生物物理化学 2010 ; 54 : 36 Fig. 1. Comparison of IPG-Dalt and agarose two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Tissues used are rat duodenum. (A) A 2-DE

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1 特別企画 II: 臨床検査領域におけるプロテオミクスの現状と未来像 生物物理化学 2010 ; 541: 35 doi: /sbk 高分子量蛋白質を対象とした疾患診断用マーカー探索 大石正道 1, * 小寺義男 1,2,3 前田忠計 1,2 朝長毅 3,4 西森孝典 5 清宮正徳 6 松下一之 6 野村文夫 3,6 4 1 北里大 理 物理 生体分子動力学 2 北里大 理 疾患プロテオミクスセンター 3 千葉大 病院 疾患プロテオミクス研究部門医薬基盤研 プロテオームリサーチプロジェクト 5 千葉大 医 先端応用外科 6 千葉大 院医 分子病態解析学 ( 受付 年 8 月 19 日, 受理 2010 年 11 月 1 日 ) SUMMARY There is substantial interest in applying disease proteomics to the identification of diagnostic markers. However, a 2-DE with immobilized ph gradients is not particularly suitable in analyzing high-molecular-mass (HMM) proteins larger than 100 kda. A 2-DE with agarose IEF gels in the first dimension (agarose 2-DE), which is sufficiently good at separating HMM proteins as large as 600 kda, has been used for separation of proteins from human primary colorectal cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. We could find and identify many diagnostic marker candidates in these cancer tissues with LC-MS/MS. Interestingly, a 195-kDa HMM protein, periplakin, was significantly downregulated in esophageal cancer. In hepatocellular carcinoma, a 190- kda HMM protein, clathrin heavy chain (CHC), was significantly upregulated. These results suggest that the agarose 2-DE based proteomics is a useful strategy for finding new diagnostic markers with HMM. Key words: disease proteomics, agarose 2-DE, high-molecular-mass proteins, cancer はじめに疾患診断用マーカー探索のツールとしてのプロテオーム解析では, 主に二次元電気泳動法や質量分析法が用いられてきた. しかし, いずれの方法を用いた場合でも, 高分子量蛋白質や塩基性蛋白質, 疎水性蛋白質などの解析は困難である. 我々の研究グループは, 従来の方法では解析が困難であった分子量 10 万 ~ 60 万程度の高分子蛋白質も含めて解析可能なプロテオーム解析法を確立し, これまでにさまざまな 疾患診断用マーカーを探索してきた. 本論文では, 北里大学と千葉大学との共同研究によって行ってきた, 大腸癌, 食道扁平上皮癌, および肝細胞癌の疾患診断用マーカー蛋白質探索の事例について報告する. 方法高分子量蛋白質の解析には, 一次元目の等電点電気泳動法にアガロースゲルを用いた二次元電気泳動 ( アガロース 1, 2-DE) 法 2) が強力なツールとなる. 本法の特長は,(1) 分子量 100 kda 600 kda の高分子量蛋白質が解析可能で, The search for disease diagnostic markers of high-molecular-mass proteins Masamichi Oh-Ishi 1, Yoshio Kodera 1,2,3, Tadakazu Maeda 1,2, Takeshi Tomonaga 3,4, Takanori Nishimori 5, Masanori Seimiya 6, Kazuyuki Matsushita 6, Fumio Nomura 3,6 1 Laboratory of Biomolecular Dynamics, Department of Physics, Kitasato University School of Science; 2 Center for Disease Proteomics, Kitasato University School of Science; 3 Clinical Proteomics Research Center, Chiba University Hospital; 4 Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation; 5 Department of Academic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University; and 6 Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University * Corresponding author: Masamichi Oh-Ishi; Laboratory of Biomolecular Dynamics, Kitasato University School of Science, Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa , Japan Fax: moishi@kitasato-u.ac.jp 第 60 回日本電気泳動学会総会 特別企画 II

