131 6ﾑ800apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 040209 03000ｷ3036ｧ9 02 06 020907 06040208036ｧ9 1.1 05 閨00 02 ﾇ 0001 閨03060109, 08 03fi03080ｹ0 02 06 09 03000ｷ3036ｧ9 02090ｹ0 06000307086ｦ00ｹ0 00apple06040006030900 0206026ｧ80ｹ0 03 0402090306fi- 020902 0ｹ0 04020807 020800 陦 020ｷ307 0ｸ7apple09030004060607 0001 020803080ｸ703086ｦ007 07 000907 閨04080ｸ707 07 apple020ｸ70403006ｧ9 00apple 0302060ｹ0 0400 046ｦ0090203060409 0000 020907 apple03080408046ｧ8 apple080ｸ7 閨040006 0803006ｧ9 040209 000002 apple086ｧ9090409. ｦ 08 0900090807fi0ｹ0 0ｸ702fi 0702 07 020307, 0007 00 閨030006, 0209 040900 046ｧ9 apple080ｸ7 006ｧ90400 09 000002 apple086ｧ9090409 04020907 apple 0902fi040006 080602080708006ｧ9 00000207 020807 ｦﾌ07 09 0902fi04000608 09fi03000008, fi02 07 07 apple026ｦ004030902 07 0906 apple03060209 08080307 0806 03000ｷ3036ｧ9000ｹ0 apple080ｸ7 00010909086ｦ004 07 020907 00apple08030ｸ700030706026ｧ8 00apple0604006ｧ90309040903 02 06 fi02 07 0806 06040208030602086ｧ9 006ｧ904 07 03046ｧ9040006 07 0003000ｸ707086ｦ007 02060ｹ0 apple 0304 閨0ｹ0 02090ｹ0. 030402fi0408, 09 0004026ｧ9 0409 040209 000002 apple086ｧ9090409 0808000603fi02 07, 02 0207 閨07 00 閨03080ｹ0, 02 06 040208 0900090807fi0ｹ0 fi0206 08 0407030ｸ76 5 0ｹ0 02 06 0806 09030002020308070602086ｧ9 0ｸ7apple08030809060402 閨0ｹ0 006ｧ907 06 09 0307 apple08036ｦ0 apple0003060404fi02000308 apple0207 applefi 02060ｹ0 0ｸ7apple090300046ｧ9000ｹ0. 6ｾ402060ｹ0 0304 閨0ｹ0 02080ｸ7 21080ｸ7 060607, fi000ｷ30ｹ0, 0806 0ｸ7apple090300046ｧ9000ｹ0 ｨC04030900 0208 fi02090409, 0000applefi030608 02 06 06 0708006ｧ8, 00apple06020806070ｷ3076ｧ9000ｹ0 02 06 apple080303 閨0ｹ0 070303000ｹ0ｨC 006ｧ9-07 06 0002006ｧ907000ｹ0 apple080ｸ7 fi0406 00fi070807 apple08020003086ｦ007 02o 000009 036ｦ002000308 040ｸ70402 020602fi 0402080604006ｧ908 020ｷ307 01 閨070ｷ307 070000040ｷ307 00apple0007 6ｦ004000ｷ307 (foreign direst investment) 040208 046ｦ007080308 02090ｹ0 apple - 0902fi040006 0ｹ0 080602080708006ｧ9 0ｹ0, 030307 02 06 0208 apple0608 0ｸ707 000602fi. ｦ 08 0707 04006ｧ903 0ｹ0 6 5066 5036ｧ908 0007 06 08 閨030002 06 0906 020907 0001 閨03060109 0006 0ｹ0 040900 070206026ｧ80ｹ0 040ｸ7-070604020604 0ｹ0 02090ｹ0 06000307086ｦ00ｹ0 00apple06040006030900 0206026ｧ80ｹ0 03 0402090306fi020902 0ｹ0 04020807 020800 陦 020ｷ307 0ｸ7apple09030004060607 ｨC 020ｷ307 apple08030ｸ700030706020607 0000apple080306020607 0002 060300060607. O06 apple08030ｸ70003070602 閨0ｹ0 0000apple08-030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 00apple0803086ｦ007 07 0803060402086ｦ007 0ｷ30ｹ0 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 apple080ｸ7 07 03 006 50707080ｸ707 03fi0308 0000apple080306026ｧ80ｹ0 06 0000040803076 50904090ｹ0 (trade intermediation) 000002 016ｦ0 040ｷ3030607, 000706 閨04080ｸ707 apple000306080ｸ70406 0207 0402080604006ｧ9 0400 apple0003060404fi020003000ｹ0 applefi 006ｧ9 040603000ｹ0. 6ｾ4020907 apple0307-0109, 0806 000000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ003 006ｧ907 06 apple08036ｦ0 0700080308000ｹ0 02 06 09 02 0ｸ702fi02090207 02080ｸ70ｹ0 0007 apple030804 0608036ｧ9ｨB0002 06 apple070702080200 006ｦ0020803, 0906 apple080303086ｦ00ｹ0 03fi09080ｸ70ｹ0. 6ｾ40ｸ7040707 04040803086ｦ00702 06 0000 020907 apple 0308046ｧ8 04030900 02080806020807080006020607 02 06 000002 08080306020607 0ｸ7apple09030004060607, 02 06 00apple08-03006ｧ9 07 006ｧ907 06 020003006ｧ90ｷ30ｹ0 0ｸ703 6ｧ903000208 07 02 01060708000903006ｧ9 0006 0002 0603006ｧ9 0ｷ30ｹ0 0000apple080306026ｧ8 6ｧ8 02070206 07030308, fiapple0ｷ30ｹ0, 03fi09080ｸ7 0407030607, 0000apple080306026ｧ8 020307apple00ｨB 00apple0007 6ｦ004000ｷ307 (merchant bank) 6ｧ8 07 0ｸ702060306 026ｧ8 0002 0603006ｧ9. 6ﾑ8apple06apple03 閨0807, 06 020306020602fi 09070603060400 020ｷ307 0000apple080306-020607 0002 060300060607 0400 fi0308 020807 02fi040008 006ｧ907 06 09 02070409 02080ｸ70ｹ0 07 03 040209030608apple0806086ｦ00702 06 02fi0408 0400 040ｸ707 08006ｧ90ｹ0 fi0408 02 06 0400 0704040002000ｹ0 03 0402090306fi020902000ｹ0. 03020406, apple080303 閨0ｹ0 0002 03-03 閨0ｹ003 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 000002 0203 鐶pple080702 06, 0000 020907 apple070308 08 02080ｸ7 0403fi07080ｸ7, 0400
