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19 1 Ray Strachey, The Cause: A Short History of the Women s Movement in Great Britain, London: G. Bell & Sons, June Purvis, A History of Women s Education in England, Milton Keynes: Open University Press, Jane McDermid, Women and Education, June Purvis (ed.), Women s History: Britain, , An Introduction, London: Routledge, Mary Astell, A Serious Proposal to the Ladies for the Advancement of their True and Greatest Interest, part 1 (1696), in Bridget Hill (ed.), The First English Feminist: Reflection on Marriage and other writings by Mary Astell, Aldershot: Gower, 1986, p Religious Retirement 4 Anne Frances Randall [Mary Robinson], A Letter to the Women of England on the Injustice of Mental Subordination, London: T. N. Longman and O. Rees, 1799, p Mary Wollstonecraft, Lucy Aikin, Memoir, in Aikin (ed.), The Works of Anna Lætitia Barbauld, London: Longman, Hurst, 105

20 Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1825, vol. 1; Anna Letitia Le Breton, Memoir of Mrs. Barbauld, including letters and notices of her family and friends, London: G. Bell & Sons, 1874; Grace A. Ellis, A Memoir of Mrs. Anna Lætitia Barbauld, with many of her letters, Boston: James R. Osgood, 1874; Betsy Rodgers, Georgian Chronicle: Mrs. Barbauld and her Family, London: Methuen, 1958; William McCarthy, Anna Letitia Barbauld: Voice of the Enlightenment, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, Le Breton, Memoir, pp Lucy Aikin, Memoir, in Aikin (ed.), The Works, vol. 1, p. xvi. 11 Ibid., pp. xvii-xxiv Maria Edgeworth, Lucy Aikin (ed.), The Works, vol. 1, pp ; Le Breton, Memoir, pp Marlon B. Ross, The Contours of Masculine Desire: Romanticism and the Rise of Women s Poetry, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp Penny Bradshaw, The Limits of Barbaulds Feminism: Rereading The Rights of Woman, European Romantic Review 16 (2005), pp William McCarthy, Why Anna Letitia Barbauld Refused to Head a Women s College: New Facts, New Story, Nineteenth-Century Contexts 23 (2001), pp Ibid., pp Ibid., p Anna Lætitia Barbauld, True Magicians, in Barbauld, A Legacy for Young Ladies, consisting of Miscellaneous Pieces, in Prose and Verse, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1826, pp. 1 16; Anna Lætitia Barbauld, On Female Studies, in Ibid., pp Anna Lætitia Barbauld, Letter from Grimalkin to Selima, in Ibid., pp James Fordyce, McCarthy, Anna Letitia Barbauld, p

21 1798 Thomas Robert Malthus, Herbert McLachlan, English Education under the Test Acts: Being the History of Nonconformist Academies , Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1931, p Warrington Academy, Marlon B. Ross, Configurations of Feminine Reform: The Woman Writers and the Tradition of Dissent, in Carol Shiner Wilson & Joel Haefner (eds.), Re-Visioning Romanticism: British Women Writers, , Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994, p William Keach, Barbauld, Romanticism, and the Survival of Dissent, in Anne Janowitz (ed.), Romanticism and Gender (Essays and Studies 1998), Cambridge, USA: D. S. Brewer, 1998, p Anna Lætitia Barbauld, Thoughts on the Devotional Taste, and on Sects and Establishments (1775), in Lucy Aikin (ed.), The Works, vol. 2, pp , Ibid., pp E Daniel E. White, Early Romanticism and Religious Dissent, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp Jon Mee, Romanticism, Enthusiasm, and Regulation: Poetics and the Policing of Culture in the Romantic Period, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, pp Anna Lætitia Barbauld, On Prejudice (1800), in Lucy Aikin (ed.), The Works, vol. 2, p William Godwin, Letter from Barbauld to John Aikin, 28 February [1791], in Rodgers, Georgian Chronicle, p Barbauld, On Prejudice, in Lucy Aikin (ed.), The Works, vol. 2, pp Anna Lætitia Barbauld, Hymns in Prose for Children (1781), in William McCarthy & Elizabeth Kraft (eds.), Anna Letitia Barbauld: Selected Poetry & Prose, Broadview Press, 2002, p Ruth Watts, Gender, Power and the Unitarians in England , London: Longman, Joseph Priestley, Reflections on Death: a Sermon, on occasion of the death of the Rev. Robert Robinson of Cambridge, in J. T. Rutt (ed.), The Theological and Miscellaneous Works of Joseph Priestley, London: Smallfield & Sons, , vol. 15, p

