32 Med. Entomol. Zool. each study area, many larval habitats such as unmanaged paddy fields, destroyed houses, and ground pools were found with bracki

Med. Entomol. Zool. Vol. 63 No. 1 p. 31 43 2012 1,2) 3) 4) 5,6) Sudipta Roychoudhury 1) 1) 7,8) 7,8) 7,8) 1 162 8640 1 23 1 2 069 8501 582 1 3 930 1332 29 4 334 0011 3 4 4 5 420 0961 1765 147 6 101 0045 2 3 4 7 604 8217 101 8 569 1133 1 26 5 2012 1 16 2012 2 6 Occurrence of vector mosquitoes at Tsunami disaster areas of the Great East Japan Earthquake Mamoru Watanabe* 1,2), Haruna Watanabe 3), Yuichiro Tabaru 4), Motokazu Hirao 5,6), Sudipta Roychoudhury 1), Kyoko Sawabe 1), Yoshihiro Ishikawa 7,8), Taketo Kawabata 7,8) and Kakuro Kanno 7,8) * Corresponding author: Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1 23 1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162 8640 Japan (tabanus-wata@titan.ocn.ne.jp) 1) Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1 23 1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162 8640 Japan 2) Department of Dairy Science, Rakuno Gakuen University Graduate School, Midori-machi 582 1, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069 8501 Japan 3) Tsuwami 29, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930 1332 Japan 4) Fuji Environmental Service Inc., 4 4 Mitsuwa 3, Hatogaya, Saitama 334 0011 Japan 5) Hirao Biological Institute, 1765 147 Kita, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420 0961 Japan 6) Japan Pest Control Association, 3 4 Kanda Kajimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101 0045 Japan 7) Nippon International Cooperation for Community Development, 101 Nishi-Rokkaku-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604 8217 Japan 8) Semco Co., Ltd., 1 26 5 Kawanishi-cho,Takatsuki, Osaka, 569 1133 Japan (Received 16 January 2012; Accepted 6 February 2012) Abstract: To evaluate vector situations in the disaster areas of the Great East Japan Earthquake we conducted field studies on the occurrence of mosquitoes in Rikuzentakata City, Iwate Prefecture and Kesennuma City, Miyagi Prefecture almost every three weeks from June to October and in Minamisoma City, Fukushima Pefecture in September 2011. For adult collections we placed dry-ice baited CDC-light traps at selected sites and captured totals of 3,088 Culex pipiens, 1,430 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, 62 Aedes albopictus, 58 Cx. inatomii, 13 Anopheles sinensis, and 8 Ae. togoi. The first two species were captured in large quantities. Mean adult density of Cx. pipiens pallens, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. inatomii at Tsunami sub-area was significantly higher than No Tsunami and boundary sub-area. In 12

32 Med. Entomol. Zool. each study area, many larval habitats such as unmanaged paddy fields, destroyed houses, and ground pools were found with brackish water. We collected immature of An. sinensis, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. inatomii from those larval habitats. Larvae of Cx. pipiens pallens were abundant in wells, fish tanks, irrigation channels and roadside gutters remained in the area. Also, many larvae of Ae. togoi were collected at a high rate from exposed septic tanks at the basement of destroyed houses and broken fishing boats. Key words: mosquito, dry-ice trap, larval collection, blood-meal analysis, outbreak, tsunami 2011 3 11 Aedes togoi (Theobald) Culex inatomii Kamimura and Wada (Tsuda et al., 2009) Cx. tritaenioniorhynchus Giles Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann 6 10 CDC Miniature Light Trap (John W. Hock, USA) 1 kg 1.5 m 1.5 m 12 15 9 Sawabe et al. (2010) Kasai et al. (2009) 500 m Fig. 1 I 3 km Fig. 1 II Fig. 1 III 9km Fig. 1 IV Fig. 1 V (III) 6 3 10 28 3 8 (I) (II) (IV) 6 25 10 27 7 13