1316 ﾞ09O ｦ O086ｾ4 6ﾑ80909O06O086ｾ4 6ｾ4ｦ ｦﾐ6ｾ4 09O 086ﾑ80503ｦﾐ ﾒ6ﾑ86ｾ4 000ｸ76 50306 0602 閨0ｹ003 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 02 06, 0000030602 閨0ｹ0 080803 閨0ｹ0, 000100036ｧ90404080702 06 apple0003 0602-030ｷ3 0400 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 apple0002030003 6ｧ9080ｸ7, 04090006020607 6ｧ8 0400 070303080ｸ70ｹ0 026ｦ0apple080ｸ70ｹ0 00apple0604006ｧ9030904090ｹ0. 1 ﾞ0702060000020ｷ3apple6ｧ9ｨB080ｸ70000, 00apple6ｧ904090ｹ0, 040900 0702060207 apple03086 5036ｧ800 02 0803060400086ｦ0, apple080ｸ7 07 026ｦ0- apple02080ｸ707 applefi 02060ｹ0 040900 07020602 閨0ｹ0 06 080803 閨0ｹ0 03000602080ｸ703096ｧ9 0ｹ0 000002 016ｦ0 0000apple080306020607 0002 06030006-0607. 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O06 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 0900070602086ｦ0 0000apple08036ｧ9080ｸ7 040ｸ707 0ｸ707ｨB080ｸ707 02fi- 0408 apple0003060800030006 0207 fi0408 02 06 0006 060207 0000 0208 apple03080ｸ8fi07 04 03 02020903060402060207, 02 08apple086ｧ9 02080ｸ70ｹ0 00apple060203 鐶pple080ｸ707 07 0000apple0803006ｦ0080702 06 apple08030307 apple03080ｸ8fi0702 0400 apple080303 閨0ｹ0 apple0003060804 閨0ｹ0. ｦﾐ04020803060207, 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 閨04080ｸ707 000002 6 507030006 03000602080ｸ703096ｧ9 00 閨04 0402060ｹ0 02 02090908036ｧ9000ｹ0 0ｸ702 閨0ｹ0. ﾇ 0000apple080306026ｧ8 06 0000040803076 5090409 00apple0803006ｧ9 07 0600070003090903006ｧ9 006ｧ90200 applefi 00000407ｨB08-0702000ｹ0 ｨCapple080ｸ7 0007 apple080202086ｦ007 020907 020ｸ70306fi020902 02080ｸ7 apple03080ｸ8fi0702080ｹ0 0208 08apple086ｧ908 0000apple0803006ｦ008-0702 06ｨC 006ｧ90200 applefi 000002 apple030702000ｹ0. 030402fi0408, 00apple0803086ｦ007 07 096ｧ907080ｸ707 02 06 070303000ｹ0 02 02090908-030608apple08066ｧ80400060ｹ0 000002 016ｦ0 020ｷ307 0000apple080306020607 0002 060300060607, fiapple0ｷ30ｹ0 000002 016ｦ0 0002006ｧ9070ｷ307 apple080ｸ7 006ｧ9-07 06 0ｸ70208020003006ｧ90ｹ0 080702fi020902000ｹ0 02 06 0002006ｧ9070ｷ307 apple080ｸ7 006ｧ907 06 apple03060ｹ0 030ｸ709 02030602 閨0ｹ0 00apple06040006036ｧ8-0400060ｹ0, 6ｧ8 apple08020003086ｦ007 02006ｧ800 02 6 50608000904 0706020607 00apple06040006036ｧ804000ｷ307 6ｧ8 00apple06040006036ｧ804000ｷ307 0002-000002070303000ｸ704090ｹ0 080ｸ70406020607 applefi030ｷ307 (resource firms), fiapple0ｷ30ｹ0 0806 maker-shosha 2 apple080ｸ7 06 036ｦ0030902 07 applefi 06 apple0ｷ3070602 閨0ｹ0 6 50608000904 070602 閨0ｹ0 apple08030ｸ70003070602 閨0ｹ0 02 020003000ｸ702 6ｧ9 0403fi0706. 0908030807fi0206 006ｧ907 06 6ｦ00402080308 07 0803006ｧ9 08 0803060400fi0ｹ0 02080ｸ70ｹ0, 0806 apple08030ｸ70003070602 閨0ｹ0 0000apple08-030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 6ｧ802 07 02 06 apple 03 00 閨07080ｸ707 040900 07020602 閨0ｹ0 0402060ｹ0 06000307006ｧ90ｹ0 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0. ﾇ 0000apple080306026ｧ8 00apple0604006ｧ903090409 (merchant enterprise), apple080ｸ7 0000apple0803000ｸ7fi02 07 09 0307 02 06 0ｸ7apple090300046ｧ9000ｹ0 000002 016ｦ0 0208060708026ｧ8020ｷ307, 006ｧ907 06 09 0304 06fi02000309 000803086ｧ8 06000307086ｦ00ｹ0 00apple06040006-030900 0206026ｧ80ｹ0 030704090ｹ0. 0903070900 0206, 0806 apple 0304 閨0ｹ0 02090ｹ0 070709080702 06 0400 0006 00apple08046ｧ8 apple080ｸ7 apple 閨040006 0406030607 000ｹ0 0403fi0706 applefi 0209 040900000306076ｧ8. 090002 016ｦ0 16080ｸ7 02 06 17080ｸ7 060607, 0000-090703000ｹ0 080308020309030ｷ300 閨07000ｹ0 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 09070ｷ30402 閨0ｹ0 0ｷ30ｹ0 00apple030807080006086ｦ004000ｹ0 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ003 (chartered trading companies) 060007000309086ｦ004 07 0000applefi030608 000002 016ｦ0 6ﾑ80ｸ7-0306apple090ｹ0 02 06 02080ｸ7 0ｸ7applefi030806apple080ｸ7 02fi0400080ｸ7, 040209 6 5070409 0203 0206020607 00080708apple0ｷ30306 020607 040ｸ700-6 50704000ｷ307. ﾇ ﾞ09090306026ｧ8 02 06 09 O0303 07 06026ｧ8 6ﾑ802 0603006ｧ9 ﾞ07 02080306020607 ｦﾐ07 060607 (English East India Company 02 06 Dutch East India Company), 02 06 09 6ﾑ802 0603006ｧ9 02080ｸ7 ﾒfi03apple080ｸ7 01070702040807 (Hudson ｯs Bay Company) 03000ｷ303086ｦ00702 06 applefi 0803060400 閨07080ｸ70ｹ0 0ｷ30ｹ0 0806 apple030602000ｹ0 00046ｦ00904030807000ｹ003 apple08030ｸ70003070602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0. 