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1 December Food-borne Infection Induced by the Consumption of Salad Vegetables and Fruits Ken-lchl KANEKO (Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology: 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo , Japan)

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8 1) Abdelnoor, A. M., Batshoun, R., Roumani, B. M., The bacterial flora of fruits and vegetables in Lebanon and the effect of washing on the bacterial content. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg., I. Abt. Orig. B, 177, (1983). 2) Arumugaswamy, R. K., Rusul Rhahamat, G. A., Hamid, S. N. B. A., Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in foods in Malaysia. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 23, (1994). 3) Besser, R. E., Lett, S. M., Weber, J. T., Doyle, M. P., Barrett, T. J., Wells, J. G., Griffin, P. M., An outbreak of diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome from Escherichia coli 0 157: H 7 in fresh-pressed apple cider. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 269, 2, 217-2, 220 (1993). 4) Beuchat, L. R., Pathogenic microorganisms associated with fresh produce.j. Food Prot., 59, (1996). 5) Blosterin, J., An outbreak of Salmonella javiana associated with consumption of watermelon. J. Environ. Health, 56, (1991). 6) Boonmar, S., Bangtrakulnonth, A., Pornruangwong, S., Samosornsuk, S., Kaneko, K., Ogawa, M., Significant increase in antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolates from human beings and chicken meat in Thailand. Vet. Microbiol., 62, (1998). 7) Breer, C., Baumgartner, A., Occurrence and behavior of Listeria monocytogenes in salads, vegetables and fresh vegetable juices. Arch. Lebensmittelhyg., 43, (1992). 8) Callister, S. M., Agger, W. A., Enumeration and characterization of Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas caviae isolated from grocery store produce. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 53, (1989). 9) Centers for Disease Control, Salmonella oranienburg gastroenteriteies associated with consumption of precut watermelons. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep., 28, (1979). 10) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Multistate outbreak of Salmonella poona infections- United States and Canada. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep., 40, (1991). 11) Davis, H. J., Taylor, J. P., Perdue, J. N., Stelma, G. N., Humphreys, J. M., Rowntree, R., Greene, K. D., A shigellosis outbreak traced to commercially distributed lettuce. Am. J. Epidemiol., 128, 1, 312-1, 321 (1988). 12) Doyle, M. P., Schoeni, J. L., Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from retail mushrooms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 51, (1986). 13) Ercolani, G. L., Bacteriological quality assessment of fresh marketed lettuce and fennel. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 31, (1976). 14) Farber, J. M., Wang, S. L., Cai, Y., Zhan, S., Changes in populations of Listeria monocytogenes inoculated on packaged fresh-cut vegetables. J. Food Prot., 61, (1998), 15) Frost, J. A., McEvoy, M. B., Bedntley, C. A., Andersson, Y., Rove, A., An outbreak of Shigella sonnei infection associated with consumption of iceberg lettuce. Emerg. Infet. Dis., 1, (1995). 16) Garcia-Villanova, R. B., Vargas, R. G., Garcia-Villonova, R., Contamination on fresh vegetables during cultivation and marketing. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 4, (1987). 17) Garg, N., Churey, J. J., Splittostoesser, D. F., Effect of processing conditions on the microflora of fresh-cut vegetables. J. Food Prot., 53, (1990). 18) Gayler, G. E., MacCready, R. A., Reardon, J. P., McKernan, B. F., An outbreak of salmonellosis traced to watermelon. Public Health Rep., 70, (1955). 19) Harmon, S. M., Kautter, D. A., Solomon, H. M., Bacillus cereus contaminatin of seeds and vegetable sprouts grown in a home sprouting kit. J. Food Prot., 50, (1987). 20) Harvey, J., Gilmour, A., Occurrence and characteristics of Listeria in foods produced in Northern Ireland. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 19, (1993). 21) Hedberg, C. W., MacDonald, K. L., Osterholm, M. T., Changing epidemiology of food-borne disease: a Minnesota perspective. Clin. Infect. Dis., 18, (1994). 22) Heisick, J. E., Harrell, F. M., Peterson, E. H., McLaughlin, S., Wagner, D. E., Wesley, I. V., Bryner, J., Comparison of four procedures to detect Listeria spp. in foods. J. Food Prot., 52, (1989). 23) Heisick, J. E., Wager, D. E., Nierman, M. L., Peeler, J. T., Listeria spp. found on fresh market produce. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 55, 1,925-1,927 (1989).