Vol. 63 No. 1 2012 Fig. 1 A Map showing the location of five study areas. I; Shimowano, Rikuzentakata, II; Kamiosabe, Rikuzentakata, III; Southern part of Kesennuma, IV; Hashikami, Kesennuma V; Kashimaku, Minamisoma 33 (V) 9 18 1 (No Tsunami sub-area) (Tsunami sub-area) (Boundary sub-area) Table 1 Table 2 I 300 300 m 6 Table 1 I 5 m 250 m 3 m 1 m 2 m Table 1. Location and environmental conditions of the study areas. Study area Location Environmental condition I Shimowano, Rikuzentakata, N39.1.99.17 Tsunami area, down town foot of a hill, residential area Iwate prefecture E141.63.32.96 around the Takata elemenntary school II Kamiosabe, Rikuzentakata, N38.99.15.71 Tsunami area, down town, basin of osabe river Iwate prefecture E141,61.20.53 paddy field III Southern part of Kesennuma, N38.89.53.42 Tsunami area, river side of Okawa, residential area Miyagi prefecture E141.57.3.82 garden IV Hashikami,Kesennuma, N38.83.50.28 Tsunami area, valley, paddy field, fishing port Miyagi prefecture E141.58.51.2 V Kashimaku, Minamisoma, N37.69.15.63 Tsunami area, lower basin of Mano river, paddy field Fukushima prefecture E140.99.23.55 Table 2. Number of traps distributed at 3 sub-areas within 5 study areas examined in this study. Study area Sub-area* Tsunami Boundary No Tsunami Shimowano (I) 2 (No. 1, 2) 3 (No.3,5,6) 1 (No. 4) 6 Kamiosabe(II) 3 (No. 1, 2, 3) 2 (No. 4,5) 1 (No. 6) 6 South Kesennuma (III) 7 (No. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) 3 (No. 1, 2, 10) 2 (No. 11, 12) 12 Hashikami (IV) 6 (No. 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12) 2 (No. 11, 8) 4 (No. 1, 2, 3, 6) 12 Kashimaku (V) 7 (No. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) 4 (No. 2, 3, 4, 12) 1 (No. 1) 12 * Tsunami within the Tsunami disaster area, Boundary border between Tsunami and no Tsunami area, No Tsunami outside of the Tsunami disaster area. Numbers in parenthesis show the trap site numbers. See text for details of environmental conditions of each trap site. Total 14

34 II. 1.5 km 6 Table 1 II 400 m 300 m 300 m 250 m 20 m III 1 km 0.5 km 12 Table 1 III 1 m 1 m 2 m 1 8 8 IV 500 500 m 12 Table 1 IV 100 m 250 m 200 m 200 m 200 m 200 m 100 m Med. Entomol. Zool. JF 6 (Calliphora nigribarbis Vollenhoven) (Phormia regina (Meigen)) V 3.5 3 km 12 Table 1 V 600 m 400 m 500 m 400 m 400 m 300 m 9 18 9 9 20 SS-31A 50 ml 60 70 C 70% 4 10 ml 15