2 生物物理化学 2010 ; 54 : 36 Fig. 1. Comparison of IPG-Dalt and agarose two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Tissues used are rat duodenum. (A) A 2-DE gel with immobilized ph gradients (IPGs) in the first dimension; (B) a 2-DE gel with agarose gels in the first dimension. Proteins loaded on an agarose isoelectric focusing gel and an IPG gel were 740 µg. Note that spot densities are different in the high-molecular-mass regions. A=actin; MHC=myosin heavy chain. The gels were stained with PhastGel Blue R. Fig. 2. A schematic drawing of an agarose 2-DE based proteomics with LC-MS/MS. (2) 一度に最大 20 mg もの蛋白量を解析可能なため MS への負担が少ない,(3) ほぼすべての細胞 組織の粗抽出物が解析可能であることなどが挙げられる.Fig. 1 にアガロース 2-DE 法と固定化 ph 勾配を用いた二次元電気泳動法 (IPG 法 ) とのパターンの比較を載せた. アガロース 2-DE パターンは IPG 法のパターンに比べて, 特に分子量 200 kda 以上の高分子量蛋白質がよく解析できていることがわかる. それと同時に, ほとんどの蛋白質成分が中央 (ph 4 7) 付近に集中している. これは, アガロース 2-DE では, 高濃度の尿素 チオ尿素で変性した蛋白質でも複合体またはアグリゲートを形成し, その等電点が中性付近に偏るからと考えられる. 一次元目のアガロース等電点電気泳動において, 複合体やアグリゲートのままポアサイズの大きいアガロース IEF ゲルに入り, 二次元目 SDS-PAGE では, 各蛋白質は SDS サンプルバッファー中の 5%2-mercaptoethanol および 2%SDS 存在下でモノマーに解離してゲルに入るからである. なお, また, 我々はアガロース 2-DE 法から得られた蛋白質をゲル内消化しイオントラップ型質量分析計 (MS) で解析する手法 3) を確立した.Fig. 2 に我々の疾患プロテオーム解析のストラテジーを載せた. クーマジー染色を行ったアガロース 2-DE ゲルからスポットを切り出し, トリプシン消化後, 得られたペプチド断片を Shiseido 社 Nanospace SI-2 液体カラムクロマトグラフィー (HPLC) で分離後, 自動的に Thermofisher 社の LCQ DECA に導入して, ペプチド断片の MS および MS/MS を行い, そのマススペクトルを SEQUEST 検索にかけて, 蛋白質を同定した. さらに, 癌部と非癌部に含まれる蛋白質成分を定量的に解析を行うため, アガロース 2-DE 法と二次元蛍光ディファレンスゲル電気泳動 (2D-DIGE) 法との組み合わせ 4) によって, 各スポットの定量的な比較を行った.

3 生物物理化学 2010 ; 54 : 37 これらの方法を用いて, さまざまな癌における新規疾患マーカーを探索するために, 食道扁平上皮癌 4) 5), 大腸癌 および肝細胞癌 6) で, それぞれ疾患プロテオーム解析を行った. 成 (1) 大腸癌プロテオーム解析 : 手術標本 10 例の癌部 (T) とそれに隣接した非癌部 (N) より蛋白質を抽出し, アガロース 2-DE 法を用いて T と N の蛋白質発現を比較した. Fig. 3 に示すように, 同じ患者由来の手術検体でも,T と N で蛋白質成分が大きく異なっていた.107 個のスポットのうち 97 個のスポットに N と T の間に発現量の変化が見られたが, そのうち 49 スポット (42 種類の蛋白質 ) に顕著な発現量の差が認められた. それらの中で,eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H(eIF-4H)(Fig. 3 のスポット番号 T22),inorganic pyrophosphatase(t6),anterior gradient 績 2 homologue(t31),aldolase A(T11) および chloride intracellular channel 1(T7) の発現が T で増加していた. これらのマーカー候補のうち,eIF 4H に関して興味深い現象が見つかった. すなわち, 特異抗体を用いてウエスタンブロッティングで確認したところ,eIF 4H は分子量の異なる 2 種類のアイソフォーム (27 kda, 25 kda) からなり, そのうちの一つ (27 kda) が T で顕著に増加していた.T では, これらの 2 種類のアイソフォームに対応して 2 つの mrna も存在していることが確認でき,27 kda アイソフォームは癌部特異的選択的スプライシングによって生じたことが明らかになった. 分子量 100 kda 以上の高分子量領域では,T で激減するスポット (N1) が検出され,smooth muscle myosin heavy chain 11 isoform SM1 と同定された.T では N に比べ actin の減少は見られないのに平滑筋特異的 myosin だけが顕著に減少していたことから, 筋肉蛋白質のストイキオメトリー Fig. 3. Coomassie-stained agarose 2-DE pattern of proteins of human primary colon cancer (A) and normal adjacent mucosa (B). Total protein homogenates were prepared from matched samples of tumor or adjacent normal tissue. 500 µg of protein was applied to the agarose 2-DE follwed by staining with PhastGel Blue R. Spots, T1 T30 and N1 N6, are proteins whose expression are elevated in tumor tissue or normal mucosa, respectively.