3 O06 000ｸ7030ｷ3apple 0ｸ802 閨0ｹ0 apple030807080006086ｦ0-1. Mark Casson, 00The Economic Analysis of Multinational Trading Companies03, 040208 Geoffrey Jones (00apple0600. 閨02.), The Multinational Traders ( 0807 6ｧ90708: Routledge, 1998), 04. 22-47. 2. (6ｾ4.02.09.) Maker shosha 0807080007ｨB0002 06 04020907 ｦﾐ apple0ｷ3076ｧ9 0006 0000apple080306026ｧ8 0002 0603006ｧ9 09 08apple086ｧ9 006ｧ907 06 040ｸ707 00 0000 閨0709 0000 閨07 07 apple 03 090ｷ309fi, 040ｸ7040707 00 閨04 0400 閨07 07 fi00060308 keiretsu. 3. ﾇ 080603080308096ｧ9 0906 02060ｹ0 apple030807080006086ｦ004000ｹ0 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 006ｧ907 06 0302000207 000009070309. 縺06 02060ｹ0 020003000ｸ702 6ｧ9000ｹ0 0002 00026ｧ9000ｹ0, 6 503. A. M. Carlos 02 06 S. Nicholas, 00 ｰGiants of an Earlier Capitalism ｱ: The Chartered Trading Companies as Modern Multinationals03, Business History Review, 62 (1988), 04. 398-41901 S. R. H. Jones 02 06 S. P. Ville, 00Efficient Transactions or Rent-Seeking Monopolists? The Rationale for Early Chartered Trading Companies03, Journal of Economic History, 56 (1996), 04. 818-915.
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O06 apple08030ｸ70003070602 閨0ｹ0 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 (merchant firms) 6ｧ8 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 (trading companies), apple080ｸ7 0703040604 07 07 07 apple026ｦ00404080702 06 6ｧ8 09 applefi 020807 1808 060607 02 06 07 07 03 006 50707080ｸ707 0209 060007 閨03-090006 00 閨03080ｸ70ｹ0 02080ｸ7 02000307040206080ｸ7 00010ｷ30200030602086ｦ0 0000apple08036ｧ9080ｸ7 02090ｹ0 ｦﾌ030002 076ｧ9 0ｹ0, 02 06 0806 08apple086ｧ9-000ｹ0 apple0802 閨030004 07 0208 apple03fi020ｸ7apple08 02090ｹ0 apple030602090ｹ0 09000706070ｹ0 06 apple0ｷ30706020607 0000apple080306020607 0002 06-0300060607, 006ｧ907 06 0208 02000702030602fi 03 閨00 02090ｹ0 apple 03086ｦ004 0ｹ0 000003 閨02090ｹ0. ﾞ07 02 06 閨04080ｸ707 00000300020903006ｧ9 030609fi02000308 applefi 02060ｹ0 06 apple0ｷ3070602 閨0ｹ0 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 0900070602086ｦ0 0000apple08036ｧ9080ｸ7 (sogo shosha), 0806 6 5030002 070602 閨0ｹ0 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 006ｧ907 06 0001 06030002060207 0007 06 08 閨03080ｸ7-04000ｹ0 0906 apple080303086ｦ00ｹ0 03fi09080ｸ70ｹ0. ﾞ0408 03060ｹ0, apple030607 applefi 02 0403fi0706 02080ｸ7 00000408apple0803 閨00080ｸ7 ｨC02 06, 0400 0207apple0806 閨0202 0409, apple08036ｦ0 apple 03 06fi020003 ｨC 0ｸ7apple6ｧ80301 07 040900 07020602 閨0ｹ0 02fi0408 0ｷ30ｹ0 080803006ｧ90ｹ0 06 0000040803076 50904090ｹ0 040208 0000applefi030608 fi0408 02 06 0ｷ30ｹ0 090ｷ309086ｧ9 020ｷ307 6 5030002 0706020607 070000040ｷ307 00apple0007 6ｦ004000ｷ307 040208 00010ｷ30200030602fi. 6ﾑ80707080608030809060207, 0806 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 apple 03080ｸ7040607ｨB080ｸ707 0001 060300020602fi 0007 06 08 閨030807, 00apple0006 6ｧ8 apple080303 閨0ｹ0 applefi 0ｸ702 閨0ｹ0 6ｧ802 07 080309-070ｷ300 閨07000ｹ0 02 06 06000ｸ7036ｦ007080702 07 0000 apple08036ｦ0 06 08080300020602086ｦ00ｹ0 0203fiapple080ｸ70ｹ0 0400 046ｦ0090203060409 0000 02060ｹ0 6 50608000904 070602 閨0ｹ0 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0. 6ﾑ8apple6ｧ904090ｹ0, apple080303 閨0ｹ0 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 apple08-006ｧ904030902 07 apple08036ｦ0 07030002020602 閨0ｹ0 02 06 閨04080ｸ707 00apple066 50606040006 00 閨040306 046ｧ8000003. ﾇ 000003 閨0209, 00apple0800 閨070ｷ30ｹ0, 0ｸ7020607 020ｷ307 0000apple080306020607 0002 060300060607 00apple0803006ｧ9 07 00 0ｹ0 00apple060203 閨6 70006 07 02-02 07086ｧ804080ｸ70000 6 5 036ｦ0020003 0006 000803086ｧ8 06000307086ｦ00ｹ0 00apple06040006030900 0206026ｧ80ｹ0 03 0402090306fi0209-02 0ｹ0 apple080ｸ7 閨040006 00030704060402 02 02 07080903006ｧ9. 4. 