Vol. 63 No. 1 2012 35 Table 3. Mosquito species and average density per trap-night examined by dry-ice traps from June to October in 2011 at 5 study areas in Tsunami disaster areas of north east Japan. Rikuzentakata City (June October) Kesennuma City (June October) Minamisoma City (September) Species Shimowano (I) Kamiosabe (II) South of the city (III) Hashikami (IV) Kashima-ku (V) Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Culex pipiens group 51 (12 126) 14 (2 42) 246 (34 1,060) 265 (102 577) 37 (3 94) Cx. tritaeniorhynchus 5 (2 10) 22 (1 63) 6 (1 28) 80 (19 149) 327 (29 1,430) Cx. inatomii 0.6 (0 1) 0.3 (0 0.7) 3 (0 11) 5 (1 11) 24 (0 58) Anopheles sinensis 0.4 (0 2) 0.8 (0 2) 0.1 (0 0.3) 1 (0 4) 2 (0 5) Aedes albopictus 0.5 (0 2) 0.1 (0 0.2) 0.3 (0 1.3) 0.2 (0 2) 5 (0 62) Armigeres subalbatus 0.1 (0 0.3) 0 0.9 (0 4) 0.03 (0 0.2) 0.1 (0 1) Ae. togoi 0.6 (0.2 2) 0.3 (0 0.7) 0.1 (0 0.3) 0.3 (0 1) 0 Ae. japonicus 0.5 (0 2) 0.1 (0 0.2) 0.1 (0 0.7) 0.2 (0 2) 0 Cx. orientalis 0.3 (0 0.7) 0.1 (0 0.3) 0.1 (0 0.5) 0.04 (0 0.2) 0 Ae. dorsalis 0 0.1 (0 0.7) 0.1 (0 0.3) 0.04 (0 0.2) 0 Ae. vexans nipponii 0.1 (0 0.3) 0.03 (0 0.2) 0 0.04 ( 0 0.2) 0.2 ( 0 2) Cx. bitaeniorhynchus 0 0 0 0.03 ( 0 0.3) 0.3 ( 0 1) Tripteroides bambusa 0 0 0.01 ( 0 0.2) 0 0 Avg average density, Min minimum density, Max maximum density at each study area. I Table 3 Culex pipiens group Cx. pipiens pallens Coquillett Cx. pipiens form molestus Forskal 3 I IV 3 3 (IV) (Tukey s HSD test, p 0.05) I IV 3 (Table 4) 3 (Tukey s HSD test, p 0.05) Aedes dorsalis (Meigen) (I) 10 2,108 Table 4. Comparisons of adult density among subareas for 3 dominant mosquitoes. Sub-area Cx. pipiens pallens Cx. inatomii Cx. tritaeniorhynchus Tsunami 221a 485.3 4a 9.8 25a 58.7 Boundary 60b 179.8 0.8b 2.6 7b 23.4 No Tsunami 107b 234.9 2b 7 19b 50.3 Means in the same column with different letters are significantly different (p 0.05, Tukey s HSD-test). log (1 n) transformation was applied before the statistical analyses. 86.6% (Table 3) 8.8% 21 (1%) 20 (0.9%) 5 793 4 510 1 387 1 60 32.3% 6 26 (Fig. 2) 5 547 1 6 26 192 16

36 Fig. 2. Seasonal changes in adult density (No of adults per trap night) observed at 4 study area from June to October 2011 in Tsunami disaster area of north east Japan. 5 8 5 18 9 16 4 33 9 6 0.5% 12 126 2 10 (Table 3) (II) 10 1,370 Med. Entomol. Zool. Armigeres subalbatus (Coquillett) 794 497 1 4 1 4 1 5 1 3 4, 5 6 8 5 1 201 (Fig. 2) 3 9 16 342 1 139 2 66 5 24 8 5 9 8 0.5% 1 63 2 42 (Table 3) (III) 3 6 6 3 6 27 10 28 3 5 8 6 11 17,683 95.4% 466 (2.5%) 249 (1.3%) 5 8 6 6,436 6 3,348 300 m 9 2,254 8 1,890 7 1,172 7, 8 8 5, 6, 9 6 1 17