4 生物物理化学 2010 ; 54 : 38 Fig. 4. An advantage of agarose 2DE-based proteomics. The agarose 2-DE based proteomics is preferable to shotgun proteomics when HMMprotein isoforms are to be analyzed because disease-specific isoforms, due to alternative splicing and/or post-translational modifications, can be analyzed as intact molecules on an agarose 2-DE map. P, phosphorylation; CHO, protein carbonyls. Table 1. HMM proteins (>100 kda) separated by agarose 2-DE. Experimental molecular mass (MM) and pi were obtained from the protein position on 2-DE gels. Theoretical molecular mass (MM) and pi were calculated by amino-acid sequence. Protein identification was made by database comparison with a non-redundant human database (NCBInr; National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda,MD). Tissue Database Accession Number Protein Name Experimental MM Da/pI Theoretical MM Da/pI Human Esophageal cancer gi Periplakin 190,000/ ,506/5.33 gi Vinculin 130,000/ ,645/5.75 gi Myosin heavy chain nonmuscle form A 130,000/ ,582/5.41 gi Caldesmon 1 isoform 1 120,000/5.5 93,176/5.5 gi ,000/ ,179/5.29 Smooth muscle myosin heavy chain 11 isoform SM1 Human colorectal cancer gi Smooth muscle myosin heavy chain 11 isoform SM1 200,000/ ,179/5.29 Human hepatocellular carcinoma gi Fibronectin precursor 260,000/ ,686/5.46 gi Clathrin heavy chain 1 190,000/ ,595/5.48 gi Major vault protein 100,000/5.2 99,248/5.34 gi Alpha-actinin 4 100,000/ ,250/5.27 gi Complement component 3 precursor 190,000/ ,027/6.02 gi VCL protein (VINCULIN) 120,000/ ,718/5.50 gi Pyruvate carboxylase, mitochondrial precursor 130,000/ ,533/6.37 gi Lysine-ketoglutarate reductase 100,000/ ,064/6.18 gi Aconitase 1 100,000/6.6 98,318/6.23 のアンバランスが示唆された. (2) 食道扁平上皮癌プロテオーム解析 : 多重蛍光標識アガロースゲル二次元電気泳動法 (agarose 2D-DIGE) を用いてヒト食道扁平上皮癌のプロテオミクス解析を行った. 手術標本 12 例より蛋白質を抽出し,agarose 2D-DIGE により T と N の蛋白質発現を比較し,T と N との間で増減が認められた 74 個のスポットから MS を用いて 33 種類の蛋白質を同定した. それらの中で, 細胞間接着因子である約 200 kda の高分子量蛋白質 periplakin が T において有意に発現低下 していた. 免疫組織化学染色を行った結果,periplakin は, N では細胞膜が強く染まったが, 初期癌では細胞質全体に広がり, 進行癌ではほとんど検出されなかった. (3) 肝細胞癌 (HCC) のプロテオーム解析 : アガロース 2D-DIGE 法によって 10 例の T と N を比較したところ,127 個のスポットに有意差が確認された. このうち癌部優位が 48 個, 非癌部優位が 79 個であり,83 種類の蛋白質が同定できた. この中には代謝, 細胞骨格, 細胞接着, 細胞周期に関連する蛋白質などが含まれていた. これらの蛋白質の

5 生物物理化学 2010 ; 54 : 39 中で HCC との関連について未報告の 5 種類の蛋白質についてイムノブロットおよび免疫組織化学染色を行った結果, T では clathrin heavy chain(chc) および Ku86 が顕著に増加し, 一方,forminotransferase cyclodeaminase(ftcd), rhodanese および vinculin が顕著に減少していた. これらのうち,CHC は分子量 190 kda の高分子量蛋白質であり, アガロース 2-DE が高分子量マーカー蛋白質の発見に貢献できたことを示している.clathrin は重鎖と軽鎖とが複合体を形成してクラスリン被覆小胞を形成するが, 肝細胞癌では clathrin light chain は N と T では差が見つからず, クラスリン複合体のストイキオメトリーに異常を生じている可能性が示唆された. 考察アガロース 2-DE と MS を組み合わせることで, 大腸癌, 食道扁平上皮癌および肝細胞癌において, 高分子量蛋白質を含む癌マーカー蛋白質の探索および同定に成功した. Table 1 に, アガロース 2-DE 法を用いて解析された, みかけの分子量 100 kda 以上の高分子量蛋白質を示す. 