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1318 ﾞ09O ｦ O086ｾ4 6ﾑ80909O06O086ｾ4 6ｾ4ｦ ｦﾐ6ｾ4 09O 086ﾑ80503ｦﾐ ﾒ6ﾑ86ｾ4 ｦ 08 apple 03fi07 6 5066 5036ｧ908 閨040006 020300060ｹ0 026ｦ00306080ｸ70ｹ0 0402fi04080ｸ70ｹ0. O apple030602080ｹ0 006ｧ907 06 07 02 02 006ｧ9-010006 06 04030807060207 02060ｹ0 06 0402070400060ｹ0, 02060ｹ0 03000602080ｸ703096ｧ9000ｹ0 02 06 0209 03080906026ｧ8 020ｷ307 apple08030ｸ700030706-020607 0000apple080306020607 0002 060300060607 apple080ｸ7 陦03000ｸ7 07 040209 ｦﾌ030002 076ｧ9. ﾞ07 ｨB0902006ｧ902 06 09 02 02-090ｷ3096ｧ8 02080ｸ70ｹ0 04020807 1808 02 06 020807 1908 060607, 07 02 06 0208 000009070308 00 閨03080ｹ0 02090ｹ0 07 陦 0ｹ0 閨03000ｸ707 0ｹ0 07 08 閨030002 06 04020807 20fi 060607. 6 0903070900 0206, 閨07 02000702030602fi 00apple0604006ｧ9030900 006ｧ907 06 fi0206 fi0406 00fi070807 0806 6 5030002 070602 閨0ｹ0 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 0007 鐶pple 6 7 07 07 07 - apple026ｦ00404080702 06 ｨC6ｧ8 07 006ｧ907 06 040900 07020602 閨0ｹ0ｨC 020907 00apple08046ｧ8 02080ｸ7 ﾞ07 09 09020804006ｧ9080ｸ7 090803-00080ｸ7, 030307 09 0001 閨0306016ｧ8 02080ｸ70ｹ0 040ｸ70700046ｧ9ｨB0002 06 00 閨040306 046ｧ8000003. O 006ｦ0020003080ｹ0 0402fi04080ｹ0 02080ｸ7 6 5066 5036ｧ9080ｸ7 006ｧ907 06 07 0001000207040006 02060ｹ0 00apple06040006030900 020602 閨0ｹ0 040203 0209090602 閨0ｹ0 020ｷ307 6 5030002 0706020607 0000apple080306020607 0002 060300060607 06 04030807060207. ｦﾐ 06 6ｧ9020003, 00apple06 0606020006 07 apple030804 0608036ｧ9040006 02060ｹ0 040ｸ707036ｧ802000ｹ0 0ｸ7applefi 02060ｹ0 08apple086ｧ9000ｹ0 0806 6 5030002 070602 閨0ｹ0 0000apple08-030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 apple03080406030904 07 04020907 020703000209 08030802036ｧ8030ｷ30409 02 06 0209 06 08080308apple086ｧ909-0409, 030307 02 06 02060ｹ0 040ｸ707 鐶pple0006000ｹ0 0ｸ7020607 020ｷ307 040203 02090906020607. ﾇ 0001000306020206026ｧ8 apple030804 閨090906-0409 apple080ｸ7 0ｸ70608030002006ｧ902 06 00 06 00 0ｹ0 00apple060203 鐶pple0006 07 000100020704080ｸ70000 0ｸ7026ｧ8 0209 06 0602 046ｧ9 0000apple 076ｧ9 030ｸ704090ｹ003 (reinvention) 0400 閨07 07 00 0203080403fi070608 08036ｧ9ｨB080702. O 02036ｧ902080ｹ0 0402fi04080ｹ0 00 0ｹ0 040208 6 5066 5036ｧ908 006ｧ907 06 07 00apple060409000707080ｸ70000 0209 086ｦ00409 020ｷ307 06-0203060206020607 0602 0708026ｧ8020ｷ307 6ｧ8 0ｸ707 0208026ｧ8020ｷ307 applefi 02060ｹ0 08apple086ｧ9000ｹ0 0806 6 5030002 070602 閨0ｹ0 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 070702030904 07 040ｸ70902030602060207 apple030008070002026ｧ800 02, apple080ｸ7 02080ｸ70ｹ0 00apple 閨0203006 7 07 07 030006-02080ｸ70309086ｦ007 02 06, 0400 03020002 閨0ｹ0 apple000306apple02060400060ｹ0, 07 00apple066 5060607080ｸ707 0400 閨07 07 02fi040008 apple080ｸ7 070303 ｨB00 0306ｨB060207 02 06 040ｸ7090203080706ｨBfi02 07 applefi 0604040ｸ703086ｦ00ｹ0 0203 0400086ｦ00ｹ0 040209 06 0308006ｧ8 02080ｸ7 0403fi07080ｸ7. ﾇ 06 0602 046ｧ9 02090ｹ0 06 08080308apple086ｧ90904090ｹ0 apple 036ｧ809 0900 046ｦ007030002000ｹ0 06000307006ｧ90ｹ0 00apple06040006030900 020602 閨0ｹ0 03070400060ｹ0. ｦ 08 06000307 閨0ｹ0 0000applefi030608 040ｸ70708 006ｦ00002 06 applefi 020607 6ｦ007080ｸ70ｹ0, 02 06 0208 閨030908 02090ｹ0 06 04006ｧ9030604090ｹ0 020ｷ307 06 08080308apple08060900 閨070ｷ307 00apple06040006030900 0206020607 03-040209030608026ｧ8020ｷ307 apple080ｸ7 07 apple026ｦ00404080702 06 000002 016ｦ0 040ｷ3030607 006ｧ907 06 apple00036ｧ9apple03080208. 09 0307 02 6ｦ002, 0003070406040209 apple03080408046ｧ8 閨040006 0803006ｧ9 0402060ｹ0 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 02fi0408 040209 03000ｷ3036ｧ9 02090ｹ0 00apple0604006ｧ9030904090ｹ0 02 06 02090ｹ0 apple08030ｸ700030706026ｧ80ｹ0 00apple06040006030900 0206026ｧ80ｹ0 03 040209-0306fi020902 0ｹ0 fi0408 02 06 04020907 06040208036ｧ9 02090ｹ0 06000307086ｦ00ｹ0 00apple06040006030900 0206026ｧ80ｹ0 030704090ｹ0. 6ｾ402060ｹ0 6ｦ008 00applefi000007000ｹ0 0007fi020902000ｹ0 03 00apple06040208apple6ｧ804080ｸ70000 040ｸ70708apple02060207 02060ｹ0 040ｸ707 08006ｧ90ｹ0 閨07070806000ｹ0 040209 03000ｷ3036ｧ9 02 06 020907 06040208036ｧ9 02 06 0209 03 閨0409 020ｷ307 0000apple080306020607 0002 060300060607 040209 0404000206-026ｧ8 6 5066 50306080903 086ｧ9. 