 04-04fi02 07 04020907 02 02090908036ｧ9 020ｷ307 00apple0007 6ｦ004000ｷ307 04 030208080ｸ703 026ｧ9080ｸ7 6ｧ8 6ｧ802 07 0700000409 00apple 閨07-0ｸ70409 040208 00010ｷ30200030602fi. ｦ 08 04086 5 03fi02000308, fi000ｷ30ｹ0, applefi 020907 07apple086 709 020ｷ307 apple0804080206020607 20. A. D. Chandler, Jnr, Strategy and Structure ( ﾒ 6ｧ900apple030602ｨB, M 04.: MIT Press, 1962)01 02080ｸ7 6ｧ9 06080ｸ7, The Visible Hand ( ﾒ 6ｧ900apple030602ｨB, M 04.: Harvard University Press, 1977)01 02080ｸ7 6ｧ9 06080ｸ7, Scale and Scope ( ﾒ 6ｧ900apple030602ｨB, M 04.: Harvard University Press, 1990). 21. S. Nicholas, 00British Multinational Investment before 193903, Journal of European Economic History, II (1982), 04. 605-63001 02080ｸ7 6ｧ9 06080ｸ7, 00Agency Contracts, Institutional Modes, and the Transition to Foreign Direct Investment by British Manufacturing Multinationals before 193903, Journal of Economic History, 43 (1983), 04. 675-68601 Peter Hertner 02 06 Geoffrey Jones (00apple0600. 閨02.), Multinationals: Theory and History ( 縺0207080ｸ70003: Aldershot, 1986).

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O06 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 0ｸ702 閨0ｹ0, apple080ｸ7 08 03060300fi0ｹ0 02080ｸ70ｹ0, 046ｦ000080ｷ307 0000 00020206-006ｧ80400060ｹ0 02090ｹ0 Wilkins 02 06 0703030ｷ307, 07 閨03040002 06 0400 0406030607 000ｹ0, 6ｧ802 07 02 02 040ｷ303060400 閨07000ｹ0 0400 000902030608 0002 060300060607 040209 ｦﾌ030002 076ｧ9 02 06 006ｧ904 07 0ｷ30ｹ0 040208applefi 0007 060007000309086ｦ007 00apple06-040006030900 020602 閨0ｹ0 03 0402090306fi020902000ｹ0 040208 00010ｷ30200030602fi, apple080303 閨0ｹ0 applefi 02060ｹ0 08apple086ｧ9000ｹ0, 0400 07026ｧ903000409 0000 0208 0000030602 070602fi apple03fi020ｸ7apple08, 0007 apple0308 閨020ｸ76 7 07 applefi 020907 0707apple020ｸ70109 0009-040603060ｷ307 apple 03 090ｷ30906020607 000309 04060607 0ｸ708060402070000070ｷ307 00apple06040006036ｧ804000ｷ307, apple080ｸ7 陦03000ｸ7 07 040209 ｦﾌ030002 076ｧ9 03. 24 ﾞ0309fi020003, 09 Wilkins apple03080603090400 06000307060ｹ0 0006 060003076ｧ8, 040ｸ703-22. J. M. Stopford, 00The Origins of British-Based Multinational Manufacturing Enterprises03, Business History Review, 48 (1974), 04. 303-345. 23. 縺06 0006 0203060206026ｧ8 0002026ｧ900090409 02080ｸ7 000009 閨03080ｸ70ｹ0 020ｷ307 070000040ｷ307 00apple0007 6ｦ004000ｷ307 02090ｹ0 ｦﾌ030002 076ｧ9 0ｹ0 040208 00010ｷ30200030602fi 6 503. T. A. B. Corley, 00Britain ｯs Overseas Investments in 1914 Revisited03, Business History, 36 (1994), 04. 71-88 02 06 Mira Wilkins, 00The Free-Standing Company Revisited03, 040208 Mira Wilkins 02 06 Harm Schroter (00apple0600. 閨02.), The Free-Standing Company in the World Economy, 1830-1996 (O0108fi03 09: Oxford University Press, 1998), 04. 51 040900. 36. 24. Mira Wilkins, 00Defining a Firm: History and Theory03, 040208 Hertner 02 06 Jones (00apple0600.

