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1 10 2 p Jpn. J. Histor. Bot Yaeko Igarashi 1, Tsuneo Igarashi 2, Kunihiko Endo 3, Osamu Yamada 4, Mitsuhiro Nakagawa 5 and Mari Sumita 6 : Vegetation history since the Late Glacial of Habomai Bog and Ochiishi Cape Bog, Nemuro Peninsula, eastern Hokkaido, north Japan Ko-c 2, Ko-d 1 Ta-c 1 Maf 1 4 Ko-c 2 Ta-a Ta-c ,000 yr B.P. 12,000 11,000 yr B.P. 11,000 10,000 yr B.P. Younger Dryas 10,000 yr B.P yr B.P yr B.P. Quercus Loc. 1 Loc yr B.P. Quercus Betula Alnus 2500 yr B.P. Loc. 1 Loc. 2 Abstract Vegetation history since the Late Glacial was reconstructed by means of pollen analysis and radiocarbon measurement for sediments obtained from Habomai Bog and Ochiishi Cape Bog, Nemuro Peninsula, eastern Hokkaido. Four tephra layers, Ko-c 2, Ko-d 1, Ta-c 1, and Ma-f 1, were discriminated in Habomai Bog in the descending order. Two layers, a mixed one of Ko-c 2 and Ta-a and one of Ta-c 1, were also discriminated in Ochiishi Cape Bog. In Habomai Bog, high bog has developed since 12,000 yr B.P. Taiga composed mainly of Larix gmelinii with Picea jezoensis and/or Picea glehnii and a few Abies sachalinensis and Pinus pumila was distributed between 11,000 and 12,000 yr B.P. Between 10,000 and 11,000 yr B.P., open Larix taiga was distributed under an extremely cold and dry climatic condition. We named this period Habomai Stadial, which probably correspond to the Younger Dryas. After disappearance of Larix gmelinii at 7000 yr B.P., Picea jezoensis and/or Picea glehnii survived there till 5200 yr B.P. A broad-leaf forest composed mainly of Quercus was established at 5200 yr B.P. and has existed there to the present. The dry condition caused by the strong local wind prohibited the distribution of conifer trees. In Ochiishi Cape Bog, peat has been deposited since 4600 yr B.P. A Picea glehnii forest mixed mainly with Abies sachalinensis and Quercus has developed around the bog till present. Fluctuations in forest components around the bog might be caused by changes of the underground water level. Key words: Habomai Bog, Ochiishi Cape Bog, pollen analysis, tephra, vegetation history Earthscience Co.Ltd, North 39, West 3, Kita-ku, Sapporo , Japan Koyocho 3-7-5, Kita-hiroshima, Hiroshima , Japan Dept. of Geosystem Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajosui , Setagaya-ku, Tokyo , Japan Kyoto Sangyo University, Kita-ku Kamigamo Motoyama, Kyoto , Japan Dept. of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 8, Sapporo , Japan 6 Dept. Volcanology & Petrology, GEOMAR Research Center for Marine Geoscience, Wischhofstr. ID Kiel, Germany

2 m, 1997, 1984;, m 45 m m 1 2 m cm, 1959;, , 1979;, C C 5.9 C mm WI C 46.8 C, WI C A Loc B Loc. 1 Loc. 2 Fig. 1 Location map of the study areas. A: Habomai Bog. Loc. 1: sampling site, 2 5: measuring points of peat thickness. B: Ochiishi Cape Bog. Loc. 1, Loc. 2: sampling sites, broken line: wooden path, : Ochiishi Cape lighthouse.

3 69 WI 45 C 1 Alnus hirsuta Betula ermanii Quercus crispula, 1942 Alnus japonica cm 1A 3 km 1 km 300 ha, cm cm Myrica gale var. tomentosa Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum Ledum palustre ssp. diversipilosum var. nipponicum Vaccinium vitis-idaea Vaccinium uliginosum Vaccinium oxycoccus Drosera spathulata Sanguisorba tenuifolia var. alba Carex augustinowiczii Sphagnum Plagiochila Lysichiton camtschatcense 2 46 m 1300 m 300 m m Picea glehnii Abies sachalinensis, , 1993 nutrient rich, 1994, 1943 Rhododendron lapponicum subsp. parvifolium Saxifraga bracteata Coptis trigolia Carex middendorffii Eriophorum vaginatum 1936 Loc. 1 N43 21, E , 33 m 200 cm 1A Loc. 1 Loc B Loc. 1 N , E145 31, 46 m 150 m Loc. 2 N , E , 46 m 14 C Loc cm 1 KOH HF ZnCl 2 Ericales Myrica Ilex cm Ta-a Ta-b Ko-c 1 Ko-c 2 Ko-d 350