Vol. 63 No. 1 2012 11 12 2 214 671 8 5 7 16 3,088 80 m 6 7 16 800 8 6 1,216 8 6 5 7 16 8 6 9 6 27 848 1/40 8 9 17 88 8 6 48 7 9 17 33 8 6 41 6 8 6 36 8 27 26 2 8 6 9 17 10 28 (Fig. 2) 8 31 0.5% 34 1,060 1 28 0 11 (Table 3) (IV) 12 5 (2, 9, 10, 11, 12) 6 25 12 19,087 (75.3%) (Table 3) 5,753 (22.7%) 344 (1.4%) An. lesteri Baisas and 37 Hu An. sineroides Yamada 96 12 4,116 7 3,647 7 100 m 9 3,082 (7, 9, 10, 12) 746 7 14 (Fig. 2) 12 2,104 6 (6 7, 9 12) 1,000 8 4 9 (2, 4 10, 12) 3 (1, 3, 11) 8 25 9 503 414 10 335 12 5 10 5 49 3 9 15 41 9 10 5 0.5% 8 30 0.5% 102 577 19 149 0.5 11 Table 3 (V) 9 18 1 8 3,919 82.6% 444 (9.4%) 290 (6.1%) (Table 3) 10 1,430 11 963 9 414 12 315 6 94 87 5 65 11 56 10 10 58 55 5 42 4 10 1,545 1,072 11 5 9 457 Aedes albopictus (Skuse) 6 62 18

38 Med. Entomol. Zool. Table 5. Results of bloodmeal identification from blood-fed mosquitoes collected by dry-ice trap at Kesennuma City in Miyagi Prefecture from June to August 2011 Trap Mosquito 1) Blood-source animal 2) Date Study area No. Species Nos. Pm Cm Hrg Hs Fc Hashikami (IV) South of Kesennuma City (III) 7 25 June pallens 12 10 2 0 0 0 11 14 July pallens 11 11 0 0 0 0 10 4 Aug. pallens 1 1 0 0 0 0 8 25 Aug. pallens 1 1 0 0 0 0 11 25 Aug. pallens 1 0 0 0 1 0 Subtotal 26 23 2 0 1 0 3 27 June pallens 1 1 0 0 0 0 5 27 June pallens 3 2 0 0 1 0 6 27 June pallens 1 0 0 1 0 0 8 6 Aug. pallens 1 1 0 0 0 0 9 6 Aug. pallens 2 1 0 0 0 1 2 27 Aug. pallens 2 2 0 0 0 0 5 27 Aug. pallens 1 1 0 0 0 0 12 27 Aug. pallens 1 1 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 12 9 0 1 1 1 Total 38 32 2 1 2 1 1) pallens Culex pipiens pallens. 2) Pm Passer montanus, Cm Corvus macrorhynchos, Hrg =Hirundo rustica gutturolis, Hs Homo sapiens, Fc Felis catus. Table 5 4 26 88.5% 23 (Passer montanus) 7.7% 2 (Corvus macrorhynchos) 3.9% 1 12 7 12 75% 9 3 (Hirundo rustica gutturolis) 1 (8.3%) (Rarus spp.) 38 II Table 6 90% 2/3 0.73% 0.11 0.24% I 100 50 m 6 2 7 16 10 27 7 16 (Table 6) 19

Vol. 63 No. 1 2012 39 Table 6. Occurrence of mosquito larvae in various water bodies examined at 4 study areas from June to October 2011 in Tsunami disaster area of north east Japan. Area Rikuzentakata I & II Date Average Salinity N 1) with Larv 2). Species 3) An Cp Ct Ci At Aj Co Ar Ch late June No collection mid July 0.1 6 6 4 2 2 early Aug 0.16 7 7 5 3 2 1 late Aug 0.15 10 10 6 6 2 2 1 mid Sep 0.1 11 9 6 6 3 2 2 early Oct 0.07 12 11 7 7 6 7 late Oct 0.08 12 11 8 2 4 3 1 All 0.11 58 54 36 26 19 14 3 1 1 0 0 Kesennuma Hashikami III Kesennuma (IV) Minamisouma (V) late June 0.01 7 6 5 1 5 mid July 0.01 8 8 5 3 5 early Aug 0.16 9 8 4 6 6 1 late Aug 0.40 20 20 8 10 13 2 3 mid Sep 0.52 20 15 5 9 11 2 4 early Oct 0.23 22 20 7 14 10 7 7 1 1 late Oct 0.38 14 13 3 9 3 1 4 4 All 0.24 100 90 37 52 53 13 18 0 1 0 1 late June 0.88 4 2 2 mid July 0.88 4 2 2 early Aug 0.85 4 2 2 late Aug 0.65 4 3 2 2 mid Sep 0.78 3 3 1 2 1 1 early Oct 0.5 3 3 2 1 late Oct 0.55 2 1 1 All 0.73 24 16 1 12 2 4 mid Sep 0.22 14 14 6 6 9 1 0 1 0 1 1 1) Total number of samples. 2) Number of samples with mosquito larvae. 3) An An. sinensis, Cp Cx. pipiens group, Ct Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Ci Cx. inatomii, At Ae. togoi, Aj Ae. japonicus, Co Cx. orientalis, Ar Ar. subalbatus, Ch Cx. hayashii. 8 27 10 6 8 27 10 27 0.6% 0% 0.1% 8 27 1.4 2.2% 10 27 2 8 6 (III) 5 6 5 6 6 28 20