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1330 ﾞ09O ｦ O086ｾ4 6ﾑ80909O06O086ｾ4 6ｾ4ｦ ｦﾐ6ｾ4 09O 086ﾑ80503ｦﾐ ﾒ6ﾑ86ｾ4 0ｸ7020602086ｦ00ｹ0 08006ｧ903080ｸ70ｹ003 (investment groups). ﾞ07 09070603060400 020306070702 090900020602086ｦ00ｹ0 00apple0007 0ｸ7020602086ｦ00ｹ0 08006ｧ903080ｸ70ｹ0 apple080ｸ7 陦03000ｸ7 07 040209 ｦﾌ030002 076ｧ9 0806 08apple086ｧ90806 03 040209030608apple0806-086ｦ00702 07 apple030607 applefi 0208 1914. O06 fi0006030806 0ｸ702086ｧ9 6ｧ802 07 00010006 0602000ｸ700 閨070806 02 0207 apple00030608-04 閨0ｹ0, 04020907 ﾞ046ｧ9, 0209 02060706026ｧ8 ﾞ00000306026ｧ8, 0209 060ｷ3046ｧ9 02 06 0209 03fi0206 ﾞ080306026ｧ8. O Chapman 0ｸ7apple0804026ｧ803060100 fi0206 09 026ｦ00306 03000602080ｸ703096ｧ9 02080ｸ70ｹ0 6ｧ802 07 04030900 02080806020807080006026ｧ8. 00040007 0ｸ7apple0703040006 02 000607 0008066 508036ｧ9 03, 040ｸ700apple 閨03 0700, 00fi0206 09 00apple0007 0ｸ70206026ｧ8 080007 6ｧ802 07 020ｸ7036ｧ90ｷ30ｹ0 閨07 00 閨0408 0906 0209 06 026ｧ803090409 02090ｹ0 0707apple020ｸ701090ｹ0 02 06 02090ｹ0 0001080ｸ7046ｧ9 0ｹ0 02090ｹ0 08060208-09 閨070006 0ｹ0 (6ｧ8 020ｷ307 0806020809000700060607), apple080ｸ7 040ｸ707000604 閨080003 07 040209 040ｸ709020002030600 閨0709 00apple06040006-030900 0206026ｧ8 03 0402090306fi020902 03. 29 ｦ 08 0707 04006ｧ903 0ｹ0 6 5066 5036ｧ908 00apple06 0606020006 07 08000903006ｧ9, 030307 02 06 07 0300000003060ｷ303006ｧ9, 0400 閨07070806000ｹ0 02 06 0ｸ7apple0803 閨0400060ｹ0 apple080ｸ7 07 apple026ｦ004030902 07 applefi 0209 Mira Wilkins 02 06 020807 Stanley Chapman. 030402fi0408, apple 03 00 閨070006 0709070ｷ3040208 applefi04000ｹ0 00080007 000ｹ0 00apple06040006036ｧ8-04000ｷ30703 6ｧ8 applefi040806 0000apple0007 0ｸ7020602086ｧ9 fi000603080603 0ｸ7apple070304080ｸ707. O06 Turrell 02 06 van Helten 閨04080ｸ707 0ｸ7apple08040209036ｧ9010006, apple 03 006ｧ90900 02080ｹ0 0407030607, fi0206 09 閨07070806 apple080ｸ7 0006040909006ｧ902 06 08 Chapman 04020003006ｧ902 06 04 086ｧ8070006 0ｹ0, 00 0800 閨07080ｸ7 fi0206 04030904060008apple0806006ｧ9 020807 6ｧ9 0608 fi0308 02fi0408 0906 0000applefi03080ｸ70ｹ0 fi0408 02 06 0906 000002 0303000ｸ7020602086ｦ00ｹ0 08006ｧ903080ｸ70ｹ0 02090ｹ0 03fi0206 0ｹ0 ﾞ080306-026ｧ80ｹ0. 30 ﾞ0408 03060ｹ0, 0208 閨030908 02090ｹ0 07 090706030604090ｹ0 020ｷ307 0000apple0007 0ｸ70206020607 08006ｧ9030ｷ30703 02 06 0000apple06040006030900 0206020607 080007 0ｷ30703 0007 6ｧ802 07 06 06 6ｧ9020003 006ｦ002080308, 00 0800 閨07080ｸ7 fi0206 006ｧ904 07 000703030807 070008030808 04 03 02026ｧ803 0000 06 apple0003 0207 fi0306, 02 06 apple080303 閨0ｹ0 applefi 02060ｹ0 06 000803-08060400060ｹ0 0ｸ702 閨0ｹ0 閨0000030300 07 0001 08 07060402086ｦ007 040209 06 0308006ｧ8 02080ｸ7 20086ｦ0 060607. O06 0006-0602086ｧ9 02090ｹ0 apple0003060800030006 026ｧ80ｹ0 0707apple020ｸ701090ｹ0 apple030804apple 03086ｦ007 020603 07 00070208apple6ｧ904080ｸ707 apple00-03060404fi020003080ｸ70ｹ0 6 5030002 070602086ｦ00ｹ0 0000apple0007 0ｸ7020602086ｦ00ｹ0 08006ｧ903080ｸ70ｹ003 applefi 0002006ｧ907080ｸ70ｹ0 apple080ｸ7 6 5036ｧ80200 08 Chapman. 