4 C Table 1 Radiocarbon ages of peat from Habomai Bog and Ochiishi Cape Bog Sampling site Material Depth 14 C age Calibrated age Laboratory No. (cm) (yr B.P.) (2σ: cal BC) Habomai peat ,030 ± AD 1) KSU-1189 Habomai peat ,000 ± ,123 9,021 2) KSU-1190 Ochiichi Cape peat ,150 ± 90 1,615 1,147 3) N-6669 Ochiichi Cape peat ,610 ± 100 3,614 2,997 4) KSU-1416 Ages 1), 3), and 4) were calibrated using a calibration curve by Stuiver & Pearson (1993), and age 2) was calibrated using a curve by Kromer & Becker (1993). The calibrated age ranges reported here are those yielding 90 99%probability at 2σ. KSU: Kyoto Sangyo University, N: Nishina Memorial (Tokyo)., 1988; 1988;, 1988b;, EPMA (JEOL JXA8600) 15 kv A µm TiO 2 - K 2 O, cm cm cm cm Loc cm cm cm cm Loc cm cm cm 2 Loc C cm 10, yr B.P cm yr B.P. 14 C cm yr B.P cm yr B.P. 1 3 NH-1 NH-2 NH-3 NH cm 2 3 mm NH cm NH cm NH ; NH NH NH-1 NH-2 NH cm cm Loc. 1 Loc cm 1 60 cm 2 HB-1 HB-8 8 2, C

5 71 HB-1 12,000 yr B.P. HB-2 Younger Dryas HB-1 Allerød HB cm: 12,000 11,000 yr B.P. Larix 37Picea Betula 30 Abies Ulmus Corylus Juglans Cyperaceae Ericales Ranunculaceae Caryophyllaceae Tubuliflorae Tsuga Selaginella selaginoides HB cm: 11,000 10,000 yr B.P. Picea Abies HB-1 Ulmus Corylus Juglans Larix 72 Betula Alnus Quercus Cyperaceae Sphagnum 51 HB-1 HB cm: 10, yr B.P. Larix Picea 65 Ericales Sphagnum 8 65 Cyperaceae Osmundaceae HB cm: yr B.P. Picea Abies Larix HB-3 Ericales Sphagnum HB cm: yr B.P. Picea Abies Quercus Alnus Ulmus Juglans Acer Sanguisorba Artemisia Tubuliflorae Osmundaceae HB cm: yr B.P. Picea 75 Quercus Osmundaceae HB cm: yr B.P. Picea Quercus 50 Betula Alnus Ulmus Carpinus Juglans Acer Ericales 236 Sphagnum 238 Thalictrum Sanguisorba Artemisia Tubuliflorae Cyperaceae Osmundaceae HB cm: 700 yr B.P. Quercus Betula Alnus Sphagnum Osmundaceae Myrica Sanguisorba Artemisia Tubuliflorae Gramineae Myrica HB HB-7, ) Loc. 1 OC-1 OC-5 5 4, 5 OC cm: yr B.P. Picea 55 Quercus 30 Sphagnum 40 OC cm: yr B.P. Picea Quercus 43 Betula Alnus Ulmus OC1-1 Abies Thalictrum Leguminosae Tubuliflorae Ericales OC cm: yr B.P. Picea Abies Ericales Sphagnum OC cm: yr B.P. Picea Abies Ericales Sphagnum Coptis Artemisia Gramineae OC cm: 250 yr B.P. Picea Abies Ericales Myrica Sanguisouba Geranium Tubuliflorae Lilium Gramineae 5 80 OC ) Loc. 2 OC2-1 OC , 7 OC cm: yr B.P. Picea Osmundaceae OC cm: yr B.P. Picea Abies Quercus Betula Alnus Osmundaceae Ericales Myrica Sanguisorba Leguminosae Tubuliflorae OC cm: yr B.P. Picea Abies Betula Quercus Ulmus Myrica Sanguisorba Tubuliflorae

6 Fig. 2 Arboreal pollen (except shrub) diagram since Late Glacial from Habomai Bog. Cyperaceae Graminea OC cm: 250 yr B.P. Picea Abies Betula Quercus Ericales Myrica 4 90Loc. 1 OC2-2 OC NH Ko-c 2, , NH Ta-b, Ko-d, 1981 Ko-d NH- 3 Ta-c , yr B.P.;, 1971 Ta-c 1, 1988b;, cm, 1972 Ma-f yr B.P.; Katsui et al., Ta-a, 1981 Ko-c 2 2 Ta-b Ta-c 1 2 Ta-c 1 NH- 1 1 NH-3 2

7 Fig. 3 Shrub, non-arboreal pollen and spore diagram since Late Glacial from Habomai Bog. : over 100%. Kudo, 1927 Quercus Ulmus Juglans, 1992;, 1989, 1924;, 2000 Larix, 1970 Larix gmelinii, 1924 Picea Picea jezoensis Pinus Abies Pinus pumila Alexandrova, 1982;, 1993; Mikishin & Gvozdeva, ,000 11,000 yr B.P. HB-1 8 Betula Betula exilis

8 Loc yr B.P. Fig. 4 Arboreal pollen (except shrub) diagram since 4600 yr B.P. from Ochiishi Cape Bog Loc Loc yr B.P. 100 Fig. 5 Shrub, non-arboreal pollen and spore diagram since 4600 yr B.P. from Ochiishi Cape Bog Loc. 1. : over 100%.