6ｾ4020907 020003000ｸ702 6ｧ9 0007fi020902 02080ｸ7 apple 03fi0702080ｹ0 020008 03 6ｧ9080ｸ7 apple000306-090307080002 06 09 00000308 080308096ｧ9 apple080ｸ7 04030904060008apple0806006ｧ902 06 040208 0707 04006ｧ903 0ｹ0 6 5066 5036ｧ908. 1.2 05000ｷ3036ｧ9 ｦ 0707 04006ｧ903 0ｹ0 6 5066 5036ｧ908 03 04020903060403006ｧ9 0400 閨07070806000ｹ0 apple080ｸ7 070203086ｦ00702 06 applefi 02060ｹ0 03000ｷ3-036ｧ9000ｹ0 02090ｹ0 00apple0604006ｧ9030904090ｹ0 02 06 02090ｹ0 apple08030ｸ700030706026ｧ80ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9 0ｹ0, 0806 08apple086ｧ9000ｹ0, fi000ｷ30ｹ0, 0003070406-6. 0304080ｸ70000 0000030602 閨0ｹ0 0001 060300020602 閨0ｹ0 000003 閨02000ｹ0 02090ｹ0 apple 03 06fi020003090ｹ0 06040208036ｧ9 0ｹ0 020ｷ307 6 5030002 070607 0000applefi- 030ｷ307 040208 00010ｷ30200030602fi, 06 06 6ｧ9020003 02080ｸ7 Stanley Chapman, Merchant Enterprise in Britain ( ﾒ 6ｧ9-00apple030602ｨB: Cambridge University Press, 1992) 02 06 02080ｸ7 Charles A. Jones, International Business in the Nineteenth Century (09apple030706020807: Wheatsheaf, 1987).
136ﾑ80909O06ｦﾐ ﾒ6ﾑ86ｾ4 6ﾑ8ｦ ﾞｦﾐ066ﾑ8ｦﾐ6ﾑ86ｾ4 6ｾ4ｦ ﾇ 056ﾑ80306ｦﾐ ﾞ ﾒ ﾞｦﾐ ｦ ﾇ03 ｦﾐ6ｾ4ｦ O06ｦﾐ ﾞ 19 0402 006ｧ904 07 07 apple080ｸ707 00 閨040306 apple03fi0408 02 0906 02060ｹ0 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0. 0903070900 0206, 09 09000706026ｧ8 02070409 02080ｸ70ｹ0 020807 20fi 060607 6ｧ802 07 07 apple03086 503 鐶pple080ｸ707 0208 030707 0208 02090ｹ0 00apple0604006ｧ9-030904090ｹ0 0ｸ702086ｦ0 02080ｸ7 026ｦ0apple080ｸ7. 6ｾ40209 0700080203 0406026ｧ8 0806020807080006026ｧ8 03000ｷ3036ｧ9, 0208 0000applefi030608 02 02 閨040006 020007020306026ｧ8 03 閨0409 0ｷ30ｹ0 040900 070206026ｧ8 apple09096ｧ8 020003 0607 apple08 08020602fi020902 0ｹ0, 07 02 06 0806 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 0007 06 03 00 026ｧ9ｨB080ｸ707 02 07 閨07 03fi0308 0400 fi0309 0ｸ7026ｧ8 020907 06040208036ｧ9. ﾇ 0ｸ7apple08026ｧ900090409 0ｸ7-026ｧ8 02080ｸ7 03fi03080ｸ7 020ｷ307 0000apple080306020607 0002 060300060607 0702 07 020307 0208 fi0206 0900070602fi020003 0806 00apple06-040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 0702060000020ｷ3apple6ｧ9ｨB080702 06 0ｷ30ｹ0 0000 6ｦ003 02080ｸ702060703, 02 03060ｹ0 02 06 0209 086ｦ00409 020ｷ307 0ｸ7apple0803 閨04000ｷ307 apple07070ｷ3 0402060ｹ0 08apple086ｧ9000ｹ0 0800006ｧ902 06 09 apple 03 080406 026ｧ8 03000ｷ3036ｧ9. 040007 0ｸ7apple0703040006 040603080ｹ0 0906 080803006ｧ90ｹ0 06 0000040803076 50904090ｹ0 040208 0000applefi030608 0400 閨07 07 02fi040008 02 閨030006 0ｹ0 apple0309-030808fi030904090ｹ0 02 06 0008 030008096ｧ80ｹ0 020ｷ307 07fi000ｷ307. ﾇ 03000ｷ3036ｧ9 02080ｸ7 02fi0402080ｸ70ｹ0 040ｸ707 0303 090607 apple03080408 閨030006 0006 0300 030604020602fi02000309 00030009-07006ｧ9 02090ｹ0 0707apple020ｸ701090ｹ0 020ｷ307 00apple06040006036ｧ804000ｷ307. ﾇ 03000ｷ3036ｧ9 0ｸ7026ｧ8, apple080ｸ7 0002apple090907ｨB0006 applefi 020907 apple030ｷ30208applefi0308 000309 046ｧ9 02080ｸ7 Coase 02 06 閨040006 0000apple03080ｸ702060402006ｧ9 applefi 020807 Oliver Williamson 02 06 070303080ｸ70ｹ0, 0ｸ7apple08040209036ｧ9ｨB0006 fi0206 0806 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 02 06 0806 090803 閨0ｹ0 070206apple0308040ｷ3apple006ｦ0080ｸ707 0007 0303 02020602 閨0ｹ0 000003fi 080ｸ70ｹ0 08030907070ｷ304090ｹ0 020ｷ307 0908030607 apple03080ｸ8fi07020ｷ307. 08apple080708006ｧ9 fi0206 09 070703096 709 0803060400 閨070ｷ307 040ｸ707 0303 090607 applefi 020907 09080307 006ｧ907 06 040ｸ7040707 apple 0709036ｧ8 02 06 07 apple08020003000400 0206026ｧ8, 02 06 fi0206, 0906 0208 03fi0908 0ｸ702fi, 0806 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 00040ｷ30200030602006ｦ0080ｸ707 03 0402090306fi020902000ｹ0 apple030802000600 閨07080ｸ7 07 0003 0406040208apple08066ｧ804080ｸ707 0208 02fi- 0402080ｹ0 040ｸ707 0303 090607. ｦ 08 02fi0402080ｹ0 040ｸ707 0303 090607 apple0308026ｦ0apple020006 applefi 020807 02 060308040208apple06-0400fi, 020907 000ｸ7apple07030006 020ｷ307 0206076ｧ802030ｷ307, 020907 apple0003060803060400 閨0709 080303080308090602fi020902, 020907 06 06-06020003fi020902 02080ｸ7 000700030909020602086ｦ0, 020907 6 5006 5 06fi020902, 0209 040ｸ70407fi020902 020ｷ307 040ｸ707 0303-090607, 02080ｸ70ｹ0 00060203086ｦ00ｹ0 03060300086ｦ00ｹ0 02 06 020807 07026ｧ902020ｸ7apple08 02090ｹ0 apple0309030808fi030904090ｹ0. 