第１章放射線リスク欧州委員会(ECRR)の背景

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1 ECRR

2 ECRR Recommendations of the ECRR The Health Effects of Ionising Radiation Exposure at Low Doses for Radiation Protection Purposes Regulators Edition Edited by Chris Busby With Rosalies Bertell, Inge Schmitze-Feuerhake, Molly Scott Cato and Alexei Yablokov Published on behalf of the European Committee on Radiation Risk Comité Européen sur le Risque de l Irradiation Green Audit Press, First Edition: January 2003, ISBN: µm 1

3 2

4 ICRP UNSCEAR BEIR 1945 Message for Japanese version of ECRR The European Committee on Radiation Risk was conceived as a group of scientists and experts who would re-examine the present risk models of the international radiation risk authorities (ICRP, UNSCEAR, BEIR). The committee would draw together the very real evidence which has built up in the last 50 years that such models are unsafe and set about the difficult task of developing a new rational model of radiation risk that would take all the evidence into account so that the outcomes of real world radiation exposures would be predicted and explained. Since the founding of the committee it has realised that scientists from many parts of the world must be included in this project, since radiation knows no boundaries and has affected innocent human beings in every country. This is truest of all for the people of Japan who were the first to suffer the terrible effects of atomic radiation in 1945 and whatever the US military have stated, were the first to be exposed to fission products in their air, water and food. So the committee welcomes the publication of this translation of its first report and looks forward to receiving the involvement of and comments from the Japanese people and their experts and scientists who have studied and have had first hand and terrible knowledge of the subject of the report, the health consequences of atomic radiation. Chris Busby Scientific Secretary 3

5 ICRP ECRR ECRR A

6 ECRR European Parliament the Green Group 1997 Basic Safety Standards Directive 96/29 Directive Euratom 96/29 the Council of Minister man-made radioactivity ICRP UNSCEAR European Commission EU ECRR detriment ECRR STOA: Scientific Option Assessment

7 Dr. Bertell ICRP STOA Prof. Assimakopoulos ICRP ICRP Dr. Valentin ICRP ECRR ICRP ECRR STOA Basic Safety Standards Directive artificial radioactivity man-made radioactivity 6

8 2.1 Bertell, 1997 ICRP ICRP ECRR 2.2 ICRP 7

9 May, 1989 Dibblin, msv ICRP ICRP ICRP ICRP ICRP ICRP 8

10 2.4 ICRP 1990 UNSCEAR BEIR 9

11 William of Occam Mill s Canons Canon of Agreement Canon of Difference Principle of Accumulation Principle of Instance Confirmation plausibility of mechanism Mill, 1879; Harre, 1985; Papineau, m Sv 2m Sv ICRP 10

12 radical model ICRP DNA de/dm 1 kg LNT: Linear No Threshold ICRP ECRR ICRP UNSCEAR BEIR 11

13 ICRP contingency analysis tables ICRP ICRP Michael Polanyi 1950 Kuhn Latour 12

14 Science War Azande 1930 Evans Pritchard 1937 E. Evans Pritchard, Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azenda, M. Polanyi FRS, Personal Knowledge, 1958 ICRP ICRP ICRP ICRP ICRP ECRR >100mSv <100mSv 1 50 <100mSv

16 4.1 genomic instability de minimis threshold ; Human chauvinism Routely and Routely the inevitability of human chauvinism 15

17 Routley and Routley, 1979 harm IAEA 2002 ICRP 2002 moral standing human utility non-anthropocentric views IAEA 2002 the law of action, motive and result detriment insight Mary Midgley

18 Midgley, 1983: 89 intellectualist bias intuitions Midgley, 1983: ICRP international nuclear community 17

19 ICRP 101 ICRP ICRP ECRR Utilitarianism ethical rightness Sagoff, 1988, p.171 central tenets 18

20 Shaw, 1999 Shaw, 1999 Shaw 1999, p.2 Shaw, 1999 Bristol Anne Maclean 1993 Nant-y-Gwyddon 19

21 Rights-based theories the good Ronald Dworkin Taking Rights Seriously 1977 the right to the inviolability of the body Everyone has the right to life, liberty and the security of the person. a strong prima facie case 20

22 2002 ISBN C3032 Rawls s Theory of Justice 1971 A Theory of Justice John Rawls distribution illth intellectual tool veil of ignorance commitment Rawls 1971: 3 just state 21

23 ISBN: Virtue ethics strand sound virtuous Rosalind Hursthouse 1999 vicious behaviour 1957 callousness 22

24 cost-benefit analysis Pearce, 1993; Funtowicz & Ravetz, 1994 Daly, 1973 individuals utility function social utility function ICRP ICRP Tietenberg Houston 1983 Center 23

25 for Policy Alternatives 1994 costs monetary interest rate discount factor x value x/(1+r) r discount rate r 1 24

26 : 1(1+r)(1+r)= 1(1+r) 2. x x/(l+ r) 2. n one-time net benefit PV[B n ] = B n (1+r) n. [B 0,.., B n ] PV[B 0,.., B n ] = n B i. ( 1 + r) i i = 0 r B 0 time horizon Hussen 2000: 329 long-lasting cost jam today is always preferable to jam tomorrow The precautionary principle 25

27 DNA scientific insecurity morally distinct status human system 6 DNA ATM heterozygous 26

28 xeroderma pigmentosum radiosensitive citizen John Gofman human system St. Petersburg OSPAR 27

29 4.4.7 de minimis argument an Act of God ICRP Collective Dose Controllable Dose ICRP 28

30 Justification Principle ICRP ICRP most exposed person most at-risk person 4.6 discourse economic growth-driven world system 29

ECRR2010(1_4)

ECRR2010(1_4) 2010 ECRR2010 2010 - ECRR2010 1 European Committee on Radiation Risk Comité Européen sur le Risque de l Irradiation Secretary: Grattan Healy Scientific Secretary: C.C.Busby Website: www.euradcom.org 2010

第１章 放射線リスク欧州委員会(ECRR)の背景

第１章放射線リスク欧州委員会(ECRR)の背景