40 8 27 8 27 9 17 10 7 10 28 1% 9 6 4 8 5 6 9 16 17 Ae. japonicus (IV) 6 3 6 3 (Table 6) 8 5 8 25 10 27 0.3% 0.5% 4 0.8 2.3% (V) 9 18 19 1 6 14 9 (Table 6) 3 km Med. Entomol. Zool. 6 6 1 13 7 11 7 22 8 10 8 10 8 11 9 5 9 6 9 7 9 7 9 8 2008b (2005) (2005) 2004 12 (2008a) 2007 7 2011 3 11 5 2012 2 3 21

Vol. 63 No. 1 2012 45 1967 (2004) (2006) 1 100 100 (2004) (2006) (2006) 200 500 500 2011 1,000 3,088 2,104 1 547 33 201 342 1 100 2 2010 41 2 2 II IV 3 Table 4; Tukey s HSD test Tsunami sub-area Tsunami sub-area Tsunami subarea 1 1,430 10 11 29 414 10, 11 10, 11 DDVP 2010) 22

42 92.1% 35/38 2 8 22 5 19 25 20 56 15 2.8 11 9 2 8 30 IV 31 III 9 6 I 8 II 7 8 9 15 17 2011 2009 2011 2011 2010 2010 2011 2010 2009 2010 2012 2011 Med. Entomol. Zool. 6 10 7 8 9 18 19 3,088 1,430 62 58 13 8 2 H21- - -005 2006 44: 1 8 Kasai, S., Komagata, O., Tomita, T., Sawabe, K., Tsuda, Y., Kurahashi, H., Ishikawa, T., Motoki, M., Takahashi, T., 23

Vol. 63 No. 1 2012 Tanikawa, T., Yoshida, M., Shinjo, G., Hashimoto, T., Higa, Y. and Kobayashi, M. 2008. PCR-based identification of Culex pipiens complex collected in Japan. Jpn. J. Infect Dis., 61: 184 191. 2010 Culex inatomii 61: 327 333 1967 40 18: 218 239 Sawabe, K., Isawa, H., Hoshino, K., Sasaki, T., Roychoudhury, S., Higa, Y., Kasai, S., Tsuda, Y., Nishiumi, I., Hamano, S. and Kobayashi, M. 2010. Host-feeding habits of Culex pipiens and Aedes albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae) collected at the urban and suburban residential areas of Japan. J. Med. Entomol., 47: 442 450. 2012 63: 71 83. 2005 p. 75 77 16 129 pp 2005 43 p. 127 129 16 129 pp 2006 2 57: 75 82 2006 2003 2004 57: 211 218 Tsuda, Y., Sasaki, E., Sato, Y., Katano, R., Komagata, O., Isawa, H., Kasai, S. and Murata, K. 2009. Mosquito collections from coastal areas of Tokyo Bay receiving migratory birds. Med. Entomol. Zool., 60: 119 124. 2008a 2007 7 23: 17 22 2008b 44: 46 51 2004 27: 68 77 2011 CDC 62: 13 22 24