7 ﾇ 03000ｷ3-036ｧ9 02080ｸ7 02fi0402080ｸ70ｹ0 040ｸ707 0303 090607, fiapple0ｷ30ｹ0 0008 0300fiｨB0002 06 0402060ｹ0 apple08030ｸ70003070602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9-000ｹ0, 0ｸ7apple08040209036ｧ9ｨB0006 fi0206 0806 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 00apple000202006ｧ907080ｸ707 0209 03070409 02080ｸ70ｹ0 apple 閨03 applefi 02 000307060207 046ｦ0070803, 00apple0006 6ｧ8 0208 02fi0402080ｹ0 040ｸ707 0303 090607 0000 0208 08apple086ｧ908 6 5 036ｦ007080702 06 0402060ｹ0 06000307006ｧ90ｹ0 090803 閨0ｹ0 0007 06070000040ｷ307 apple03080ｸ8fi07020ｷ307 00apple0803006ｧ9 07 0000060ｷ303006ｧ9 0000 020907 00040ｷ30200036ｧ9-02000ｸ70409 020ｷ307 0908030607 0ｸ7020607 04020907 00apple0604006ｧ903090409. ﾇ 03000ｷ3036ｧ9 0ｸ7026ｧ8 apple03086 503 鐶pple0006 fi0206 0806 06 040ｸ707080306 02 閨0ｹ0 040ｸ707 0303 09 閨0ｹ0 0400 0007 0607000004 09 0307, 0400 09 0307 0402 08apple086ｧ9 070ｸ703 apple000306080ｸ70406 0207 0402080604006ｧ9 fiapple0ｷ30ｹ0 02 06apple030600 02 000ｸ703000406020004076ｧ9 0ｹ0, 02 0000apple0803060207 046ｧ8-00 02 02 06 09 0ｸ7apple080708086ｦ000000709 020004070809070ｷ3046ｧ9 006ｧ907 06 040900 0702060207 0702 090ｷ307060402060207 apple030008-070002026ｧ800 02, 02 06 0400 09 0307 apple080ｸ7 apple 0602086ｦ007 00apple6ｧ9 00060109 02 06 00010ｸ7apple0903 閨02090409 00000207 020907 apple0603090409 0400 06000307006ｧ90ｹ0 090803 閨0ｹ0, 03 060007000309086ｦ00702 06 0607 00 閨04080ｸ7 02090ｹ0 060003 03046ｧ9 0ｹ0 02 06 7. 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1320 ﾞ09O ｦ O086ｾ4 6ﾑ80909O06O086ｾ4 6ｾ4ｦ ｦﾐ6ｾ4 09O 086ﾑ80503ｦﾐ ﾒ6ﾑ86ｾ4 fi0406 02090ｹ0 0702 0303 096ｧ80ｹ0 04020907 09080307. ﾞapplefi 0ｸ702fi 鐶pple0002 06 fi0206 0806 0000apple08030602086ｧ9 00000407ｨB08-0702000ｹ0 (merchant intermediaries) 03 00020208apple6ｧ9ｨB080702 06 0000 020907 apple070308 08 02080ｸ7 0403fi07080ｸ7, 02 03060ｹ0 0806 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 02080ｸ7 000002 apple080609020602086ｦ0 020800 陦 03 00040ｷ30200030602006ｦ0080ｸ707 02060ｹ0 03-0402090306fi020902 閨0ｹ0 02080ｸ70ｹ0 0402080ｸ70ｹ0 06 6ｦ003080ｸ70ｹ0 02090ｹ0 apple 03 090ｷ3096ｧ80ｹ0 02 06 02090ｹ0 06 0708006ｧ80ｹ0, 0906 07 apple08086ｦ009080ｸ707 0208 02fi0402080ｹ0 040ｸ707 0303 090607. O06 03000ｷ3036ｧ9000ｹ0 02080ｸ7 0007020803 陦 -000702080308 fi04080ｸ7 02 06 020ｷ307 040ｸ7006 5 0206020607 0404 閨04000ｷ307 apple 03 閨04080ｸ707 04026ｧ803060109 0400 閨07 02 閨02080608 apple0802 閨03000400, 0ｸ7apple08040209036ｧ9ｨB080702 0ｹ0 fi0206 0806 0001 090ｷ309006ｧ90ｹ0 6 50608000904 0706020607 apple03080ｸ8fi07020ｷ307 0007 03 0403000607ｨB08-0702 06, 0207apple0806 04020609006ｧ8, 02060ｹ0 0ｸ7apple090300046ｧ9000ｹ0 020ｷ307 0000applefi030ｷ307 0402060ｹ0 06000307006ｧ90ｹ0 090803 閨0ｹ0, 02fi0408 00apple0006 6ｧ8 0806 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 0ｸ702086ｦ0 02080ｸ7 006ｧ9 080ｸ70ｹ0 0403000607ｨB080702 06 apple0003060404fi02000309 apple0309030808fi- 03090409 0906 02060ｹ0 07070902000ｹ0 020ｷ307 apple0003 020607, fi0408 02 06 00apple0006 6ｧ8 0806 00000702080308 fi04080603 02080ｸ70ｹ0 00apple0803006ｧ9 07 006ｧ907 06 02 0603080402fiapple0806 6ｧ8 07 000907 00apple0803086ｦ007 07 00apple0007 6ｦ004080ｸ707 0400 apple000306080ｸ7-0406 0207 0402080604006ｧ9 0006 060207 0906 02060ｹ0 040ｸ707 0303 09 閨0ｹ0, 02 08apple086ｧ9 006ｧ907 06 apple 03 6ｧ9020902 0906 020907 apple03080402 046ｧ9 02090ｹ0 086ｧ800090ｹ0 02090ｹ0 00apple0604006ｧ9030904090ｹ0. 8 6ｾ40209 6 5066 50306080903 086ｧ9 02090ｹ0 06000307086ｦ00ｹ0 00apple06040006030900 0206026ｧ80ｹ0 03 0402090306fi020902 0ｹ0, 09 6ｦ0apple 03-0109 020ｷ307 apple08030ｸ700030706020607 00apple06040006036ｧ804000ｷ307 00010909006ｧ902 06 040ｸ7040707 0000 0208 040ｸ707 0ｸ7 0400fi 02080ｸ7 02fi- 0402080ｸ70ｹ0 040ｸ707 0303 090607 0000 070303000ｹ0 0003000907000ｸ7020602 閨0ｹ0 000002 6 5030902 閨0ｹ0. 