22 33 John Aikin, Letters from a Father to his Son, on various topics relative to literature and the conduct of life, London: J. Johnson, 1794, vol. 1, p McCarthy, Anna Letitia Barbauld, pp Harriet Guest, Small Change: Women, Learning, Patriotism, , Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2000, pp Anna Lætitia Barbauld, Remarks on Mr. Gilbert Wakefield s Enquiry into the Expediency and Propriety of Public or Social Worship (1792), in Lucy Aikin (ed.), The Works, vol. 2, pp Anna Lætitia Barbauld, On Monastic Institutions, in Lucy Aikin (ed.), The Works, vol. 2, p Barbauld, Hymns in Prose for Children, in McCarthy & Kraft (eds.), Anna Letitia Barbauld, p Anna Lætitia Barbauld, Against Inconsistency in our Expectations (1773), in Lucy Aikin (ed.), The Works, vol. 2, p. 194; Anna Lætitia Barbauld, The Rich and the Poor: A Dialogue, in Barbauld, A Legacy for Young Ladies, pp Barbauld, On Female Studies, in Ibid., pp Anna Lætitia Barbauld, On the Origin and Progress of Novel-Writing, in McCarthy & Kraft (eds.), Anna Letitia Barbauld, pp Barbauld, On Female Studies, in Barbauld, A Legacy for Young Ladies, pp Josephine McDonagh, Barbauld s Domestic Economy, in Janowitz (ed.), Romanticism and Gender, pp Anna Lætitia Barbauld, Female Speaker; or, Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose and Verse, Selected from the Best Writers, and Adapted to the use of Young Women (1811), Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1824, p Ibid., pp Le Breton, Memoir, p Letter from Barbauld to John Aikin, (n.d.), in Lucy Aikin (ed.), The Works, vol. 2, pp Barbauld, Hymns in Prose for Children, in McCarthy & Kraft (eds.), Anna Letitia Barbaul, pp

23 49 Anon. [Anna Lætitia Barbauld], Civic Sermons to the People, number 2, London: J. Johnson, 1792, pp Anna Lætitia Barbauld, What is Education? (1798), ( On Education ), in Lucy Aikin (ed.), The Works, vol. 2, pp Kathryn Gleadle, Opinions deliver d in conversation : Conversation, Politics, and Gender in the Late Eighteenth Century, in Jose Harris (ed.), Civil Society in British History: Ideas, Identities, Institutions, Oxford: Oxford University Press, John Aikin and Anna Lætitia Barbauld, Evenings at home; or, The juvenile budget opened, London: J. Johnson, Anna Lætitia Barbauld, Pic-nic, in Barbauld, A Legacy for Young Ladies, pp Barbauld, On Female Studies, in Ibid., pp Anna Lætitia Barbauld, On the Uses of History, in Ibid., vol. 2, p Barbauld, Female Speaker, pp. iii-v. 57 McCarthy, Anna Letitia Barbauld, p Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon, Florence Nightingale,

24 Anna Lætitia Barbauld and Female Education: Learning, Women and Domesticity Chihiro UMEGAKI In 1774, Anna Lætitia Barbauld ( ), one of the most celebrated learned ladies of late eighteenth-century Britain, refused to head a literary Academy for Ladies, though she was considered an ideal person to take the role. According to Barbauld, young women need less formal schooling than young men, and the best way for a woman to acquire knowledge is from conversations with a father, a brother or friend, and from private reading. This paper aims to understand why she denied the project by exploring three different aspects of her thoughts on female education: (1) her critical attitude toward established male-only academic institutions, (2) her appreciation of women s special role in society, and (3) her understanding of the educational nature of domesticity. By examining these aspects, this paper argues that Barbauld declined the women s college project, not because she was indifferent to female education in general, but because she had her own particular idea of how young women should be educated. 110

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