31 ﾇ 080603080308096ｧ9 0ｸ7026ｧ8 03 閨020006, 00apple6ｧ904090ｹ0, 00030ｷ3026ｧ800 02 04040002060207 0000 02060ｹ0 0907060400060ｹ0 02 06 02060ｹ0 0602 07fi020902000ｹ0 020ｷ307 0000apple080306020607 0002 060300060607. 6ｾ4020907 030406026ｧ8 000309 046ｧ9 02090ｹ0 0906 02060ｹ0 0ｸ702fi070800000ｹ0 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0, 09 Wilkins 0ｸ7apple080903070000060400 020907 閨030300066 709 06080602090206020607 060003 0304060607 02 06 0ｸ7apple0804026ｧ803060100 fi0206 6ｧ802 07 02 02 0602 0400 閨07000ｹ0 07 0001 08 07060402086ｦ007 00-0203080403fi0706, 02 06 00apple06046ｧ800 0700, apple03070900 0206, fi0206, 0400 000009070308 6 5 0300fi, 0806 00 閨03000ｹ0 02080ｸ70ｹ0 006ｧ904 07 020003000606040006 6ｧ8 09 applefi 0208 1914. 32 ﾇ 07apple086 709 0ｸ7026ｧ8 02 6ｧ90306 ｨB00 02 閨030006 0000 0208 0ｸ7applefi- 00060900 0208 08apple086ｧ908 apple03fi0200060700 08 Alfred D. Chandler 0906 07 000109096ｧ8040006 0906 026ｧ9 09 ｦﾌ0300-02 076ｧ9 02 030ｸ704020003086ｦ00400 0400 046ｦ0090203060409 0000 02060ｹ0 ﾇ070ｷ300 閨07000ｹ0 0908030602006ｧ9000ｹ0 04020907 0707apple020ｸ70109 020ｷ307 07 閨0ｷ307 6 50608000904 0706020607 020307 0ｷ307 閨0702 04090ｹ0 020008 03 6ｧ9080ｸ7 0402 02 閨0309 02080ｸ7 19080ｸ7 0606-29. Stanley Chapman, 00British-Based Investment Groups before 191403, Economic History Review, 38 (1985), 04. 24301 Chapman, Merchant Enterprise. 30. R. Turrell 02 06 Jean Jacques van Helten, 00The Investment Group: The Missing Link in British Overseas Expansion before 191403, Economic History Review, 40 (1987), 04. 267-27401 Stanley Chapman, 00Investment Groups in India and South Africa03, Economic History Review, 40 (1987), 04. 275-280. 31. Chapman, Merchant Enterprise, 04. 254-25601 Charles Jones, 00Institutional Forms of British Foreign Direct Investment in South America03, Business History, 39 (1997), 04. 21-41. 32. Wilkins, 00The Free-Standing Company03.

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O06 6 5030002 070602 閨0ｹ0 020307apple00ｨB000ｹ0 閨02 07 07 000009 036ｦ002000309 04036ｧ80409 020ｷ307 000003fi 0ｷ307 020806070ｷ30706-0208apple086ｧ90904090ｹ0 apple 0307 02090ｹ0 0903 080006080203 026ｧ9 0ｹ0 0906 07 0003 閨0901080ｸ707 02080ｸ70ｹ0 01 閨07080ｸ70ｹ0 06000ｸ7030ｸ7-33. Chandler, Scale and Scope. 34. Chapman, Merchant Enterprise, 04. 292, 309. 35. Mark Casson, 00Institutional Diversity in Overseas Enterprise: Explaining the Free- Standing Company03, Business History, 36 (1994), 04. 95-108.

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Jones, British Multinational Banking, 04. 73-74, 423 02. 00apple. 41. A. J. Arnold, 00 ｰPublishing Your Private Affairs to the World ｱ: Corporate Financial Disclosures in the U.K. 1900-192403, Accounting, Business and Financial History, 7 (1997).

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