05000000030606 090ｹ0 0ｸ7applefi03000409 apple0803030607 03000ｷ303060607 0906 020907 apple08030ｸ700030706026ｧ8 00apple0604006ｧ903090409 006ｧ907 06 fi0206 0006 00apple0604006ｧ903090409 0403000607ｨB0002 06 閨07 00apple03000807 閨02020900 03 0906 07 00apple0803006ｧ9 07 0702 090ｷ307060402006ｧ9 0400 閨07 0709070ｷ3-040208 06000307 閨0ｹ0 apple0003066 50703030807, 00 0800 閨07080ｸ7 fi0206 0806 000904060306000ｹ0 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 閨04080ｸ707 02-036ｦ002000309 apple0309030808fi03090409 04040002060207 0000 02060ｹ0 090803 閨0ｹ0, 02080ｸ70ｹ0 applefi03080ｸ70ｹ0 02 06 020907 02080ｸ70302086ｦ003 02090ｹ0 040603 0ｹ0 02080ｸ70ｹ0. 09030008070002026ｧ800 02 0006 0608020209046ｧ9 0ｹ003 00apple0803086ｦ007 07 apple0308026ｦ06 7080ｸ707 applefi 08apple080608 6ｧ8apple080200 apple036ｧ803080ｹ0 apple 03 09fi07020ｷ307. 030402fi0408, 0000 00 0800 閨0709 020907 0004026ｧ9 0409 040209 6 506-6 50306080903 086ｧ9 02090ｹ0 000002 apple086ｧ90904090ｹ0, 00 閨040306 apple03fi0408 02 0607fi02 07 000009 036ｦ002000309 040900 046ｧ9 04020907 0ｸ7apple000308046ｧ8 02090ｹ0 02000407080308096ｧ9 0ｹ0 02 06 0402060ｹ0 0608060209020602 閨0ｹ0 0800 閨0ｹ0. ｦ apple030008070002026ｧ800 02 0006 0608020209046ｧ9 0ｹ003 040ｸ707 閨080702 06 040ｸ7040707 0000 apple030008070002026ｧ800 02 0002fiapple080ｸ703, apple080ｸ7 00010909086ｦ007 0208 03fi0908 0906 020807 08apple086ｧ908 0006 00apple0604006ｧ903090409 00apple0803006ｧ9 07 apple0808 046ｧ9040006 020907 apple03 0900 0208apple086ｧ909-0409 070000040ｷ307 00apple0007 6ｦ004000ｷ307 040208 00010ｷ30200030602fi, 07026ｧ9 07 0002000002 0303000ｸ703006ｧ9 0208 0602fi 02090ｹ0 apple03000807 閨02020900 06 0608020209046ｧ9 0ｹ0 apple03 0900 0208apple0806060702 0ｹ0 0001 090ｷ309 閨0ｹ0. 6ｾ402 apple030008070002026ｧ800 02 0ｸ70207 00apple0803006ｧ9 07 apple00030603 006 50707080702 06 0208 00 閨090003080ｹ0 02 06 0208 00apple6ｧ9apple00 08 00060408 6ｧ800 02080ｹ0 02090ｹ0 090803070ｹ0, 0806 apple03080602060806 apple 03 090ｷ3090602086ｧ9 applefi030806 6ｧ8 0208 02fi0402080ｹ0 000309 046ｧ9 0ｹ0, 07 02 06 0806-0400080308090602086ｧ9 02 06 0009 0400080308090602086ｧ9 0803 0900086ｧ9 040208 0000applefi030608 006ｧ907 06 06 06 6ｧ9020003 040900-07020602086ｧ9 04020907 apple00036ｧ9apple020ｷ30409 020ｷ307 apple08030ｸ700030706020607 6 50608000904 0706020607 00apple06040006036ｧ804000ｷ307, 00apple0006-6ｧ8, 02 03060ｹ0 0806 0001 090ｷ309 閨0ｹ0 096ｧ907080702 06 080308 閨07 02 06 0ｸ704020803fi020003000ｹ0, 0806 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0 000703 03036ｦ007080702 06 07 000100020704080ｸ707 020907 000904060306 apple 03 090ｷ3096ｧ8. 8. J. C. McManus, 00The Theory of the Multinational Firm03, 040208 G. Paquet (00apple0600. 閨02.), The Multinational Firm and the Nation State (03020807 0906030ｹ0, O0702.: Collier-Macmillan, 1972)01 Peter J. Buckley 02 06 Mark Casson, The Future of the Multinational Enterprise ( 0807 6ｧ90708: Macmillan, 1976)01 J. F. Hennart, A Theory of Multinational Enterprise (A0707 090300apple0803: University of Michigan Press, 1982)01 02080ｸ7 6ｧ9 06080ｸ7, 00The Transactions Cost Theory of the Multinational Enterprise03, 040208 Christos N. Pitelis 02 06 Roger Sugden (00apple0600. 閨02.), The Nature of the Transnational Firm ( 0807-6ｧ90708: Routledge, 1991).
136ﾑ80909O06ｦﾐ ﾒ6ﾑ86ｾ4 6ﾑ8ｦ ﾞｦﾐ066ﾑ8ｦﾐ6ﾑ86ｾ4 6ｾ4ｦ ﾇ 056ﾑ80306ｦﾐ ﾞ ﾒ ﾞｦﾐ ｦ ﾇ03 ｦﾐ6ｾ4ｦ O06ｦﾐ ﾞ 21 ｦ 08 0002030002020602fi 0003000907000ｸ7020602fi apple03fi020ｸ7apple08 02080ｸ7 John H. Dunning 00070ｹ0 6ｧ9070006 閨07 080309 070ｷ3020602fi apple03 6ｧ9040608 0906 02060ｹ0 0607080803000ｹ0 03000ｷ30309020602 閨0ｹ0 apple0308040009096ｧ90400060ｹ0. ｦ 08 00020300020206-02fi 0003000907000ｸ7020602fi apple03fi020ｸ7apple08 0ｸ7apple08040209036ｧ9ｨB0006 fi0206 0806 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 03 04040803086ｦ00702 06 0000 0209 060003076ｧ8 apple 03 090ｷ3096ｧ8 07 閨04080ｸ707 apple030008070002026ｧ800 02 06 0608020209046ｧ9 0ｹ001 07 02 apple0300080700-02026ｧ800 02 02fiapple080ｸ7 02 03060402086ｦ007 apple0608 020003 0808fi03 020907 0002000002070303000ｸ70409 020ｷ307 apple000306080ｸ70406-020607 0402080604006ｧ90ｷ307 02080ｸ70ｹ0 0400 閨07 07 06 06 6ｧ902000308 01 閨0708 02fiapple08 02 06 fi0406 04020907 000904060306 08060208-0708006ｧ9 01 02 06 07 0006 00apple0604006ｧ903090409 03000ｷ303006ｧ9 fi0206 00apple0803006ｧ9 07 apple080208006ｧ9040006 0808 閨0309 07 0002-000002 0303000ｸ703006ｧ9 0ｸ70207 02 03 0ｸ70207 02 apple030008070002026ｧ800 02 ｨC 0903 6ｧ8 07 閨040006 0808 閨0309 00040ｷ3-0200036ｧ902000ｸ704090ｹ0. 