以前, 我々の研究グループは前立腺癌細胞 LN-CaP のプロテオーム解析を行ったことがある 7) が, 分子量 80 kda 以上の同定したスポットの 100 個のうち約半分が転写因子や翻訳因子であった. 癌では遺伝子の発現異常や選択的スプライシング異状が頻繁に報告されており, 癌における転写 翻訳関連因子の発見は, 癌研究に大きく貢献することが期待される. また,2D-DIGE 法は, アガロース 2-DE 法へも応用が可能で, 発現量の差を迅速に見極め, かつ統計処理を行う際に有効であることが明らかになった. Fig. 4 に示すように, 近年は組織の粗抽出物を直接, トリプシン消化し, そのペプチド混合物から各蛋白質成分を同定 定量するショットガン プロテオミクスが大規模に行われるようになった. 我々は, 大腸癌のプロテオーム解析で,annexin A2, calreticulin, triosephosphate isomerase 1 および vinculin のスポットが癌部と非癌部とで, アガロース 2-DE パターン上で等電点と分子量が全く異なる位置に出現することを観察した. これらの多くは,mRNA の癌特異的選択的スプライシング異常に伴う蛋白質アイソフォームの出現, あるいは翻訳後修飾の異常を示すものと考えられる. このような発見は, 最初にトリプシン消化を行うショットガン プロテオミクスではまず不可能である. このことから二次元電気泳動法を基盤とするプロテオミクスでは, 臓 器に含まれる蛋白質成分をインタクトな分子のまま分離 精製できることの重要性が, 本研究によって証明されたと考えている. さらに, 高分子量蛋白質を含めて多数の興味深い蛋白質が見つかったことは, 本ストラテジーが疾患マーカー探索に有効であることを示している. 略号一覧 2-DE, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; HMM, highmolecular-mass; IEF, isoelectric focusing; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; CHC, clathrin heavy chain; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; 2D-DIGE, two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis 文 1) Oh-Ishi M, Satoh M, Maeda T. Preparative two-dimenstional gel electrophoresis with agarose gels in the first dimension for high molecular mass proteins. Electrophoresis. 2000;21: ) Oh-Ishi M, Maeda T. Separation techniques for high-molecularmass proteins. J Chromatogr B. 2002;771: ) Satoh M, Haruta-Sato E, Omori A, Oh-Ishi M, Kodera Y, Furudate S-I, Maeda T. Effect of thyroxine on abnormal pancreatic proteomes of the hypothyroid rdw rat. Proteomics. 2005;5: ) Nishimori T, Tomonaga T, Matsushita K, Oh-Ishi M, Kodera Y, Maeda T, Nomura F, Matsubara H, Shimada H, Ochiai T. Proteomic analysis of primary esophageal squamous cell carcinoma reveals downregulation of a cell adhesion protein, periplakin. Proteomics. 2006;6: ) Tomonaga T, Matsushita K, Yamaguchi S, Oh-Ishi M, Kodera Y, Maeda T, Shimada H, Ochiai T, Nomura F. Identification of altered protein expression and post-translational modifications in primary colorectal cancer by using agarose twodimensional gel electrophoresis. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10: ) Seimiya M, Tomonaga T, Matsushita K, Sunaga M, Oh-Ishi M, Kodera Y, Maeda T, Takanao S, Togawa A, Yoshitomi H, Otsuka M, Yamamoto M, Nakano M, Miyazaki M, Nomura F. Identification of novel immunohistochemical tumor markers for primary hepatocellular carcinoma; clathrin heavy chain and formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase. Hepatology. 2008; 48: ) Kuruma H, Egawa S, Oh-Ishi M, Kodera Y, Satoh M, Chen W, Okusa H, Matsumoto K, Maeda T, Baba S. High molecular mass proteome of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Proteomics. 2005;5: 献

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