9 24) Ho, J. L., Shands, K. N., Friedland, G., Ecklind, P., Fraser, D. W., An outbreak of type 4b Listeria monocytogenes infection involving patients from eight Boston hospitals. Arch. Intern. Med., 146, (1986). 25) Houang, E., Bodnaruk, P., Ahmet, Z., Hospial green salads and the effects of washing them. J. Hosp. Infect., 17, (1991). 26) Jerngklinchan, J., Saitanu, K., The occurrence of salmonellae in bean sprouts in Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Pub. Health, 24, (1993). 27) Kaneko, K,, Hayashidani, H., Kosuge, J., Kato, M., Takahashi, K., Shiraki, Y., Ogawa, M., Bacterial contamination of ready-to-eat foods and fresh products in retail shops and food factories. J. Food Prot., 62, (1999). 28) Kaneko, K., Hayashidani, H., Takahashi, K., Shiraki, Y., Limawongpranee, S., Ogawa, M., Bacterial contamination in the environment of food factories processing heady-to-eat fresh vegetables. J. Food Prot., 62, (1999). 29) Kapperud, G., Rorvik, L. M., Hasseltvedt, V., Hoiby, E. A., Iverson, B. G., Staveland, K., Johnson, G., Leitao, J., Herikstad, H., Andersson, Y., Langeland, G., Gondrosen, B., Lasssen, J., Outbreak of Shigella sonnei infection traced to imported iceberg lettuce. J. Clin. Microbiol., 33, (1995). 30) Karitsky, J. N., Osterholm, M. T., Greenberg, H. B., Keriath, J. A., Godes, J. R., Hedberg, C. W., Forfang, J. C., Kapikian, A. Z., McCullough, J. C., White, K. E., Norwalk gastroenteritis: a community outbreak associated with bakery product consumption. Ann. Intern. Med., 100, (1984). 31) Madden, J. M., Microbial pathogens in fresh produce the regulatory perspective. J. Food Prot., 55, (1992). 32) Merson, M. H., Morris, G. K., Sack, D. A., Wells, J. E., Feeley, J. C., Sack, R. B., Creech, W. B., Kapikian, A. Z., Gangarosa, E. J., Travelers' diarrhea in Mexico. N. Engl. J. Med., 294, 1,299-1,305 (1976). 33) Niu, N. T., Polish, L. B., Robertson, B. H., Khanna, B. K., Woodruff, B. A., Shapiro, C. N., Miller, M. A., Smith, J. D., Gedrose, J. K., Alter, M. J., Margoles, H. S., Multistate outbreak of hepatitis A associated with frozen strawberries. J. Infect. Dis., 166, (1992). 34) Ohsone, M., Kaneko, K., Hayashidani, H., Takahashi, T., Ogawa, M., Growth and inhibition species of pathogenic by acids of five bacteria inoculated in salad vegetables. J. Food Hyg. Soc. Japan, 40, (1999). 35) O'Mahony, M., Cowden, J., Smyth, B., Lynchi, D., Hall, M., Rowe, B., Teare, E. L., Tettmar, Gilbert, R. J., Kingcott, E., Bartlett, R. E., Coles, A. M., C. L. R., An outbreak of Salmonella saintpaul infection associated with beansprouts. Epidemiol. Infect., 104, (1990). 36) Petran, R. L., Zottola, E. A., Gravini, R. B., Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in market samples of fresh and frozen vegetable. J. Food Sci., 53, 1,238-1,240 (1988). 37) Portnoy, B. L., Goepfert, J. M., Harmon, S. M., An outbreak of Bacillus cereus food poisoning resulting from contaminated vegetable sprouts. Am. J. Epidemiol.,102, (1976). 38) Rasrinaul, L., Suthienkul, 0., Echeverria, P. D., Food-a source of enteropathogens causing childhood diarrhea in Thailand. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 39, (1988). 39) Reid, T. M. S., Robinson, H. G., Frozen raspberries and hepatitis A. Epidemiol. Infect., 98, (1987). 40) Rosenblum, L. S., Mirkin, I. R., Allen, D. T., Safford, S., Hadler, S. C., A multifocal outbreak of hepatitis A traced to commercially distributed lettuce. Am. J. Publ. Health, 80, 1,075-1,079 (1990). 41) Saddik, M. F., El-Sherbeeny, M. R., Bryan, F. L., Microbiological profiles of Egyptian raw vegetables and salads. J. Food Prot., 48, (1985). 42) Schlech, W. F., Lavingne, P. M., Bostolussi, R. A., Allen, A. C., Haldane, E. V., Wort, A. J., Hightower, A. W., Johnson, S. E., King, S. H., Nicholls, E. S., Broome, C. V., Epidemic listeriosis-evidence for transmission by food. N. Engl. J. Med., 308, (1983). 43) Sizmur, K., Walker, C. W., Listeria in prepacked salads. Lancet, 1,167 (1988). 44) Tamminga, S. K., Beumer, R. R., Kampelmacher, E. K., The hygienic quality of vegetables grown in or imported into the Netherlands: a tentative survey. J. Hyg. Camb., 80, (1978). 45) Tauxe, R., Kruse, H., Hedberg, C., Potter, M., Madden, J., Wachsmuth, K., Microbial hazards and emerging issues associated with produce: a preliminary report to the national advisory committee on microbiologic criteria for foods. J. Food Prot., 60, 1,400-1,408 (1997). 46) Zhuang, R. Y., Beuchat, L. R., Angulo, F. J., Fate of Salmonella montevideo on and in raw tomatoes as affected by temperature and treatment with chlorine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61, 2,127-2,131 (1995).

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