評論・社会科学　９４号（Ｐ）★／１．河崎

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2 National Council for the Training of Journalists London College of Printing Alexander Mackie 6 4

3 David Anderson London School of Journalism Robert Smythe Hichens

4 London College of Communication London School of Printing and Kindred Trades1962 London College of Printing2004

5 Arthur Shadwell

6 19 15 James Matthew Barrie Grub Street Ernest Phillips 19 19

7 National Association of Journalists Algernon Borthwick descriptive Alfred Arthur Reade 21 William Heseltine Mudford

8 19 Wemyss Reid Edward Richard Russell 19 Fred Hunter Institute of Journalists

9 19 4 learned profession professiontrade 19

10 , , , National Union of Journalists Frederick John Mansfield , Mark Hampton

11 19 37 working journalist Northcliffe City of London School GW 3, Alfred Robbins John Churton Collins

12 Lee, Alan J., 1977,Early Schools of Journalism Training : From ,Journalism Studies Review, Reade, Alfred Arthur, 1885, Literary Success : Being a Guide to Practical Journalism, London : Wyman, Waller, Philip, 2006, Writers, Readers, and Reputations : Literary Life in Britain , Oxford : Oxford University Press, Hichens, Robert Smythe, 1947, Yesterday, London : Cassell & Co, Ibid., 46. Ibid., 48.

13 19 University of the Arts London, 2010,History of LCChttp : // July 8, Shadwell, Arthur, 1898,Journalism as a Profession,National Review, 31 : 845. Hunter, Fred, 1982, Grub Street and Academia : The Relationship between Journalism and Education, , with Special Reference to the London University Diploma for Journalism, , London : City University PhD thesis, Carr-Saunders, Alexander Morris and Paul Alexander Wilson, 1933, The Professions, London : F. Cass, 266. JM Phillips, Ernest, 1895, How to Become a Journalist : A Practical Guide for Newspaper Work, London : Sampson Low, Marston and Company, 4. Hampton, Mark, 2005,Defining Journalists in Late-Nineteenth Century Britain Preview,Critical Studies in Media Communication, Phillips, 1895, op. cit., 1. Hunter, 1982, op. cit., 407. Reade, 1885, op. cit., 1 4. Hunter, 1982, op. cit., 32. Hunter, Fred, 1993,Institute of Journalists,George Anthony Cevasco ed., The 1890s : An Encyclopedia of British Literature, Art, and Culture, New York : Garland, 306. Hampton, Mark, 1999,Journalists and the Professional Ideal in Britain : The Institute of Journalists, ,Historical Research, Ibid., Hunter, 1982, op. cit., 131. Shadwell, 1898, op. cit., 847. Hampton, 1999, op. cit., 193. Mansfield, Frederick John, 1943,Gentlemen the Press! Chronicles of a Crusade : Official History of the National Union of Journalists, London : W. H. Allen, 16. Hampton, 2005, op. cit., 148. Hunter, 1993, op. cit., 307. Hampton, 1999, op. cit., 186. Bainbridge, Cyril,History of the CIoJhttp : //cioj.co.uk, July 17, 2009 Mansfield, 1943, op. cit., 13. Ibid., 17. Hampton, 1999, op. cit., 186. Ibid., 195. Mansfield, 1943, op. cit., 13. Hunter, 1982, op. cit., 111. Ibid., Collins, John Churton, 1908,The Universities and Journalism,Nineteenth Century, 63 : Hunter, 1982, op. cit., 74. Line, E. J., 1916,Institute History : How the Organisation Grew into Its Present Form,The Institute Journal : The Official Organ of the Institute of Journalists, Hunter, 1982, op. cit., Delano, Anthony, 2000,No Sign of a Better Job : 100 Years of British Journalism,Journalism Studies,

14 19 Journalism Education in Nineteenth-Century England : Higher Writers and Working Journalists Yoshinori Kawasaki The definition of journalists in nineteenth-century England was rather ambiguous. They were roughly divided into two categories : writers and reporters. The former contributed articles targeted at intellectuals, while the latter wrote gossip columns and covered events for the masses. Triggered by the growth of the newspaper industry, when the demand for journalists rose, there was a need for the establishment of a professional organization for journalists. Consequently, the National Association of Journalists, established in 1884, sought the status of journalism as a profession. It focused on compilation of news rather than personal opinions of journalists, and emphasized descriptive writing skills. However, writers in higher positions continued following the laissez-faire approach, while low-ranking reporters were considered as working journalists after the inception of the National Union of Journalists in Key words : profession, trade union, Britain, Institute of Journalists, National Union of Journalists

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評論・社会科学 ９４号（Ｐ）★／１．河崎

評論・社会科学　９４号（Ｐ）★／１．河崎