9 75 Loc yr B.P. Fig. 6 Arboreal pollen (except shrub) diagram from Ochiishi Cape Bog Loc. 2 since 4600 yr B.P. Loc yr B.P. 100 Fig. 7 Shrub, non-arboreal pollen and spore diagram since 4600 yr B.P. from Ochiishi Cape Bog Loc. 2. : over 100%.

10 Fig. 8 Correlation of vegetation history between Habomai Bog and Ochiishi Cape Bog., 1999 Tsuga Ulmus Quercus Juglans Tsuga km 0.01Igarashi, 1987 HB- 15Tsuga Tsuga 4 km, 1988a, Tsuga Quercus, 1968;, ,000 10,000 yr B.P. HB-2 HB-1 Cyperaceae Sphagnum HB-1 Quercus Younger Dryas, 1974;, 1964;, 1965, ,000 10,000 yr B.P.; 1993; Igarashi, 1996 HB-1 Allerød 10, yr B.P. HB-3

11 77 Ericales Sphagnum 7000 yr B.P yr B.P., yr B.P. HB-4 HB-3, yr B.P. HB-5 Quercus Quercus 8000 yr B.P., Quercus 2000, 1993 Quercus Sphagnum Osmundaceae Ma-f yr B.P. HB-6 Osmundaceae HB yr B.P. Quercus QuercusBetula Alnus Ulmus Acer Ericales Sphagnum 7 km 1986 Quercus yr B.P. HB-8Quercus Betula Alnus SphagnumMyrica Ericales Gramineae 4600 Picea Loc. 1 Loc yr B.P. 8 Loc. 1 Quercus Betula Alnus 3900 yr B.P. OC1-1 OC Loc. 1 Ericales Loc. 2 Osmundaceae 5200 yr B.P yr B.P. OC1-2 OC2-2Loc. 1 Loc. 2Quercus 2300 yr B.P. 2 Loc. 1 Ericales Loc. 2 Osmundaceae Ilex Ericales Myrica Tubuliflorae yr B.P. Loc. 1 Loc. 2 Loc yr B.P. OC1-3 Quercus Betula Alnus Sphagnum yr B.P. OC1-4 Quercus Coptis Gramineae Loc yr B.P. OC2-3 Loc yr B.P. OC1-5 OC2-4 Loc. 1 Loc. 2 Quercus Loc. 1 Ericales Myrica Gramineae Loc. 2 Ericaceae Myrica WI

12 WI 47.4 C 50 km 2000 Quercus WI 8000 yr B.P. Quercus, 1986 WI 5200 yr B.P., 1982, yr B.P. Quercus 12,000 yr B.P yr B.P Younger Dryas 7000 yr B.P Quercus 5200 yr B.P yr B.P yr B.P. 14 C EPMA Alexandrova, A. N Pleistocene of Sakhalin. 190 pp. Publishing House NAUKA, Moscow. 1988a 15, A : b : pp : Igarashi, Y Pollen incidence and wind transport in central Hokkaido (II). Research Bulletins of the College Experiment Forests, Hokkaido University 44: : Igarashi, Y A Lateglacial climatic reversion in Hokkaido, northeast Asia, inferred from the Larix pollen record. Quaternary Science Reviews 15:

13 79 48: ,000 32: : Katsui,Y., Ando, S. & Inaba, K Formation, and magmatic evolution of Mashu Volcano, east Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Series IV, 16: Disaster Mapto Hazard Map No. A pp ice-wedge cast 83: Kromer, B. & Becker, B German oak and pine 14 C calibration, BC. Radiocarbon 35: pp. Kudo, Y Ueber die Pflanzengeographie Nordjapans und der Insel Sachalin. Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 76: No. 1: 3 22 Mikishin, Y. A. & Gvozdeva, I. G Subfossil spore and pollen complex of norther sakhalin as a basis for reconstruction of the Holocene vegetation Global change studies in the Far East, IGBP IHDP WCRP, Vladiostok pp V 17: pp pp : pp pp pp : A pp pp : Stuiver, M. & Pearson, G High-precision bidecadal calibration of radiocarbon time-scale, AD BC. Radiocarbon 35: No. 9: : : : : a : pp 59 A pp Larix gmelini 76: ( )

植生史13(1)-本文

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