9 ｦ 08 0003000907000ｸ7020602fi apple03fi020ｸ7apple08 02080ｸ7 Dunning 086ｧ8070006 apple0003060803060400 閨0708 04060308 0906 apple08-030ｸ70003070602 閨0ｹ0 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0. 6ｾ4020907 000ｸ703006ｧ9 0008 030008096ｧ8 02080ｸ7 0003000907000ｸ7020602086ｦ0 02080ｸ7 apple0308026ｦ0apple080ｸ7 04020907 060402080306026ｧ8 0001 閨03060109, 08 Dunning 040900000606070006 020907 0303 096ｧ8, 040209 06-0308006ｧ8 02080ｸ7 0403fi07080ｸ7, applefi 020907 0000apple08046ｧ8 02080ｸ7 0000apple08030602086ｦ0 02 apple0602 03060400086ｦ003 040209 07 陦 0000apple08046ｧ8 02080ｸ7 6 50608000904 070602086ｦ0 02 apple0602 03060400086ｦ003, 02 03060ｹ0 0806 00046ｦ00904030807000ｹ0 apple08030ｸ70003070602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ003 07 apple026ｦ00404080702 06 0000 020907 00040ｷ30200036ｧ902000ｸ70409 020ｷ307 apple 03 090ｷ30906020607 040ｸ70702000300-04020607 02080ｸ70ｹ0, 020ｷ307 apple0ｷ3036ｧ804000ｷ307 02 06 02090ｹ0 apple 03 090ｷ3096ｧ80ｹ0. ｦ 080ｸ70307040604020807 applefi 0209 0002 00026ｧ9 02080ｸ7 1870, fiapple0ｷ30ｹ0 0ｸ7apple08040209036ｧ9ｨB0006 08 Dunning, 0806 6 50608006ｧ804 070806 0007 06 08 閨03080702 06 07 080308-020309030ｷ303086ｦ007 apple03080ｹ0 02 apple6ｧ9040ｷ3, 04020907 apple 03 090ｷ3096ｧ8 applefi030ｷ307, 02 06 07 07020602 02 04026ｧ804080ｸ707 02080ｸ70ｹ0 070206apple03080406apple080ｸ70ｹ0 apple0ｷ3036ｧ804000ｷ307 0402060ｹ0 06000307006ｧ90ｹ0 090803 閨0ｹ0 0906 03fi09080ｸ70ｹ0 02fi0402080ｸ70ｹ0 040ｸ7-07 0303 090607 6ｧ8 07 0002000002 0303000ｸ703086ｦ007 02 apple030008070002026ｧ800 02 06 0608020209046ｧ9 0ｹ0 02080ｸ70ｹ0. 6ｾ40208 apple03 6ｧ9040608 0ｸ702fi, 09 000002 6 5 0303fi00000709 046ｦ00703000409 02090ｹ0 apple 0902fi040006 0ｹ0 apple 03 090ｷ3096ｧ80ｹ0 02 06 02080ｸ7 apple 0902fi040006080ｸ7 0000apple08036ｧ9080ｸ7 apple030808 07060ｹ0 070206040203 02000ｸ7fi02 07 02080ｸ70ｹ0 0000apple08030602086ｦ00ｹ0 00000407ｨB08-0702000ｹ0, 02 03060ｹ0 applefi 02 02 閨0309 02080ｸ7 19080ｸ7 060607 0208 06 040ｸ707080306 02fi 0000applefi030608 070304060400 07 040203 閨080002 06 applefi 02 apple03080ｸ8fi0702 apple080ｸ7 000002 08 閨03080702 07 046ｦ0 0907 (bulk commodities) 0400 apple0608 046ｦ007030002 09 0307, 0000 02080ｸ70ｹ0 6 506080009040707080ｸ70ｹ0 07 apple0ｷ303086ｦ007 0007 0607000004 apple03080ｸ8fi0702 08 閨07 0ｹ0 04020807 0703030807, 000706 02 apple030008070002026ｧ800 02 06 0608020209046ｧ9 0ｹ0 02080ｸ70ｹ0 040209036ｧ9ｨB080702 07 fi0308 02 06 apple0003060404fi02000308 04020907 02 0208046ｧ8 070ｸ7030ｷ307 apple000306080ｸ70406 020607 0402080604006ｧ90ｷ307. 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1324 ﾞ09O ｦ O086ｾ4 6ﾑ80909O06O086ｾ4 6ｾ4ｦ ｦﾐ6ｾ4 09O 086ﾑ80503ｦﾐ ﾒ6ﾑ86ｾ4 080803006ｧ90ｹ0 06 0000040803076 50904090ｹ0 0000060607080ｸ707 0208 02fi0402080ｹ0 040ｸ707 0303 096ｧ80ｹ0 02fi0408 0906 02080ｸ70ｹ0 0908-03 0402 閨0ｹ0 fi0408 02 06 0906 02080ｸ70ｹ0 apple0ｷ3030902 閨0ｹ0. 15 ﾞ07026ｧ9030002, 09 apple08030ｸ7apple030802fi020902 02090ｹ0 00010006 6ｧ9-02000ｸ704090ｹ0, 09 0ｸ7040208036ｧ9 0001 040807030604090ｹ0 02090ｹ0 apple0806fi020902 0ｹ0, 09 0402 030003fi020902 02090ｹ0 apple0308-04080803070ｹ0 02 06 02090ｹ0 ｨB6ｧ8020904090ｹ0 02 06 08 0ｸ76 70903fi0ｹ0 fi0902080ｹ0 02080ｸ7 0000apple08036ｧ9080ｸ7 006ｧ907 06 apple0603 07fi07 07 000703 03036ｦ007080ｸ707 02060ｹ0 00apple06040006036ｧ80400060ｹ0 07 0000apple0803006ｦ0080702 06 07000004, 040ｷ3036ｧ90ｹ0 0209 04030904060008apple086ｧ9090409 000004 ｨBfi07020ｷ307 fiapple0ｷ30ｹ0 0806 0000apple08030602 閨0ｹ0 0002 0603006ｧ9000ｹ0. 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Thomas Roehl, 00A Transactions Cost Approach to International Trading Structures: The Case of the Japanese General Trading Companies03, Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 24 (1983), 04. 119-135. 16. Jean-Fran04ois Hennart 02 06 Georgine M. Kryda, 00Why do Traders Invest in Manufacturing?03, 040208 Jones (00apple0600. 閨02.), The Multinational Traders, 04. 214-216.